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Symmetric encryption cipher
The four-square cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique. It was invented by the French cryptographer Felix Delastelle. The technique encrypts
Four-square_cipher
Encryption technique
encryption/decryption matrix used in the four-square cipher while still being slightly stronger than the single-square Playfair cipher. The technique encrypts pairs
Two-square_cipher
Encryption system
In classical cryptography, the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition, and uses fractionation to achieve diffusion
Bifid_cipher
Type of code
key phrase "polybius cipher" would lead to the reordered square below. There are several encryption methods using the Polybius square. Three of them are
Polybius_square
Early block substitution cipher
The Playfair cipher or Playfair square or Wheatstone–Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digram substitution
Playfair_cipher
Polyalphabetic encryption system
rotor-based cipher machine, the Hagelin M-209. The Beaufort cipher is based on the Beaufort square which is essentially the same as a Vigenère square but in
Beaufort_cipher
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
including the bifid and four-square ciphers (both digraphic) and the trifid cipher (probably the first practical trigraphic). The Hill cipher, invented in 1929
Substitution_cipher
Topics referred to by the same term
four square Four-square cipher Lagrange's four-square theorem, stating that any natural number equals the sum of four integers squared Jacobi's four-square
Four_square_(disambiguation)
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
The Vigenère cipher (French pronunciation: [viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different
Vigenère_cipher
Simple and widely known encryption technique
A Caesar cipher is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques used in cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which
Caesar_cipher
Type of cipher used in World War I
transposition cipher which combined a modified Polybius square with a single columnar transposition. The cipher is named after the six possible letters used in
ADFGVX_cipher
Disused cipher that was used historically
In cryptography, a classical cipher is a type of cipher that was used historically but, for the most part, has fallen into disuse. In contrast to modern
Classical_cipher
polygraphic substitution ciphers included the trifid and four-square ciphers. The last of these is a variant on the earlier Playfair cipher: Delastelle may have
Félix_Delastelle
Multiple-substitution writing system cipher
polyalphabetic cipher is a substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though
Polyalphabetic_cipher
Type of substitution cipher
pigpen cipher (alternatively referred to as the masonic cipher, Freemason's cipher, Rosicrucian cipher, Napoleon cipher, and tic-tac-toe cipher) is a geometric
Pigpen_cipher
Manually operated symmetric encryption cipher
In the history of cryptography, the Nihilist cipher is a manually operated symmetric encryption cipher, originally used by Russian Nihilists in the 1880s
Nihilist_cipher
Encryption and decryption method
A book cipher is a cipher in which each word or letter in the plaintext of a message is replaced by some code that locates it in another text, the key
Book_cipher
Class of cipher
In the history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet
Grille_(cryptography)
Block cipher
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides
Blowfish_(cipher)
Method of encryption
In cryptography, a transposition cipher (also known as a permutation cipher) is a method of encryption which scrambles the positions of characters (transposition)
Transposition_cipher
Fundamental tool in cryptography
ciphers, including the Vigenère cipher and Blaise de Vigenère's less well-known autokey cipher. All polyalphabetic ciphers based on the Caesar cipher
Tabula_recta
Substitution cipher based on linear algebra
Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra. Invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, it was the first polygraphic cipher in which
Hill_cipher
Type of transposition cipher
The rail fence cipher (also called a zigzag cipher) is a classical type of transposition cipher. It derives its name from the manner in which encryption
Rail_fence_cipher
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
An autokey cipher (also known as the autoclave cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from
Autokey_cipher
Fractionated cipher
trifid cipher is a classical cipher invented by Félix Delastelle and described in 1902. Extending the principles of Delastelle's earlier bifid cipher, it
Trifid_cipher
German cipher machine during World War II
The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication
Enigma_machine
Steganography method
Bacon's cipher or the Baconian cipher is a method of steganographic message encoding devised by Francis Bacon in 1605. In steganography, a message is
Bacon's_cipher
Polyalphabetic substitution encryption and decryption system
The Alberti cipher, created in 1467 by Italian architect Leon Battista Alberti, was one of the first polyalphabetic ciphers. In the opening pages of his
Alberti_cipher
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a variant of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Type of substitution cipher
The affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher, where each letter in an alphabet is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted using
Affine_cipher
Simple encryption method
substitution cipher that replaces a letter with the 13th letter after it in the Latin alphabet. It is a special case of the Caesar cipher which was developed
ROT13
Type of cipher
cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm that operates on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are the elementary building
Block_cipher
Puzzle
text. Generally the cipher used to encrypt the text is simple enough that the cryptogram can be solved by hand. Substitution ciphers where each letter is
Cryptogram
Encryption technique
the principles of information theory. Digital versions of one-time pad ciphers have been used by nations for critical diplomatic and military communication
One-time_pad
Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher
In classical cryptography, the running key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide
Running_key_cipher
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
design elements, a relatively short key length of the symmetric-key block cipher design, and the involvement of the NSA, raising suspicions about a backdoor
Data_Encryption_Standard
Complex Soviet pencil and paper cipher
The VIC cipher was a pencil and paper cipher used by the Soviet spy Reino Häyhänen, codenamed "VICTOR". If the cipher were to be given a modern technical
VIC_cipher
Simple form of encryption
null cipher, also known as concealment cipher, is an ancient form of encryption where the plaintext is mixed with a large amount of non-cipher material
Null_cipher
French cypher that remained unbroken for several centuries
The Great Cipher (French: Grand chiffre) was a nomenclator cipher developed by the Rossignols, several generations of whom served the French monarchs
Great_Cipher
Stream cipher
(also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR, meaning Alleged RC4, see below) is a stream cipher. While it is remarkable for its simplicity and speed in software, multiple
RC4
Cryptographic cipher
The Aristocrat Cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which plaintext is replaced with ciphertext and encoded into assorted letters
Aristocrat_Cipher
Set of three ciphertexts
The Beale ciphers are a set of three ciphertexts, one of which allegedly states the location of a buried treasure of gold, silver and jewels estimated
Beale_ciphers
Soviet/Russian national standard block cipher
GOST block cipher (Magma), defined in the standard GOST 28147-89, is a Soviet and Russian government standard symmetric key block cipher with a block
GOST_(block_cipher)
British paper cryptographic system
contained on a set of vocabulary cards, and cipher sheets for superencryption of the numeric code words. The cipher sheets, which are typically changed daily
BATCO
Topics referred to by the same term
also refer to: Square (algebra), multiplying a number or expression by itself Square (cipher), a cryptographic block cipher Global square, a principle in
Square_(disambiguation)
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers. Frequency analysis is based on the fact that, in any given stretch of
Frequency_analysis
Wide-block cipher
Adiantum is a cipher composition for disk encryption. It uses a new cipher construction called HBSH (hash, block cipher, stream cipher, hash), specifically
Adiantum_(cipher)
Encryption tool used to perform a transposition cipher
cylinder", also σκύταλον skútalon) is a tool used to perform a transposition cipher, consisting of a cylinder with a strip of parchment wound around it on which
Scytale
Input to a cryptographic primitive
Information Processing Standard (FIPS) PUB 81, which specified four so-called block cipher modes of operation, each describing a different solution for
Initialization_vector
Substitution cipher
(Hebrew: אתבש; also transliterated Atbaš) is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher originally used to encrypt the Hebrew alphabet. It can be modified for use
Atbash
Feistel network based block cipher
In cryptography, Camellia is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits. It was jointly developed
Camellia_(cipher)
Encoding for text messages
timing of the taps to isolate letters. To communicate the word "hello", the cipher would be the following (with the pause between each number in a pair being
Tap_code
Chinese block cipher
ShāngMì 4 (SM4, 商密4) (formerly SMS4) is a block cipher, standardised for commercial cryptography in China. It is used in the Chinese National Standard
SM4_(cipher)
Rotor cipher machine
The Schlüsselgerät 41 ("Cipher Machine 41"), also known as the SG-41 or Hitler mill, was a rotor cipher machine, first produced in 1941 in Nazi Germany
Schlüsselgerät_41
Block cipher
Anubis is a block cipher designed by Vincent Rijmen and Paulo S. L. M. Barreto as an entrant in the NESSIE project, a former research program initiated
Anubis_(cipher)
Musical algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
cryptography, a music cipher is an algorithm for the encryption of a plaintext into musical symbols or sounds. Music-based ciphers are related to, but not
Music_cipher
Format-preserving encryption • Fortezza • Fort George G. Meade • Fortuna (PRNG) • Four-square cipher • Franciszek Pokorny • Frank A. Stevenson • Frank Rowlett • Freenet
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Cryptographic cipher device
using digits. It also is known as a monôme-binôme cipher. In 1555, Pope Paul IV created the office of Cipher Secretary to the Pontiff. In the late 1580s, this
Straddling_checkerboard
Block cipher
In cryptography, FEAL (the Fast data Encipherment Algorithm) is a block cipher proposed as an alternative to the Data Encryption Standard (DES), and designed
FEAL
Method for writing secret messages
messages inside an ordinary letter so that the whole would not appear to be a cipher at all. Such a disguised message is considered to be an example of steganography
Cardan_grille
Cipher method
The Chaocipher is a cipher method invented by John Francis Byrne in 1918 and described in his 1953 autobiographical Silent Years. He believed Chaocipher
Chaocipher
General form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers
general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense,
Differential_cryptanalysis
Cryptographic algorithm
considered incriminating. Furthermore, analysis has revealed flaws in the cipher such that it is now considered insecure. This algorithm uses a standard
Solitaire_(cipher)
Cipher used by the UK in World War II
words a number. The numbers are then used as a key for a transposition cipher to conceal the plaintext of the message, often by double transposition.
Poem_code
Block cipher
Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher that was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest, in which it ranked second to Rijndael. Serpent
Serpent_(cipher)
Block cipher
block cipher designed by Ron Rivest in 1987. "RC" stands for "Ron's Code" (see also RC2, RC5 and RC6), but generally called simply RC2. Other ciphers designed
RC2
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
removed both padding phrases. Many classical ciphers arrange the plaintext into particular patterns (e.g., squares, rectangles, etc.) and if the plaintext
Padding_(cryptography)
Method in cryptanalysis
method) is a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as the Vigenère cipher. It was first published by Friedrich Kasiski in 1863, but
Kasiski_examination
Cryptography in the Indian classic treatise Kamasutra
the names Kautilya and Muladeviya. The ciphers described in the Jayamangala commentary are substitution ciphers: in Kautiliyam the letter substitutions
Mlecchita_vikalpa
Cryptographic number generator
is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator and a stream cipher designed by Robert J. Jenkins Jr. in 1993. The reference implementation
ISAAC_(cipher)
Basic component of symmetric key algorithms
component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and
S-box
Block cipher
Kalyna (Ukrainian: Калина, Viburnum opulus) is a symmetric block cipher. It supports block sizes of 128, 256 or 512 bits; the key length is either equal
Kalyna_(cipher)
Private amusement embedded in a court judgement in the ''DaVinci Code''
Titanic Historical Society – among other things. The cipher was a type of polyalphabetic cipher known as a Variant Beaufort, using a keyword based on
Smithy_code
Block cipher
In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5. It was designed by Ron Rivest, Matt Robshaw, Ray Sidney, and Yiqun Lisa Yin to meet
RC6
Block cipher
Prince is a block cipher targeting low latency, unrolled hardware implementations. It is based on the so-called FX construction. Its most notable feature
Prince_(cipher)
15th-century codex in an unknown script
script for a natural language or constructed language, an unreadable code, cipher, or other form of cryptography, or perhaps a hoax, reference work (i.e.
Voynich_manuscript
Substitution cipher
followed up over the next fifty years with the closely related four-square and two-square ciphers, which are slightly more cumbersome but offer slightly better
Polygraphic_substitution
Family of block ciphers
(Secure and Fast Encryption Routine) is the name of a family of block ciphers designed primarily by James Massey (one of the designers of IDEA) on behalf
Secure and Fast Encryption Routine
Secure_and_Fast_Encryption_Routine
How often identical letters appear in the same position in two texts
change if both texts are scrambled by the same single-alphabet substitution cipher, allowing a cryptanalyst to quickly detect that form of encryption. The
Index_of_coincidence
Block cipher
SEED is a block cipher developed by the Korea Information Security Agency (KISA). It is used broadly throughout South Korean industry, but seldom found
SEED
Algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key
In cryptography, the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of cipher, where the (de-)ciphering of data is typically done as an iteration of rounds
Key_schedule
Block cipher
Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) is a block cipher which was used for securing mobile phones in the United States. CMEA is one of four cryptographic primitives specified
Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm
Cellular_Message_Encryption_Algorithm
Block cipher
Threefish is a symmetric-key tweakable block cipher designed as part of the Skein hash function, an entry in the NIST hash function competition. Threefish
Threefish
Block cipher
In cryptography, CRYPTON is a symmetric block cipher submitted as a candidate for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It is very efficient in hardware
CRYPTON
German Naval World War II hand-cipher system
German Naval World War II hand-cipher system used as a backup method when no working Enigma machine was available. The cipher had two stages: a transposition
Reservehandverfahren
Block cipher
In cryptography, MacGuffin is a block cipher created in 1994 by Bruce Schneier and Matt Blaze at a Fast Software Encryption workshop. It was intended as
MacGuffin_(cipher)
Block cipher
KASUMI is a block cipher used in UMTS, GSM, and GPRS mobile communications systems. In UMTS, KASUMI is used in the confidentiality (f8) and integrity algorithms
KASUMI
Polish mathematician and cryptologist (1905–1980)
who in late 1932 reconstructed the sight-unseen German military Enigma cipher machine. Over the next nearly seven years, Rejewski and fellow mathematician-cryptologists
Marian_Rejewski
Block cipher
In cryptography, M8 is a block cipher designed by Hitachi in 1999. It is a modification of Hitachi's earlier M6 algorithm, designed for greater security
M8_(cipher)
Form of cryptanalysis
block ciphers based on differential cryptanalysis. The attack was published in 1999 by David Wagner, who used it to break the COCONUT98 cipher. The boomerang
Boomerang_attack
Authenticated encryption mode of operation for block ciphers
an authenticated encryption mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. OCB mode was designed by Phillip Rogaway, who credits Mihir Bellare, John
OCB_mode
Numerological practice of reading a word or phrase as a number
alphanumeric cipher. The letters of the alphabets involved have standard numerical values, but a word can yield several values if a cipher is used. According
Gematria
Ciphers and codes used up to and during World War II
and diplomatic codes. This article is on Japanese army and diplomatic ciphers and codes used up to and during World War II, to supplement the article
Japanese army and diplomatic codes
Japanese_army_and_diplomatic_codes
Key that is easy to break with a specific cipher
cryptography, a weak key is a key, which, used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way. Weak keys usually represent a very
Weak_key
The cipher system that the Uesugi are said to have used is a simple substitution usually known as a Polybius square or "checkerboard." The i-ro-ha alphabet
Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji
Japanese_cryptology_from_the_1500s_to_Meiji
Block cipher
In cryptography, xmx is a block cipher designed in 1997 by David M'Raïhi, David Naccache, Jacques Stern, and Serge Vaudenay. According to the designers
Xmx
Simple substitution cipher
Nyctography (in Nyctography: ) is a form of substitution cipher writing created by Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) in 1891. It is written with
Nyctography
Tables for the Data Encryption Standard
the various tables referenced in the Data Encryption Standard (DES) block cipher. All bits and bytes are arranged in big endian order in this document. That
DES_supplementary_material
Republic of Korea national standard block cipher
Lightweight Encryption Algorithm (also known as LEA) is a 128-bit block cipher developed by South Korea in 2013 to provide confidentiality in high-speed
LEA_(cipher)
Cipher
In cryptography, the Iraqi block cipher was a block cipher published in C source code form by anonymous FTP upload around July 1999, and widely distributed
Iraqi_block_cipher
FOUR SQUARE-CIPHER
FOUR SQUARE-CIPHER
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Spear.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Square, chariot with team of four horses.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Light
Male
English
French form of English Stewart, STUART means "house guard; steward." In use by the English and Scottish.
Boy/Male
Scottish
From the water.
Boy/Male
Italian
Squire.
Boy/Male
African, Arabic, Australian, Lebanese
Light
Boy/Male
English American
Shieldbearer.
Male
Swedish
Swedish name derived from Old Norse stúra, STURE means "obstinate."
Biblical
square; chariot with team of four horses
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Squire.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Squire.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
Shield Bearer; Knight's Companion
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Princess
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English squyer ‘esquire’, ‘a man belonging to the feudal rank immediately below that of knight’ (from Old French esquier ‘shield bearer’). At first it denoted a young man of good birth attendant on a knight, or by extension any attendant or servant, but by the 14th century the meaning had been generalized, and referred to social status rather than age. By the 17th century, the term denoted any member of the landed gentry, but this is unlikely to have influenced the development of the surname.
Boy/Male
French Latin
A squire.
Boy/Male
African
Rock.
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon American English Scottish
Steward.
Boy/Male
Bengali, French, Hebrew, Indian
Fair; Red; White
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a frugal person, from Middle English spare ‘sparing’, ‘frugal’.
FOUR SQUARE-CIPHER
FOUR SQUARE-CIPHER
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sushreeka | ஸà¯à®·à¯à®°à¯€à®•à®¾Â
Good looking, Wealthy, Prosperity
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil, Telugu
Lord Parvati
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Lord of Mercy
Girl/Female
Sikh
A devotee of Krishna
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational nickname for a peddler, from Old French trousse ‘bundle’, ‘pack’.Ukrainian : nickname from trus ‘rabbit’, typically applied to someone thought to be a coward.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Malaysian, Muslim
Guardian; Protector; Successful
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Protector of Water
Girl/Female
Maori
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Dathan, DATAN means "belonging to a fountain."
Boy/Male
Irish
Monk.
FOUR SQUARE-CIPHER
FOUR SQUARE-CIPHER
FOUR SQUARE-CIPHER
FOUR SQUARE-CIPHER
FOUR SQUARE-CIPHER
n.
To adjust; to regulate; to mold; to shape; to fit; as, to square our actions by the opinions of others.
n.
A square piece or fragment.
n.
The product of a number or quantity multiplied by itself; thus, 64 is the square of 8, for 8 / 8 = 64; the square of a + b is a2 + 2ab + b2.
a.
Even; leaving no balance; as, to make or leave the accounts square.
a.
Rendering equal justice; exact; fair; honest, as square dealing.
a.
Forming a right angle; as, a square corner.
n.
Hence, anything which is square, or nearly so
n.
A square; a measure; a rule.
n.
To form with right angles and straight lines, or flat surfaces; as, to square mason's work.
n.
To multiply by itself; as, to square a number or a quantity.
n.
A square. See 1st Squire.
imp. & p. p.
of Square
n.
To place at right angles with the keel; as, to square the yards.
n.
Having the toe square.
n.
To make even, so as leave no remainder of difference; to balance; as, to square accounts.
v. t.
To attend as a squire.
a.
Of or pertaining to a square, or to squares; resembling a quadrate, or square; square.
n.
An instrument having at least one right angle and two or more straight edges, used to lay out or test square work. It is of several forms, as the T square, the carpenter's square, the try-square., etc.
a.
Having four equal sides and four right angles; as, a square figure.
a.
Having a shape broad for the height, with rectilineal and angular rather than curving outlines; as, a man of a square frame.