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The phrase horizontal evolution is used in evolutionary biology to refer to: Concerted evolution, whereby individual members of a DNA family within one
Horizontal_evolution
Transfer of genes from unrelated organisms
evolution while more significantly shifting perspectives on bacterial evolution. Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic
Horizontal_gene_transfer
Stage of stellar evolution
The horizontal branch (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the red-giant branch in stars whose masses are similar to the Sun's
Horizontal_branch
Concept in genetics
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between distant branches on the tree of life. In evolution, it can scramble the information
Horizontal gene transfer in evolution
Horizontal_gene_transfer_in_evolution
Changes to stars over their lifespans
U. (1991). "Atmospheres and Abundances of Blue Horizontal Branch Stars and Related Objects". Evolution of Stars: The Photospheric Abundance Connection:
Stellar_evolution
Change in the heritable traits of populations
2022. Baldo, Angela M.; McClure, Marcella A. (September 1999). "Evolution and Horizontal Transfer of dUTPase-Encoding Genes in Viruses and Their Hosts"
Evolution
Independent evolution of similar features
closely related molluscs, suggesting convergent evolution, though with the possibility of horizontal gene transfer. Distant homologues of the metal ion
Convergent_evolution
Merging of lineages
recombination causes evolution to be reticulate; at a species level, reticulation arises through hybrid speciation and horizontal gene transfer; and at
Reticulate_evolution
Period during the evolution of the first cells
transition period during the evolution of the first cells when genetic transmission moves from a predominantly horizontal mode to a vertical mode. The
Darwinian_threshold
Ancestor of all current life on Earth
collective genome" at the time of the LUCA, and that horizontal gene transfer was important in the evolution of later groups; Nicolas Glansdorff states that
Last universal common ancestor
Last_universal_common_ancestor
Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
genetic heritage, though the suggestion of substantial horizontal gene transfer during early evolution has led to questions about the monophyly (single ancestry)
Common_descent
of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics. Harvard Business School Press, 2006. Frances Stewart. Horizontal Inequalities:
Horizontal_inequality
Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time
The evolution of the eye is the origin and development with diversification by natural selection over geological time of organs of photosensitivity and
Evolution_of_the_eye
Theory in evolutionary biology
equilibrium is commonly contrasted with phyletic gradualism, the idea that evolution generally occurs uniformly by the steady and gradual transformation of
Punctuated_equilibrium
Class of parthenogenetic freshwater rotifers
10%, having been obtained through horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, fungi and plants. How and why horizontal gene transfer occur in bdelloids is
Bdelloidea
Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses. Viruses have short generation times, and many—in
Viral_evolution
Horizontal or lateral gene transfer (HGT or LGT) is the transmission of portions of genomic DNA between organisms through a process decoupled from vertical
Inferring horizontal gene transfer
Inferring_horizontal_gene_transfer
Evolutionary origin and subsequent development of cells
sexual reproduction arose early in the evolution of cells and has had a continuous evolutionary history. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the movement of
Evolution_of_cells
Modernist art theory
Neoplasticism's reliance on horizontal and vertical lines to symbolize equilibrium between nature and spirit ultimately limited the evolution of art. To transcend
Elementarism
Field of biological research
variety of biological genome data and the study of vertical and horizontal evolution processes, one can understand vital parts of the gene structure and
Comparative_genomics
Anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
plane. It is also called the axial plane or horizontal plane, especially in human anatomy, but horizontal plane can be misleading with other animals.
Transverse_plane
Special case of mutualism
vertical and horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission involves the passage of symbionts from parent to offspring hosts. Horizontal transmission
Obligate_mutualism
Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function
influenced the evolution of various sex differences. It is unclear whether anisogamy first led to the evolution of hermaphroditism or the evolution of gonochorism
Biological_sex
Means of transmitting infection
be horizontal which is explicitly reified in Dual Inheritance Theory. Horizontal transmission is implicit in the meme theory of cultural evolution, where
Horizontal_transmission
mutations and horizontal gene transfers would have meant that offspring were likely to have different genomes from their parents, and evolution occurred at
History_of_life
Historic Welsh county flag
The Glamorgan flag (Welsh: Baner Morgannwg) is the flag of the county of Glamorgan. It was registered with the Flag Institute on 24 September 2013. The
Flag_of_Glamorgan
Subfield of genetics
PMID 18511688. S2CID 11862013. Baldo, A.; McClure, M. (1 September 1999). "Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts"
Population_genetics
Set of theoretical concepts concerning evolutionary biology
processes such as evolvability, phenotypic plasticity, reticulate evolution, horizontal gene transfer, symbiogenesis are said by proponents to have been
Extended evolutionary synthesis
Extended_evolutionary_synthesis
System property to handle growing work
Internet. Resources fall into two broad categories: horizontal and vertical. Scaling horizontally (out/in) means adding or removing nodes, such as adding
Scalability
Television that uses analog signals
and sorts the pulses into horizontal and vertical sync. The horizontal sync pulse separates the scan lines. The horizontal sync signal is a single short
Analog_television
rudder releasing mechanism that automatically released the rudder into a horizontal position for easy beaching. By the late 1950s the option of either a nylon
Sailfish_(sailboat)
Protein found in humans
the complement receptor 1 (CR1) gene. An example of concerted (horizontal) evolution within a gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (2): 974–980
Complement_receptor_1
Part of the ethmoid bone in the skull
mammalian anatomy, the cribriform plate (Latin for lit. sieve-shaped), horizontal lamina or lamina cribrosa is part of the ethmoid bone. It is received
Cribriform_plate
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
molecular evolution Horizontal gene transfer Human evolution Molecular clock Molecular paleontology Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution Neutral
Molecular_evolution
Order of reptiles with a shell and beak
discrimination. Visual acuity, studied in hatchlings, is highest in a horizontal band with retinal cells packed about twice as densely as elsewhere. This
Turtle
Monumental capital discovered in India
Allahabad pillar, as well as the Diamond throne built by Ashoka in Bodh Gaya. Evolution of the load-bearing pillar capital, down to 1st century Sanchi Similarities
Pataliputra_capital
Unsolved problem in biology What selection pressures led to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction? More unsolved problems in biology Sexually
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Organ located in innermost part of ear
gene-controlled morphogenesis of the horizontal semicircular canal and the origin of the gnathostome characteristics". Evolution & Development. 2 (4): 186–193
Semicircular_canals
Type of large cool star
surrounding an inert helium core. Red-clump stars in the cool half of the horizontal branch fuse helium into carbon in their cores via the triple-alpha process
Red_giant
important development in the study of microbial evolution came with the discovery in Japan in 1959 of horizontal gene transfer. This transfer of genetic material
History of evolutionary thought
History_of_evolutionary_thought
Country in South Asia
ISBN 978-1-108-17351-3. Quote: "The last of the centaurs has the long, wavy, horizontal horns of a markhor, a human face, a heavy-set body that appears bovine
India
Concerted evolution is the phenomenon where paralogous genes within one species are more closely related to one another than to members of the same gene
Concerted_evolution
Species of flowering plant
are rather small, only 10 mm long and 1 mm broad. Its branches grow horizontally, up to 400 mm in diameter. It has inflorescence in cyathium with a single
Euphorbia_flanaganii
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
Horizontal gene transfer in evolution – Concept in genetics Inversion (evolutionary biology) – Hypothesis in developmental biology Mosaic evolution –
Outline_of_evolution
bulla has retained its ancestral shape. The ventral edge of the dog's horizontal ramus of the mandible has a convex curve that does not exist in the wolf
Evolution_of_the_wolf
Process by which a genome changes in structure or size over time
[citation needed] Prokaryotic genomes have two main mechanisms of evolution: mutation and horizontal gene transfer. A third mechanism, sexual reproduction, is
Genome_evolution
Sequence of populations, organisms, cells, or genes that form a line of descent
takes place when lineages hybridize to form a new, distinct lineage. Horizontal gene transfer, involving the introgression of very few genes, usually
Lineage_(evolution)
Thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure
are usually vertical and move from side to side. Cetacean flukes are horizontal and move up and down, because cetacean spines bend the same way as in
Fin
increase to about 4,770 K (4,500 °C; 8,130 °F). The Sun will become a horizontal giant, burning helium in its core in a stable fashion, much like it burns
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System
Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between individuals in the plant and fungus kingdoms. Horizontal gene transfer
Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer
Plant–fungus_horizontal_gene_transfer
The national flag of Egypt is a tricolour consisting of the three equal horizontal red, white, and black bands of the Arab Liberation Flag that dates back
Flag_of_Egypt
Map for business strategy
consumer, business, government or other); in the horizontal dimension or x-axis, the component's evolution or commoditization (ranging from "genesis" through
Wardley_map
Model for the evolution of species
is a metaphor, conceptual model, and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living
Tree_of_life_(biology)
Fermentation with oxygen
evolved through mechanisms that include interspecific hybridization, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), gene duplication, pseudogenization, and gene loss
Aerobic_fermentation
Natural number
roots back to the Indic Brahmic script, where "2" was written as two horizontal lines. The modern Chinese and Japanese languages (and Korean Hanja) still
2
Medium format single-lens reflex camera
early as 1907. The RB67 film backs can be rotated 90 degrees to provide a horizontal or vertical composition. The orientation is shown in the ground glass
Mamiya_RB67
Hot, giant star of early spectral type
usually with spectral types of A, lie across the middle of the horizontal branch. Horizontal-branch stars hotter than the RR Lyrae gap are generally considered
Blue_giant
The evolution of photosynthesis refers to the origin and subsequent evolution of photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is used to assemble
Evolution_of_photosynthesis
Family of camouflage patterns
the original form had a strong horizontal orientation, disrupting the vertical form of the soldier's body. Horizontal lizard patterns in different colour
Lizard_(camouflage)
Animals that have evolved aerial locomotion
angle less than 45° from the horizontal with lift from adapted aerofoil membranes. This allows slowly falling directed horizontal movement, with streamlining
Flying_and_gliding_animals
List of alternatives to Darwinian natural selection
Alternatives to Darwinian evolution have been proposed by scholars investigating biology to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different
Alternatives to Darwinian evolution
Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution
Historical and opposition flag of Iran
Iranian national and opposition flag consisting of a green–white–red horizontal tricolour charged with the Lion and Sun emblem. It served as the state
Lion_and_Sun_flag
Theory in linguistics
limitations of the tree model due to the large role played by horizontal transmission in language evolution, ranging from loanwords to creole languages that have
Tree_model
Development from a Tethytherian ancestor and radiation of species
body with flipper-like front legs with no hind limbs, powerful tail with horizontal caudal fin, with up and down movements which move them through the water
Evolution_of_sirenians
Frog that can achieve gliding flight
This means it can descend at an angle less than 45° relative to the horizontal. Other nonflying arboreal frogs can also descend, but only at angles greater
Flying_frog
into three groups: Western (mainly from United States and Europe) or horizontal (though not all are in that orientation); Eastern or vertical (mainly
List_of_emoticons
Theory of human behavior
inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain human behavior
Dual_inheritance_theory
Maldivian music & dance
known as a bodu beru, and an onugandu - a small piece of bamboo with horizontal grooves, including a few lines, from which raspy sounds are produced by
Boduberu
Pride flag used by the non-binary community
Kye Rowan in 2014. The non-binary flag consists of four equally-sized horizontal bars: yellow, white, purple, and black. There is no official or agreed-upon
Non-binary_flag
Video or display resolutions with a width of around 16,000 pixels
resolution is a display resolution with approximately 16,000 pixels horizontally. The most commonly discussed 16K resolution as of 2025, is 15360 × 8640
16K_resolution
established a government nominally in control of Bohemia and Moravia, and a horizontal tricolour of white, red, and blue was used for the duration of the war
Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic
Marine invertebrates of the subphylum Anthozoa
between the members of the coral holobiont that have been developing as evolution of these members occurs. A study published in 2018 revealed evidence of
Coral
Period of major evolutionary diversification of animal life
Luciana Macis; Joachim Reitner; Gert Wörheide (2011). "A horizontal gene transfer supported the evolution of an early metazoan biomineralization strategy". BMC
Cambrian_explosion
Domain of organisms
apply, as archaea reproduce only asexually. Archaea show high levels of horizontal gene transfer between lineages. Some researchers suggest that individuals
Archaea
Unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
microbial mats. Prokaryotes are asexual, reproducing via binary fission. Horizontal gene transfer is also common. Molecular phylogenetics has provided insight
Prokaryote
Evolutionary process
Adaptation is related to biological fitness, which governs the rate of evolution as measured by changes in allele frequencies. Often, two or more species
Adaptation
Relationship between language and human evolution
The origin of language, its relationship with human evolution, and its consequences have been subjects of study for centuries. Scholars wishing to study
Origin_of_language
Disc-shaped analog sound storage medium
degrees from horizontal. As a result of the 45-degree turn and some vector addition, it can be demonstrated that out of the new horizontal and vertical
Phonograph_record
Gene that has limited phylogenetic distribution
remain to be explored and characterized, and another 7% arise through horizontal gene transfer from distant cellular sources (with an unknown proportion
Orphan_gene
Species of plant
medium-sized deciduous tree. It initially assumes a narrow, upright habit with horizontal or ascending branching, but becomes more rounded with age. The species
Malus_trilobata
American comedian, actress, writer, and producer (born 1975)
have been #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list. Her first book, My Horizontal Life (2005), describes the variety of sexual encounters she has experienced
Chelsea_Handler
Human male external reproductive organ
zero degrees is pointing straight up against the abdomen, 90 degrees is horizontal and pointing straight forward, while 180 degrees would be pointing straight
Human_penis
System of organization where the elements of the organization are unranked
heterarchies are networks of elements in which each element shares the same "horizontal" position of power and authority, each playing a theoretically equal role
Heterarchy
Genus of carcharodontosaurid dinosaurs
Like the teeth of other carcharodontosaurids, those of Tameryraptor bore horizontal enamel wrinkles. The Tameryraptor holotype is currently the only known
Tameryraptor
Removal of material from a workpiece using rotating tools
knee-and-column horizontal-spindle design with power table feeds, indexing head, and a stout overarm to support the arbor. The evolution of machine design
Milling_(machining)
laboratory studies the evolution of genes and genomes particularly in the chloroplast, mitochondrial DNA and during horizontal gene transfer. His former
Jeffrey_D._Palmer
The national flag of Ecuador, which consists of horizontal bands of the Pan-Colombian colors of yellow (double width), blue and red, was first adopted
Flag_of_Ecuador
Snake defensive behavior
tails vertically when tail vibrating, whereas other snakes hold the tail horizontally. Presumably, this is because the rattlesnake rattle produces its own
Tail_vibration
Genus of fossil montremes
New South Wales, Australia. The specimen consists of a partial left horizontal mandibular ramus. This bone was first mentioned by Anne Musser in part
Dharragarra
Interstellar comet in 2025
the brightness of 3I/ATLAS (vertical axis) over wavelength of light (horizontal axis). The gases that make up 3I/ATLAS (H 2O, CO 2, and CO) can be seen
3I/ATLAS
Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
time. Evo-devo (the connection between evolution and developmental biology) Genome evolution, like horizontal gene transfer, genome fusions in endosymbioses
Macroevolution
Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The
Modern synthesis (20th century)
Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)
Life arising from non-living matter
diversity of thermophiles today could be a product of convergent evolution and horizontal gene transfer rather than an inherited trait from LUCA. The reverse
Abiogenesis
Totality of psychological phenomena
Erulkar & Lentz 2024, § Evolution and Development of the Nervous System Hatfield 2013, pp. 6–7 Erulkar & Lentz 2024, § Evolution and Development of the
Mind
Theory of the "selfish gene"
The gene-centered view of evolution, also known as the selfish gene theory, holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of
Gene-centered view of evolution
Gene-centered_view_of_evolution
Extinct species of mammal
doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.010. Sanders, William J. (2018-02-17). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform
Elephas_planifrons
Instrument for measuring, keeping or indicating time
surface that has markings that correspond to the hours. Sundials can be horizontal, vertical, or in other orientations. Sundials were widely used in ancient
Clock
Natural number
calculator models use just five segments for the 6, by omitting the top horizontal bar. This glyph variant has not caught on; for calculators that can display
6
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
evolve by natural selection in a manner analogous to that of biological evolution. Memes do this through processes analogous to those of variation, mutation
Meme
Species of fish
a strong lower jaw, projecting forward and upward that becomes nearly horizontal to the surface of each remora's adhesion disk. Additionally, remoras'
Whalesucker
HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION
HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION
Boy/Male
Hindu
The exact meaning of this name would be evolution also can mean progress
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Creation; Evolution; Construction
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Evolution; Progress
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Sanskrit, Telugu
Creator of the Universe; Growth; Evolution
Boy/Male
Celebrity, Hindu, Indian
Creator of the Universe; Growth; Evolution; Similar to Brahma
Boy/Male
Tamil
Avirbhav | அவிரà¯à®ªà®¾à®µ
The exact meaning of this name would be evolution also can mean progress
HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION
HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION
Boy/Male
Arabic
Servant of the All-knowing
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Indian
Full of Happiness
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
In the Form of God
Girl/Female
Australian, Gaelic, Latin
Pearl
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Trudy, TRUDI means "spear strength."
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Howshea, HOSEA means "salvation." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including the author of the Book of Hosea.
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English, French, German, Portuguese
Yew Tree
Girl/Female
Russian
Cheerful.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Modest
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend
Returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake.
HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION
HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION
HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION
HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION
HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION
a.
Parallel to the horizon; on a level; as, a horizontalline or surface.
v. t.
To dig Horizontally; to cut a horizontal gallery or tunnel.
n.
A small horizontal brace or girder.
n.
An instrument by which to find a horizontal line, or adjust something with reference to a horizontal line.
n.
Inclination downward; direction below a horizontal line; slope; pitch.
n.
A horizontal vein or ore deposit auxiliary to a main vein; also, any horizontal portion of a vein not elsewhere horizontal.
n.
The rock underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal deposit.
n.
A horizontal, flat ore body.
n.
The state or quality of being horizontal.
n.
The marking of the clothes with stripes or horizontal bands.
a.
Pertaining to, or near, the horizon.
a.
Measured or contained in a plane of the horizon; as, horizontal distance.
a.
Extended horizontally; stretched out.
adv.
In a horizontal direction or position; on a level; as, moving horizontally.
n.
The horizontal bracing of a bridge, which prevents its swaying.
n.
A horizontal passage, drift, or adit, in a mine.
adv.
Horizontally.
v. i.
To turn to a horizontal plane; -- said of oars.
a.
Having a level horizontal surface or position.