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Weak, attractive magnetism possessed by most elements and some compounds
band that moved downwards. This effect is a weak form of paramagnetism known as Pauli paramagnetism. The effect always competes with a diamagnetic response
Paramagnetism
Magnetic property of ordinary materials
field. However, other forms of magnetism (such as ferromagnetism or paramagnetism) are so much stronger such that, when different forms of magnetism are
Diamagnetism
Mathematical function, used to describe magnetization
theory of paramagnetism, while the Brillouin function is the quantum theory of paramagnetism. When Langevin published the theory paramagnetism in 1905 it
Brillouin and Langevin functions
Brillouin_and_Langevin_functions
Ability of magnetization
in most materials, although superconductors exhibit a strong effect. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally
Permeability (electromagnetism)
Permeability_(electromagnetism)
Magnetic property
leads to what is known as Langevin paramagnetism (the quantum theory is sometimes called Brillouin paramagnetism), that leads to a positive magnetic
Van_Vleck_paramagnetism
Mechanism by which materials form into and are attracted to magnets
respond weakly to magnetic fields by three other types of magnetism—paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism—but the forces are usually so
Ferromagnetism
Oxygen with all of its electrons spin paired
Liquid Oxygen—Paramagnetism and Color, West Lafayette, IN, USA: Purdue University Department of Chemistry, see Liquid Oxygen---Paramagnetism and Color and
Singlet_oxygen
Degree to which a material becomes magnetized in an applied magnetic field
magnetic field: an alignment with the magnetic field, χ > 0, called paramagnetism, or an alignment against the field, χ < 0, called diamagnetism. Magnetic
Magnetic_susceptibility
French physicist and chemist (1859–1906)
studied ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, and diamagnetism for his doctoral thesis, and discovered the effect of temperature on paramagnetism which is now known
Pierre_Curie
Any chemical compound containing an O2 ion (charge –1)
Both dioxygen and the superoxide anion are free radicals that exhibit paramagnetism. Superoxide was historically also known as "hyperoxide". Superoxide
Superoxide
Feature of some magnetic materials
magnetization continues to increase very slowly with the field due to paramagnetism.) Saturation is a characteristic of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic
Saturation_(magnetic)
Relation of magnetization to applied magnetic field and temperature
effects dominate, like Langevin diamagnetism or Van Vleck paramagnetism. A simple model of a paramagnet concentrates on the particles which compose it which
Curie's_law
Study of magnetic properties of chemical compounds
one or more unpaired electrons are paramagnetic. The magnitude of the paramagnetism is expressed as an effective magnetic moment, μeff. For first-row transition
Magnetochemistry
Triplet state of the dioxygen molecule
rules, they remain unpaired and spin-parallel, which accounts for the paramagnetism of molecular oxygen. These half-filled orbitals are antibonding in character
Triplet_oxygen
Austrian–Swiss physicist (1900–1958)
Fermi–Dirac statistics. Using this idea, he developed the theory of paramagnetism in 1926. Pauli said, "Festkörperphysik ist eine Schmutzphysik"—solid-state
Wolfgang_Pauli
Chemical element with atomic number 8 (O)
against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet. Oxygen's paramagnetism can be used in paramagnetic oxygen gas analysers that determine gaseous
Oxygen
Class of physical phenomena
explanations based on classical physics can be formulated, diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism can be fully explained only using quantum theory
Magnetism
Theorem on magnetism
theory of paramagnetism, while the Brillouin function is the quantum theory of paramagnetism. Langevin published the theory of paramagnetism in 1905 before
Bohr–Van_Leeuwen_theorem
Chemical bond by sharing of electron pairs
two 3-electron bonds and one 2-electron bond, which accounts for its paramagnetism and its formal bond order of 2. Chlorine dioxide and its heavier analogues
Covalent_bond
One of the physical forms of elemental oxygen
liquid oxygen (O2) is poured from a beaker into a strong magnet, the oxygen is temporarily suspended between the magnet poles, owing to its paramagnetism.
Liquid_oxygen
Temperature and pressure point where phase boundaries disappear
include the liquid–liquid critical points in mixtures, and the ferromagnet–paramagnet transition (Curie temperature) in the absence of an external magnetic
Critical point (thermodynamics)
Critical_point_(thermodynamics)
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
the radical stabilized. Consequently, TEMPO behaves, aside from its paramagnetism, like a normal organic compound.[better source needed] In molecular
Radical_(chemistry)
Temperature above which magnetic properties change
of the same magnitude in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Paramagnetism: The magnetic moments in a paramagnetic material are disordered in the
Curie_temperature
Type of lepton that orbits an atom on its own
with a magnetic field. Only elements with unpaired electrons exhibit paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, and antiferromagnetism. N. C. Norman (1997). Periodicity
Unpaired_electron
Form of magnetism
nanoparticles, similarly to a paramagnet. However, their magnetic susceptibility is much larger than that of paramagnets. Normally, any ferromagnetic or
Superparamagnetism
Concept in the physics of electromagnetism
can flip the magnetic dipoles that make up the material causing both paramagnetism and ferromagnetism. Additionally, the magnetic field can affect the
Magnetic_moment
Study of magnetic properties in rocks
called a diamagnet. Paramagnetism is a weak positive response to a magnetic field due to rotation of electron spins. Paramagnetism occurs in certain kinds
Rock_magnetism
Statement on equilibrium in electromagnetism
that materials with relative magnetic permeability greater than one (paramagnetism) are further destabilising, but materials with a permeability less than
Earnshaw's_theorem
Spectroscopy of paramagnetic compounds via NMR
effects indicated by a wide chemical shift range and broadened signals. Paramagnetism diminishes the resolution of an NMR spectrum to the extent that coupling
Paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Paramagnetic_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy
State of matter
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Bose–Einstein_condensate
Physical quantity, density of magnetic moment per volume
force on the paramagnet (or diamagnet) per unit volume (i.e. force density). In diamagnets ( χ < 0 {\displaystyle \chi <0} ) and paramagnets ( χ > 0 {\displaystyle
Magnetization
Chemical compound
Palladium(II) fluoride, also known as palladium difluoride, is the chemical compound of palladium and fluorine with the formula PdF2. Like its lighter
Palladium(II)_fluoride
Chemical compound
agent because of its solubility in nonpolar organic solvents and its paramagnetism. The compound is prepared by the reaction of chromium(III) oxide with
Chromium(III)_acetylacetonate
Chemical compound
dispersion of signals in NMR spectra, exploiting its Lewis acidity and paramagnetism. Both Eufod and Eu(hfc)3 are chiral, but unlike Eufod, Eu(hfc)3 exists
Eu(hfc)3
Glacier-generated sediment
electrons (particularly calcium, iron and magnesium) contribute to paramagnetism in soil which aids in cation exchange capacity.[citation needed] The
Rock_flour
Method for describing the electronic structure of molecules using quantum mechanics
triplet ground state for the dioxygen molecule which explained its paramagnetism (see Molecular orbital diagram § Dioxygen) before valence bond theory
Molecular_orbital_theory
Term used in chemistry
different coordination geometry, as well as the presence or absence of paramagnetism, whereas VSEPR may be used for complexes of main group element to predict
Coordination_geometry
Textbook by Richard Feynman
of dense materials Reflection from surfaces The magnetism of matter Paramagnetism and magnetic resonance Ferromagnetism Magnetic materials Elasticity
The Feynman Lectures on Physics
The_Feynman_Lectures_on_Physics
the lens of Thermodynamics are ferromagnets and paramagnets as well as the ferromagnet to paramagnet phase transition. It is also possible to derive thermodynamic
Magnetic Thermodynamic Systems
Magnetic_Thermodynamic_Systems
French physicist (1872–1946)
1934 to the Académie des sciences. Langevin is noted for his work on paramagnetism and diamagnetism, and devised the modern interpretation of this phenomenon
Paul_Langevin
Magnetic phase transition in α-Fe2O3 hematite
magnets Antiferromagnetism – Regular pattern of magnetic moment ordering Paramagnetism – Weak, attractive magnetism possessed by most elements and some compounds
Morin_transition
Indian industrialist from Bangalore, Karnataka
heteropolar type of chemical combination. Krishnamurti’s observation that the paramagnetism of crystals apparently influences the observed intensity of the displaced
P._Krishnamurti
Use of mathematical groups in magnetochemistry
in a very particular circumstance, namely, in the treatment of the paramagnetism of complexes of a metal ion in whose electronic structure there is a
Double_group
American physicist and mathematician (1899–1980)
Anderson and Sir Nevill Mott. Van Vleck transformations, Van Vleck paramagnetism and Van Vleck formula are named after him. Van Vleck died in Cambridge
John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck
Quasiparticle which is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Exciton
State of matter with properties of both conventional liquids and crystals
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Liquid_crystal
One of two foundational theories of quantum chemistry
spectra). In particular, molecular orbitals can effectively account for paramagnetism arising from unpaired electrons, whereas VBT struggles. Simple VB theory
Valence_bond_theory
Electrically insulating substance able to be polarised by an applied electric field
useful for capacitors. Classification of materials based on permittivity Paramagnetism Clausius-Mossotti relation Dielectric absorption Dielectric losses Dielectric
Dielectric
Property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location
Diamagnetism produces a magnetization that opposes the magnetic field. Paramagnetism produces a magnetization in the same direction as the applied magnetic
Magnetic_field
Iron (II) disulfide mineral
spectroscopy as well as XPS). The material as a whole behaves as a Van Vleck paramagnet, despite its low-spin divalency. The sulfur centers occur in pairs, described
Pyrite
Quantum theory of interacting electron gas
{F} }}{\pi }},} which corresponds to the spin susceptibility of Pauli paramagnetism. This time, consider some generalized case for lowering the dimension
Lindhard_theory
Transition between different phases of matter at zero temperature
U} ) and is of first order. A phase transition from a ferromagnet to a paramagnet is continuous and is of second order. (See phase transition for Ehrenfest's
Quantum_phase_transition
Property of gauge theories in particle physics
and change its color. This is sometimes called antiscreening (color paramagnetism). Getting closer to a quark diminishes the antiscreening effect of the
Asymptotic_freedom
Chemical compound known as stannic oxide, cassiterite and tin ore
(2005). "Development of high-temperature ferromagnetism in SnO2 and paramagnetism in SnO by Fe doping". Phys. Rev. B. 72 (8) 054402. Bibcode:2005PhRvB
Tin(IV)_oxide
Small collection of atoms or molecules
ferromagnetic material are super-paramagnetic rather than ferromagnetic. Paramagnetism is not a collective phenomenon, which means that the ferromagnetism
Cluster_(physics)
Branch of physics
Fermi–Dirac statistics. Using this idea, he developed the theory of paramagnetism in 1926. Shortly after, Sommerfeld incorporated the Fermi–Dirac statistics
Condensed_matter_physics
British theoretical physicist (1899–1968)
Stoner, E. C. (1936). "Collective Electron Specific Heat and Spin Paramagnetism in Metals". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical
E._C._Stoner_(physicist)
Analytical method
to shielding tensor. This paramagnetic contribution is unrelated to paramagnetism). For example, most 1H NMR signals for most organic compounds are within
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance
Carbon-13_nuclear_magnetic_resonance
differentiate calcifications from iron deposits that usually demonstrate strong paramagnetism. This may allow QSM to serve as a problem solving tool for the diagnosis
Quantitative susceptibility mapping
Quantitative_susceptibility_mapping
Laboratory technique
shielding tensor). This paramagnetic contribution, which is unrelated to paramagnetism, not only disrupts trends in chemical shifts, which complicates assignments
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy
Category of metallic elements
Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 8, August, pp. 1543–47 Benbow EM 2008, From paramagnetism to spin glasses: Magnetic studies of single crystal intermetallics,
Post-transition_metal
Zone of energetic charged particles around the planet Earth
magnetic field L-shell List of artificial radiation belts Space weather Paramagnetism Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π2R3 = T2GM
Van_Allen_radiation_belt
Physical process of transition between basic states of matter
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Phase_transition
Mode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom
a net magnetic moment (it is paramagnetic). The explanation of the paramagnetism of dioxygen was a major success for molecular orbital theory. The electronic
Electron_configuration
phase diagram, including a doping-dependent metal-insulator transition, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism. The existence of a Griffith phase has been reported
Lanthanum_strontium_manganite
Chemical element with atomic number 96 (Cm)
Its neighbor element americium shows no deviation from Curie-Weiss paramagnetism in the entire temperature range, but α-Cm transforms to an antiferromagnetic
Curium
Intermetallic compound with 4f and 5f electrons in unfilled electron bands
H. (1979-12-17). "Superconductivity in the Presence of Strong Pauli Paramagnetism: CeCu2Si2". Physical Review Letters. 43 (25): 1892–1896. Bibcode:1979PhRvL
Heavy_fermion_material
Spectroscopic technique based on change of nuclear spin state
ISBN 978-1-4831-8408-1. The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 35: Paramagnetism and Magnetic Resonance David M. Grant; Robin Kingsley Harris (2002)
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
State of matter
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Solid
Number of microstates for a given macrostate of a thermodynamic system
k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant. A simplified model of the two-state paramagnet provides an example of the process of calculating the multiplicity of
Multiplicity (statistical mechanics)
Multiplicity_(statistical_mechanics)
Proposed superconducting material
between zero field cooling (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) measurements, and paramagnetism at a 200 Oe magnetic field. A glassy memory effect was discovered while
LK-99
Type of massless subatomic particle
between gapless modes in condensed matter and the Higgs boson, e.g. in the paramagnet to ferromagnet phase transition In contrast to the case of the breaking
Goldstone_boson
Mixture of an insoluble substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Colloid
Russian nickel-chromium alloy used in non-magnetic neutron-transparent high-pressure cells
Curie–Weiss behavior suggests an additional contribution beyond pure paramagnetism, possibly of spin glass type. The mass magnetic susceptibility is reported
40HNU-VI
Fluid which flows without losing kinetic energy
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Superfluidity
Schäfer, H. (1979). "Superconductivity in the Presence of Strong Pauli Paramagnetism: CeCu2Si2". Physical Review Letters. 43 (25): 1892–1896. Bibcode:1979PhRvL
History_of_superconductivity
Medication for lowering blood pressure
Tritt-Goc J, Piślewski N, Hoffmann SK (1997). "EPR evidence of the paramagnetism of a long-living metastable excited state of a sodium nitroprusside
Sodium_nitroprusside
Sulfide mineral
not a magnetic semiconductor but a metallic conductor with weak Pauli-paramagnetism.[page needed] Thus, the mineral is better described as consisting of
Covellite
Mechanical generation of light
1021/ed055p340. Matousek, et al. (2023). "Exploring Triboluminescence and Paramagnetism: A Rapid Mn Complex Synthesis for High School and Undergraduate Chemistry
Triboluminescence
Product of a chemical reaction between elements of periodic groups 1-2 and groups 13-16
intermetallic compounds that are diamagnetic or exhibit temperature-independent paramagnetism and are poor conductors or semiconductors. This type of solid is named
Zintl_phase
Model of magnetic susceptibility under certain conditions
{\displaystyle T_{\rm {C}}={\frac {C\lambda }{\mu _{0}}}} Curie's law Paramagnetism Pierre Curie Pierre-Ernest Weiss Exchange interaction Hall 1994, pp
Curie–Weiss_law
Chemical compound
1016/0009-2614(83)80311-X. A. K. Jain; G. C. Upreti (1975). "On the anomalous paramagnetism of Co(II) perchlorate hexahydrate at low temperatures". Journal of Physics
Cobalt(II)_perchlorate
1956 nuclear physics experiment on weak force parity conservation
temperature of 0.01 K can be achieved by this process. Thus internal paramagnetism is manipulated to both cool the sample and provide the field to align
Wu_experiment
Concept in non-equilibrium physics
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Keldysh_formalism
Pierre Curie, known for his work on radioactivity as well as on ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, and diamagnetism; notably Curie's law and Curie point
History_of_chemistry
Coordination complex
interesting magnetic properties. Down to about 80 K it exhibits normal paramagnetism with an effective magnetic moment of 3.2 μB, close to the spin-only
Nickel(II) bis(acetylacetonate)
Nickel(II)_bis(acetylacetonate)
German physicist (born 1941)
Schäfer (1979). "Superconductivity in the Presence of Strong Pauli Paramagnetism: CeCu2Si2". Physical Review Letters. 43 (25): 1892. Bibcode:1979PhRvL
Frank_Steglich
Regular pattern of magnetic moment ordering
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Antiferromagnetism
Classic textbook in by Charles Kittel
superconductivity, BCS theory, superconductors 11 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism diamagnetism and paramagnetism 12 Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism ferromagnetism
Introduction to Solid State Physics
Introduction_to_Solid_State_Physics
Devices and processes that produce light
Kalacek, Jiri; Havlik, Jan (2023). "Exploring Triboluminescence and Paramagnetism: A Rapid Mn Complex Synthesis for High School and Undergraduate Chemistry
List_of_light_sources
Model of electrons within a metallic solid
presence of a magnetic field, and a paramagnetic contribution (Pauli's paramagnetism). The latter contribution is three times larger in absolute value than
Free_electron_model
Structure that repeats in time; a novel type or phase of non-equilibrium matter
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Time_crystal
Russian theoretical physicist (1931–2021)
1103/PhysRevB.78.184422. Dzyaloshinskii, I.E.; Mills, D.L. (2009). "Intrinsic paramagnetism of ferroelectrics". Philosophical Magazine. 89 (22–24): 2079–2082. Bibcode:2009PMag
Igor_Dzyaloshinskii
Chemical compound
[Fe(H2O)6]n+ complexes are high spin, which results in pale colors, paramagnetism, and weak Fe-O bonds. Iron(II) nitrate can be produced in multiple ways
Iron(II)_nitrate
Chemical compound
resulting configuration is e4t21, with magnetic measurements showing paramagnetism consistent with only one unpaired electron. The reaction between CoCl2•THF
Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV)
Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV)
Spectroscopy technique for molecules containing phosphorus
dominated by the so-called paramagnetic shielding tensor (unrelated to paramagnetism). The paramagnetic shielding tensor, σp, includes terms that describe
Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance
Phosphorus-31_nuclear_magnetic_resonance
Quasiparticle form phonon and photon coupling
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Phonon_polariton
State of matter
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Supersolid
Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling
Spin Hall effect Kondo effect Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass Quasiparticles
Polariton
Soviet physicist (1910–1998)
particular he studied the problem of simultaneity of ferromagnetism and paramagnetism. He was the founder of the Ural scientific school in ferromagnetism
Sergei_Vonsovsky
PARAMAGNETISM
PARAMAGNETISM
PARAMAGNETISM
PARAMAGNETISM
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PARAMAGNETISM
PARAMAGNETISM
PARAMAGNETISM
PARAMAGNETISM
PARAMAGNETISM
n.
Magnetism, as opposed to diamagnetism.