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Space cargo vehicle development programme of the European Space Agency
LEO Cargo Return Service (LCRS) is an initiative of the European Space Agency (ESA) supporting the development of European commercial uncrewed cargo spacecraft
LEO_Cargo_Return_Service
European spacecraft manufacturer
(LEO) for a maximum of 6 months, with up to 2,500 kg of pressurized cargo and 100 kg of unpressurized cargo being onboard the vehicle. The service module
The_Exploration_Company
Recipients of LEO Cargo Return Service Contracts". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 2 April 2025. Parsonson, Andrew (2 April 2025). "ESA LEO Cargo Return Phase
List of European Space Agency programmes and missions
List_of_European_Space_Agency_programmes_and_missions
2026 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS
scheduled for launch no earlier than 11 February 2026. Following the early return of the Crew-11 mission to Earth on 15 January 2026 due to a medical issue
SpaceX_Crew-12
European organisation dedicated to space exploration
Andrew (11 February 2025). "ESA Moves Forward with Phase 2 of its LEO Cargo Return Initiative". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 13 September 2025. "ISRO
European_Space_Agency
EU satellite telecoms constellation project
2027. Initial government services are expected to start in 2030. IRIS² will consist of 264 satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), at an altitude of 1,200
IRIS²
station. Commercial astronaut Space tourism Human spaceflight LEO Cargo Return Service Foust, Jeff (28 January 2020). "NASA selects Axiom Space to build
List of commercial space stations
List_of_commercial_space_stations
Space launch vehicle development programme of the European Space Agency
€900 million at the council. List of ESA programmes and missions LEO Cargo Return Service Commercial spaceflight "European Launcher Challenge". www.esa.int
European_Launcher_Challenge
1983 American crewed spaceflight and first flight with Spacelab
Texas. Funding for Spacelab 1 was provided by the ESA. After Columbia's return from STS-5 in November 1982, it received several modifications and changes
STS-9
Private crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station in 2025
May 30, 2024. Foust, Jeff (November 19, 2022). "SpaceX to launch last new cargo Dragon spacecraft". SpaceNews. Retrieved February 18, 2025. Berger, Eric
Axiom_Mission_4
Family of European medium- and heavy-lift rocket launch vehicles
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Ariane_(rocket_family)
Part of the Columbus module on the International Space Station
operational phase, a payload is transported to the carrier by robotic means and returned to ground for post-mission inspection and analysis and, possibly, refurbishment
Columbus External Payload Facility
Columbus_External_Payload_Facility
European Space Agency programme to develop a prototype reusable rocket first stage
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Themis_programme
Planned lunar habitat module
spacecraft; and the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, which were used to transport cargo inside the Space Shuttle orbiters. The expected total cost of the contract
Lunar_I-Hab
Columbus MTFF Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Cargo spacecraft Planned & proposed LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Argonaut (lunar) Retired ATV Missions Space
ESA_PANGAEA
Planned crewed spaceflight mission
Columbus MTFF Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Cargo spacecraft Planned & proposed LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Argonaut (lunar) Retired ATV Missions Space
EPIC
Planned module of the Lunar Gateway
to launch as a co-manifested payload on Artemis V in 2030. 1.5 tons of cargo will be packed inside the module for launch. The ESPRIT module will consist
European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure and Telecommunications
European_System_Providing_Refueling,_Infrastructure_and_Telecommunications
Proposed European VTOL lifting body spacecraft
of crewed operations, carrying up to five astronauts to low Earth orbit (LEO), or alternatively functioning as an automated freighter capable of delivering
Smart Upper Stage for Innovative Exploration
Smart_Upper_Stage_for_Innovative_Exploration
European spacecraft
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
HENON
Planned European mission to demonstrate space debris removal
Space Safety Programme contract in the Active Debris Removal/In-Orbit Servicing (ADRIOS) project. ClearSpace-1's original target was the VESPA payload
ClearSpace-1
Planned ESA uncrewed spaceplane
two-month long maiden mission, Space Rider will return to Earth with the payloads stowed in its cargo bay. The maiden flight will be followed by several
Space_Rider
French lunar surface habitat company
Columbus MTFF Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Cargo spacecraft Planned & proposed LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Argonaut (lunar) Retired ATV Missions Space
Spartan_Space
2022 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS and maiden flight of Crew Dragon Freedom
to six months aboard station conducting science and maintenance before returning to Earth in the fall of 2022. Garcia, Mark (April 27, 2022). "SpaceX Crew-4
SpaceX_Crew-4
2021 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS and maiden flight of Crew Dragon Endurance
delayed to November 9, 2021. Due to the launch delays, NASA decided to return the astronauts from Crew-2 before Crew-3 launched, thus being the first
SpaceX_Crew-3
European Space Agency programme for human spaceflight and robotic space exploration
space exploration missions to three space destinations: Low Earth orbit (LEO), the Moon, and Mars. In 2014, the ESA ministerial council adopted the "Resolution
Terrae_Novae
Project by the European Space Agency
Moonlight programme or the Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS) is an initiative by the European Space Agency (ESA) with the goal
Moonlight_Programme
Satellite constellation
Navigation Timing (LEO-PNT) satellite constellation by the European Space Agency (ESA) intended to demonstrate the usefulness of LEO satellites for complementing
Celeste_(LEO-PNT)
Future mission to asteroid 99942 Apophis
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Ramses_(spacecraft)
Spacecraft without people on board
the LEO Cargo Return Service initiative to develop one or more cargo spacecraft capable of returning to Earth. China is developing two new cargo spacecraft
Uncrewed_spacecraft
Planned private SpaceX mission to the ISS
Columbus MTFF Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Cargo spacecraft Planned & proposed LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Argonaut (lunar) Retired ATV Missions Space
PAM-6
European Space Agency astronaut training course
CNNMoney. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-15. "Return to light for underground astronauts". ESA. 2016-08-07. "A dress code for
ESA_CAVES
NASA uncrewed spaceflight program for the Lunar Gateway space station
logistics services for the Gateway, modeled on the commercial cargo program for the ISS.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) Bienhoff
Gateway_Logistics_Services
European communication satellite for the Moon
and Goonhilly Earth Station (GES) for Commercial Lunar Mission Support Services (CLMSS). The agreement included collaboration on the Lunar Pathfinder mission
Lunar_Pathfinder
2024 private crewed spaceflight to the ISS
Columbus MTFF Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Cargo spacecraft Planned & proposed LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Argonaut (lunar) Retired ATV Missions Space
Axiom_Mission_3
Proposed European lunar rover
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
MAGPIE_(rover)
European quantum communication satellite
"SES and TESAT to Develop Payload for Europe's First Quantum Cryptography LEO Satellite System EAGLE-1". Space Insider. Retrieved 24 January 2026. "Eagle-1:
Eagle-1
European technology demonstration satellites
technology demonstration of operations needed for on-orbit satellite servicing and active space debris removal. The mission, consisting of two identical
PRELUDE
2021 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS
launched on the same Falcon 9 booster as SpaceX Crew-1 (B1061.1). With its return to Earth the evening of November 9, 2021, the mission set a record for the
SpaceX_Crew-2
European weather satellite
forward in Satellite Meteorology". Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service. Retrieved 2026-01-19. "L'Europe lance sa nouvelle génération de satellites
MTG-I2
Temporary, reusable laboratory aboard the Space Shuttle
unpressurized carrier, and other related hardware housed in the Shuttle's cargo bay. The components were arranged in various configurations to meet the
Spacelab
1995 Russian crewed spaceflight to Mir
that signaled the formation of a multinational crew. The crews transferred cargo items between the visiting Orbiter and Mir over the three days the two were
Soyuz_TM-22
European Space Agency lunar lander
of uses in mind, including use as a power station, support for a rover, cargo delivery, and infrastructure delivery. It is envisioned to launch on the
Argonaut_(lunar_lander)
Uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency
Vehicle or ATV, was an expendable cargo spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), used for space cargo transport in 2008–2015. The ATV design
Automated_Transfer_Vehicle
Proposed European infrared space telescope for detecting asteroids
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
NEOMIR
Spaceport in northern Sweden
research for ESA and DLR: SSC, jointly with DLR, introduced a new launch service with the Suborbital Express programme launched in 2019. Suborbital Express
Esrange
Hungarian government body for space activities
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Hungarian_Space_Office
European Space Agency artificial satellite
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
CAT-1
Orbital recoverable launch vehicle of the European company ArianeGroup
reusable launch vehicle planned to succeed Ariane 6, with an entry into service in the 2030s. The objective of the new launcher is to halve the launch
Ariane_Next
European technology demonstration satellites
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
PROBA_satellite_series
European CubeSat satellite mission
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
PRETTY_(satellite)
1994 Russian crewed spaceflight to Mir
Columbus MTFF Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Cargo spacecraft Planned & proposed LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Argonaut (lunar) Retired ATV Missions Space
Soyuz_TM-20
Type of spacecraft
Parsonson, Andrew (2024-05-22). "ESA Announces Recipients of LEO Cargo Return Service Contracts". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 2025-03-17. Parsonson
Space_capsule
British Earth observation satellite constellation
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
VIREON
Estonian nanosatellite
the satellite by use as a plasma-brake to demonstrate a possibility for returning small satellites from orbit. A color CMOS camera was also on board that
ESTCube-1
European Space Agency observatory
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
ESA_Optical_Ground_Station
Planned lunar exploration mission
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
LUMIO_(space_mission)
Payload monitoring the first flight of the Ariane 6 rocket
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
YPSat-1
International space programme
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Euromir
Canceled Earth observation satellite
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial and Helio Studies
Traceable_Radiometry_Underpinning_Terrestrial_and_Helio_Studies
Spanish communications satellite program
are designed for an operational useful life of 15 years, remaining in service until 2040. Both launches were performed by SpaceX Falcon 9 rockets. In
Spainsat_NG
International energy project
the La-Nina may be mild or aborted early in the process. However, if the return of the thermocline has enough momentum it could propel a strong La-Nina
Global Energy and Water Exchanges
Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges
European satellite communication constellation project
2026-04-15. Rainbow, Jason (2024-10-16). "ESA picks Kepler-led group to develop LEO optical data relay network". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2026-04-15. Boucher, Marc
HydRON
Imaging satellite
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Intuition-1
European Space Agency space mission
2013 Mike Hapgood (RAL, UK), Cluster JSOC project scientist received RAS service award 2013 Göran Marklund, EFW Co-I, received the EGU Hannes Alfvén Medal
Cluster_II_(spacecraft)
Planned European interplanetary space tug supporting Mars missions
to Mars and provide communication, navigation, and weather monitoring services from a high Mars orbit. It will use its onboard solar electric propulsion
LightShip_(spacecraft)
European CubeSat mission
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
ERMIS
2023 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS
One week after the arrival of Crew-8, Crew-7 undocked from the ISS, returning to Earth by splashing down in the Gulf of Mexico near Florida on March
SpaceX_Crew-7
European Earth observation satellite constellation
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Hyperfield
Early-warning system for near-Earth objects
whole field of view. Flyeye's detection capabilities and the quality of service it requires (in particular, the use of a fast slewing equatorial mount)
Flyeye
CubeSat Lunar orbiter by ESA
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
VMMO
European satellite for maritime tracking
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
ESAIL
European Space Agency rocket development projects
demonstration mission: SAB Launch Services' IOSHEX orbital vehicle would dock with Space Rider and access the vehicle’s cargo bay using robotic arms. Expander-cycle
Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme
Proposed lunar LiDAR mapping mission
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Moonraker_(lunar_orbiter)
European space reentry experiment
Tarabini-castellani, Lorenzo; Minacapilli, Paolo (2025). "DRACO scientific return concept: determining the truth of satellite demise". 9th European Conference
Draco_(space_mission)
Proposed European CubeSat mission to an asteroid
Earth fly-by". In Petrozzi-Ilstad, Max (ed.). Small Satellites Systems and Services Symposium (4S 2024). Vol. 13546. p. 60. Bibcode:2025SPIE13546E..1OF. doi:10
Satis_(spacecraft)
Italian cubesat
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
E-st@r-II
European lunar mapping mission
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Máni_(spacecraft)
2019 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS
Retrieved 13 April 2019. Gebhardt, Chris (5 February 2020). "Soyuz MS-13 crew return to Earth". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 6 February 2020. Garcia, Mark
Soyuz_MS-13
Species of woodlouse
Columbus MTFF Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Cargo spacecraft Planned & proposed LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Argonaut (lunar) Retired ATV Missions Space
Alpioniscus_sideralis
European satellite mission
Deconinck, Florian; Coisson, Pierdavide (2022). "NanoMagSat, a nanosatellite LEO constellation for monitoring Earth's magnetic field and ionospheric environment"
NanoMagSat
European technology demonstration satellite
in-flight experience". Proceedings Volume 13546, Small Satellites Systems and Services Symposium (4S 2024). SPIE: 5. doi:10.1117/12.3059488. ISBN 978-1-5106-8894-0
MicroHETsat
European satellite development project
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Electra_(satellite)
Irish space satellite (2023)
launched in 2023 on a Vega-C rocket as part of the Small Satellites Mission Service #5 rideshare mission. However, after delays, the CubeSat was remanifested
EIRSAT-1
Greek CubeSat mission
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Hellenic_Space_Dawn
European CubeSat for demonstrating space weather-related technologies
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
RadCube
Space capsule type for cargo delivery from space
designed to return payloads to Earth from orbit/near orbit, developed by SpaceX. The vehicle intends to provide uncrewed, point-to-point cargo delivery of
SpaceX_Starfall
European technology demonstration CubeSat
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
QARMAN
Government agency of Estonia
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Estonian_Space_Office
European technology demonstration CubeSat for Earth observation
commissioning". In Petrozzi-Ilstad, Max (ed.). Small Satellites Systems and Services Symposium (4S 2024). SPIE. p. 31. doi:10.1117/12.3061321. ISBN 978-1-5106-8894-0
PROBA-V_CubeSat_Companion
European weather satellite constellation
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
EPS-Sterna
2024 Portuguese satellite
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
ISTSat-1
European technology demonstration satellite
European Space Agency programmes and missions "Hammerhead: Proven European LEO Platform for SmallSats". Redwire. Archived from the original on 2026-01-15
ΣYNDEO‑3
European technology demonstration satellite launched in 2023
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
JoeySat
Greek technology demonstration satellite
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
OptiSat
Earth observation satellite constellation
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
HiVE
European constellation of Earth observation satellites
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
Atlantic_Constellation
European technology demonstration CubeSat
(2025-01-27). "CERN and ESA: a decade of innovation". CERN Courier. Retrieved 2025-10-18. "Icarus has returned to space". www.mpg.de. Retrieved 2025-11-30.
GENA-OT
European weather satellite
National Centre for Earth Observation. 2025-08-12. Retrieved 2026-01-19. Service, Flanders News (2025-08-12). "ESA launches new satellite to improve weather
MetOp-SG_B1
Greek technology demonstration satellite
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
PeakSat
European climatology CubeSat satellite
Robotic Arm (2021-present) Artemis program European Service Module (2022-present) LEO Cargo Return Service (2028) Telecommunications and navigation GEOS 2
SIMBA_(satellite)
LEO CARGO-RETURN-SERVICE
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