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Search references for HAPLOTYPE BLOCK. Phrases containing HAPLOTYPE BLOCK
See searches and references containing HAPLOTYPE BLOCK!HAPLOTYPE BLOCK
Genomic region containing only a few distinct haplotypes
In genetics, a haplotype block is a region of an organism's genome in which there is little evidence of a history of genetic recombination, and which
Haplotype_block
following functionalities: LD & haplotype block analysis Haplotype population frequency estimation Single SNP and haplotype association tests Permutation
Haploview
Single nucleotide in genomic DNA at which different sequence alternatives exist
Pritchard, Jonathan K. (September 2003). "Assessing the performance of the haplotype block model of linkage disequilibrium". American Journal of Human Genetics
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Single-nucleotide_polymorphism
each other due to the changes in haplotype blocks. This means that tag SNPs, as representatives of the haplotype blocks, are unique in populations and population
Tag_SNP
American geneticist
Lander, E. S.; Daly, M. J.; Altshuler, D. (2002). "The Structure of Haplotype Blocks in the Human Genome". Science. 296 (5576): 2225–2229. Bibcode:2002Sci
David_Altshuler_(physician)
Genetic diversity in human populations
Moore JM, Roy J, Blumenstiel B, et al. (June 2002). "The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome". Science. 296 (5576): 2225–9. Bibcode:2002Sci
Human_genetic_variation
Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
subject to lateral gene transfer and recombination, where different haplotype blocks can have different histories. In these types of analysis, the output
Phylogenetic_tree
Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Iranian Plateau
ancestry. IBD analysis then shows that Khvalynsk I0434 shares long haplotype blocks with Nalchik man, consistent with recent gene flow from a Nalchik/Unakozovo-like
Iranian_hunter-gatherers
Digital information reflecting an individual's karyotype
homozygous markers in the genome, and they occur when an identical haplotype block is inherited from both parents. They are also called "identical by
Virtual_karyotype
American geneticist (1946–2026)
evidence and functional analysis. The interface also represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome sequence can be inferred and the relation
J._Craig_Venter
CEO and co-founder of Sense Labs
S.L.; Varde, S.A.; et al. (2003). "Chromosome-wide distribution of haplotype blocks and the role of recombination hot spots". Nature Genetics. 33 (3):
Mike Phillips (speech recognition)
Mike_Phillips_(speech_recognition)
Genetics database
Lander ES; Daly MJ; Altshuler D; et al. (2003). "The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome". Science. 296 (5576): 2225–2229. Bibcode:2002Sci
DbSNP
Genetic Networks Michael Waterman Dynamic Programming Algorithms for Haplotype Block Partitioning ISMB/ECCB 2004 Leroy Hood Systems Biology: Strategies
List of Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology keynote speakers
List_of_Intelligent_Systems_for_Molecular_Biology_keynote_speakers
Organism with chromosomes from inbreeding
strain, a chromosome will typically incorporate 2 to 5 alternating haplotype blocks with underlying genotypes such as BBBBBCCCCBBBCCCCCCCC, where each
Recombinant_inbred_strain
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) locus reveals conserved haplotype block structure not associated with diabetic nephropathy". Diabetes. 53 (3):
GFPT1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Gatz M, Blennow K, et al. (November 2003). "Genetic variation in a haplotype block spanning IDE influences Alzheimer disease". Human Mutation. 22 (5):
Kinesin-like_protein_KIF11
Medicine focused on hereditary disorders
PMID 11017069. S2CID 685795. Cardon LR, Abecasis GR (2003). "Using haplotype blocks to map human complex trait loci". Trends Genet. 19 (3): 135–140. CiteSeerX 10
Medical_genetics
Multigene haplotype
a multigene haplotype that extends across a majority of the major histocompatibility complex on human chromosome 6. A multigene haplotype is a set of
A30-Cw5-B18-DR3-DQ2 (HLA Haplotype)
A30-Cw5-B18-DR3-DQ2_(HLA_Haplotype)
Classification of leukocyte antigens
diseases. And the HLA A1-B8 haplotype is linked to a very long piece of conserved chromosome 6 variant called AH8.1 haplotype. In these studies HL-A1,8
History and naming of human leukocyte antigens
History_and_naming_of_human_leukocyte_antigens
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
rs12148722 SNP was mildly associated with velopharyngeal dysfunction. A haplotype block within C15orf32 was associated with acute myeloid leukemia. A deletion
Uncharacterized protein C15orf32
Uncharacterized_protein_C15orf32
Subspecies of honey bee
Wallberg, C. Schoning, M. T. Webster, M. Hasselmann (2017). "Two extended haplotype blocks are associated with adaptation to high altitude habitats in East African
Apis_mellifera_monticola
American geneticist
Faggart, Maura; Liu-Cordero, Shau Neen (2002-06-21). "The Structure of Haplotype Blocks in the Human Genome". Science. 296 (5576): 2225–2229. Bibcode:2002Sci
Stacey_Gabriel
Extinct North American wolf
clade was basal to all other wolves except for the Himalayan wolf. A haplotype is a group of genes found in an organism that are inherited together from
Beringian_wolf
Gene variant
of a specific haplotype, termed Haplotype A, which includes 86 linked variants in high linkage disequilibrium (LD). Within this haplotype, two single nucleotide
CCR5-Δ32
Autoimmune disease resulting in skeletal muscle weakness
found against LRP4, agrin, and titin proteins. Human leukocyte antigen haplotypes are associated with increased susceptibility to myasthenia gravis and
Myasthenia_gravis
factor for the number of gene lineages, zygosity mutations, and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous peoples of the Americas populations. The
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870
Retrieved 16 February 2026. "Reconstruction of the Lineage Y Chromosome Haplotype of Napoléon the First" (PDF). Séguin 1990, p. 26. Milza 2006, pp. 39–42
Napoleon_III
Subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains
studies may refer to DR15 or 16 as DR2 and DQ5 and DQ6 as DQ1 therefore a haplotype DR2-DQ1 is usually referring to DR15-DQ6 but could be referring to DR16-DQ5
HLA-DR
Species of mammal
grasslands of the Sacramento Valley, was identified through mitochondrial haplotype studies. Castelló (2018) recognized 30 subspecies of the Old World red
Red_fox
Group of six protein isoforms produced from the MAPT gene
inverted haplotypes can result in the lack of one of the functioning copies of the gene, resulting in congenital defects. The risk haplotype H1H1 in iPSC-derived
Tau_protein
Species of snake
breeding population (i.e., high gene flow). However, a study that used haplotype networks in two populations from Costa Rica suggests that shallow genetic
Yellow-bellied_sea_snake
Species of deer
undertake long seasonal migrations to calving areas." It also shares a mtDNA haplotype with Labrador caribou, in the North American lineage (i.e., woodland caribou)
Reindeer
Foundation sire of the Thoroughbred horse breed (c. 1724–1753)
that he was a Barb, as his descendants' Y-DNA traces to the same general haplotype as the Darley Arabian, though to different sub-groups and there are relatively
Godolphin_Arabian
Family of receptors found on NK cells
distinct haplotypes have been classified, all of which can be broadly characterized by group A and group B haplotypes. The Group A haplotype has a fixed
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor
Killer-cell_immunoglobulin-like_receptor
Abnormal formation of clumps of inflammatory cells (granulomata)
alleles are also being investigated. In persistent sarcoidosis, the HLA haplotype HLA-B7-DR15 is either cooperating in disease or another gene between these
Sarcoidosis
Ethnic and cultural group in the United States
Shrine, Daniel; Rotimi, Charles (2018). "Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase"
African_Americans
File format for genomic variation data
Description="Read Depth"> ##FORMAT=<ID=HQ,Number=2,Type=Integer,Description="Haplotype Quality"> #CHROM POS ID REF ALT QUAL FILTER INFO FORMAT NA00001 NA00002
Variant_Call_Format
Ancient city in Tunisia
Leïla Ladjimi; Zalloua, Pierre A. (2016-05-25). "A European Mitochondrial Haplotype Identified in Ancient Phoenician Remains from Carthage, North Africa"
Carthage
Mechanism of evolution by differential reproduction
given haplotype is overrepresented in the population. Since a selective sweep also results in selection of neighbouring alleles, the presence of a block of
Natural_selection
Ethnic group in the Sahel and West Africa
Burkina Faso carried haplotype 24, which corresponds with the E-M2 (E1b1a) that is common in West Africa. The remainder belonged to haplotype 42/haplogroup E-M132
Fula_people
Protein-coding gene in humans
Finland. Haplotype is a specific combination of multiple polymorphic sites along a chromosomal region that is inherited together in a block. The correlation
C9orf72
Learning disability affecting reading
JC, Copp AJ, LoTurco J, Monaco AP (15 May 2006). "The chromosome 6p22 haplotype associated with dyslexia reduces the expression of KIAA0319, a novel gene
Dyslexia
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMID 7547576. Schmidt H, Williamson D, Ashley-Koch A (2007). "HLA-DR15 haplotype and multiple sclerosis: a HuGE review". Am. J. Epidemiol. 165 (10): 1097–109
Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1
Major_histocompatibility_complex,_class_II,_DQ_alpha_1
Arab national group of the Levant
"High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews". Human Genetics
Palestinians
Hypertension occurring during pregnancy
growth restriction), the combination of a mother homozygous for a KIR A haplotype and a fetus carrying a C2+HLA-C allele is over-represented compared to
Pre-eclampsia
Tiger population on the Indian subcontinent
revealed that the tigers in question had a Bengal tiger mitochondrial haplotype indicating that their mother was a Bengal tiger. Skin, hair and blood
Bengal_tiger
Method of data analysis
new computation. The latter approach in the block power method replaces single-vectors r and s with block-vectors, matrices R and S. Every column of R
Principal_component_analysis
Species of flowering plant in the dogwood family Cornaceae
Staton ME, Zhao Y, Trigiano RN (October 23, 2018). Heinze B (ed.). "Haplotyping of Cornus florida and C. kousa chloroplasts: Insights into species-level
Cornus_florida
Sexual behavior of non-human animals
inbreeding avoidance. Thus there are fewer matings between mice sharing MUP haplotypes than would be expected if there were random mating. Meerkat females appear
Animal_sexual_behaviour
Medical condition
was found that identical twins who were heterozygous for the HLA B35 haplotype also developed de Quervain thyroiditis at the same time. Atypical cases
De_Quervain's_thyroiditis
Process which formed the domestic dog
haplotypes not detected before. The Canis cf. variabilis specimen clustered with other wolf samples from across Russia and Asia. The mDNA haplotypes of
Domestication_of_the_dog
Molecule that carries genetic information
abnormalities Genetic genealogy – DNA testing to infer relationships Haplotype – Group of genes from one parent Meiosis – Cell division producing haploid
DNA
Canid species native to Australia
and mitochondrial DNA sequencing demonstrating at least two dingo mtDNA haplotypes colonised Australia. In 2020, a genetic study found that the New Guinea
Dingo
Chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed
arrangement lacks variation, while the ancestral one does not. If the inverted haplotype is not lost (e.g. due to drift), the variation in the inverted arrangement
Chromosomal_inversion
Movement disorder that causes involuntary tremors
Mash DC, Papapetropoulos S, Pahwa R, et al. (February 2011). "MAPT H1 haplotype is a risk factor for essential tremor and multiple system atrophy". Neurology
Essential_tremor
King of France from 1774 to 1792
Philip V of Spain, and concluded that all three men share the same STR haplotype and belonged to haplogroup R1b (R-M343). The three individuals were further
Louis_XVI
Asexual reproduction without fertilization
immune rejection. With the selection of oocyte donors according to HLA haplotype, it would be possible to generate a bank of cell lines whose tissue derivatives
Parthenogenesis
Brewed beverage made from tea leaves
Indo-Burma, and Tibet meet. However, as the Indian Assam tea shares no haplotypes with Western Yunnan Assam tea, Indian Assam tea is likely to have originated
Tea
Ethnic group of Kenya and Tanzania
the original (PDF) on 27 December 2010. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies) Cruciani; et al. (May 2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of
Maasai_people
Type of coronavirus detected in 2021
protective response. The authors emphasize the global significance of HLA haplotypes capable of presenting these epitopes. Key HLA molecules, such as HLA-B07:02
SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant
mediate apoptosis in autoimmune disease and HLA A*0201 in with the HLA-DQ8 haplotypes has been documented. The class I sites were found on the carboxyl end
Gluten_immunochemistry
Island country in the Indian Ocean
and European (mostly French) origin. Mauritian Creoles carry the Bantu haplotype and their mitochondrial genetics show significant ancestry with enslaved
Mauritius
Breed of dairy cattle
2011-11-03. Fontanesi, L.; Scotti, E.; Russo, V. (15 September 2011). "Haplotype variability in the bovine MITF gene and association with piebaldism in
Holstein_Friesian
Medical condition
Anemia: Haplotype". Nature Education. Retrieved 12 October 2023. Green NS, Fabry ME, Kaptue-Noche L, Nagel RL (October 1993). "Senegal haplotype is associated
Sickle_cell_disease
Tree or shrub in the genus Quercus
Hipp, Andrew L.; Gailing, Oliver (October 2015). "Sharing of chloroplast haplotypes among red oak species suggests interspecific gene flow between neighboring
Oak
Filipinos and it is discovered that about 0.95% of the samples have the Y-DNA Haplotype "H1a", which is most common in South Asia and had spread to the Philippines
Ethnic groups in the Philippines
Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines
Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders
expansion. High percentages of Norse inheritance—tracked through the R-M420 haplotype—were also found among males in the Wirral and West Lancashire. This was
Vikings
Directed graph with no directed cycles
669–709, doi:10.1093/biomet/82.4.669. Kirkpatrick, Bonnie B. (April 2011), "Haplotypes versus genotypes on pedigrees", Algorithms for Molecular Biology, 6 (10)
Directed_acyclic_graph
Concept in genealogy and genetics
association studies. Another application of IBD is genotype imputation and haplotype phase inference. Long shared segments of IBD, which are broken up by short
Identity_by_descent
Ethnic group
N1c-L1034 (28%) and R1a-Z280 (19%). The Konda Mansi population shared common haplotypes within haplogroups R1a-Z280 or N-M46 with Hungarian speakers, which may
Hungarians
Drug interactions with grapefruit juice
Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (December 2014). "Next generation haplotyping to decipher nuclear genomic interspecific admixture in Citrusspecies:
Grapefruit–drug_interactions
Species of snake
exhibit 9 different mitochondrial haplotypes. Within individual populations, it may exhibit anywhere between 1 and 3 haplotypes with single base pairing differences
Stephens's_banded_snake
Northwest Caucasian ethnic group
Caucasus, with some influence from other regions. The most prevalent SNP haplotype among all Circassian tribes is G2-YY1215 (43%); others are R1a-M198* (13%)
Circassians
Basic question about Jewish identity
non-Semites possessed the male-specific "Cohanim marker" or Cohen Modal Haplotype, which is prevalent among Jews claiming descent from hereditary priests
Who_is_a_Jew?
Pre-Roman civilization of Etruria (9th–1st century BC)
Germans (seven haplotypes in common), the Cornish from the South West of Britain (five haplotypes in common), the Turks (four haplotypes in common) and
Etruscan_civilization
Largest species of toothed whale
Serene H.X.; Kubodera, Tsunemi (5 April 2019). "Diet and mitochondrial DNA haplotype of a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) found dead off Jurong Island
Sperm_whale
Ethnic group in Cyprus
the shared haplotypes. No shared haplotypes were observed between Greek Cypriots and mainland Turkish populations, while total haplotypes shared between
Turkish_Cypriots
Medical condition
women with LOCAH are influenced by hydrocortisone treatment. According to haplotype association studies, the prevalence of LOCAH in the US Ashkenazi Jew and
Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Late_onset_congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia
Invasive ant species
Based on mitochondrial DNA, examined haplotypes do not form a monophyletic clade. Some of the examined haplotypes form a closer relationship to S. megergates
Red_imported_fire_ant
Island of the Lamu Archipelago of Kenya
mtDNA, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations
Manda_Island
Genus of grasses commonly known as reeds
in some places like Michigan, Phragmites australis (haplotype M) has become the dominant haplotype. The problem is invasive non-native Phragmites australis
Phragmites
Peptide hormone and neuropeptide
associated with oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) differences. Those with the CT haplotype [clarification needed] experience a stronger reaction, in the form of
Oxytocin
South Slavic ethnic group
Kovatsi, Lucia; Roewer, Lutz (2014). "A global analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for 23 STR loci". Forensic Science International: Genetics.
Macedonians_(ethnic_group)
Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent
Roopkund A individuals. In the phylogenetic network, these samples share a haplotype with both South Asian and Middle Eastern samples. Thus, the maternal ancestry
Parsis
Tiger subspecies endemic to Sumatra
diagnostic mitochondrial DNA nucleotide sites, ten mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and 11 out of 108 unique microsatellite alleles. The relatively high genetic
Sumatran_tiger
Species of beetle
geography. The haplotype in Yosemite and Reno regions differs up to 1.3% compared to other sequenced haplotypes. RFLP analysis shows five haplotypes in C. cobaltinus
Chrysochus_cobaltinus
Species of plant
habitats such as gardens and fences appears to have preserved several haplotypes of this species, that would otherwise have been extirpated. Spondias pinnata
Spondias_purpurea
Anticoagulant medication
warfarin. There are two main haplotypes that explain 25% of variation: low-dose haplotype group (A) and a high-dose haplotype group (B). VKORC1 polymorphisms
Warfarin
Genus of coniferous evergreen trees
(Pinaceae): implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 405–419. Bibcode:2006MolPE
Spruce
Muscular degenerative disease of the face, shoulder blades, and upper arms
variations of 4q35, termed haplotype polymorphisms, which are roughly dividable into the groups 4qA and 4qB. A 4qA haplotype polymorphism, often referred
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy
Island, hamlet and former Swahili city-state in Lindi Region, Tanzania
individual, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations
Kilwa_Kisiwani
Species of lichen-forming fungus
doi:10.1017/S0024282910000411. Lindblom, Louise (2009). "Sample size and haplotype richness in population samples of the lichen-forming ascomycete Xanthoria
Xanthoria_parietina
Rare autosomal-recessive human disease
Vankan P (2013). "Prevalence gradients of Friedreich's Ataxia and R1b haplotype in Europe co-localize, suggesting a common Palaeolithic origin in the
Friedreich's_ataxia
Human skin color
a 2013 study, Canfield et al. established that SLC24A5 sits in a block of haplotypes, one of which (C11) is shared by virtually all chromosomes that bear
Light_skin
Colored varieties of Amur carp
koi carp was indicated by the polyphyletic distribution of five mtDNA haplotypes of koi carp within the 'Eurasian' clade. Moreover, the oldest record of
Koi
Prehistoric migration from Asia to the Americas
demographic events. One model (Tammetal 2007) based on Native American mtDNA Haplotypes (Figure 2) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred between 30,000
Peopling_of_the_Americas
Human hybridization during the Paleolithic
independent from the Skoglund findings based on long haplotypes with deep divergences from other human haplotypes including Lachance et al.(2012), Hammer et al
Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans
Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans
Type of congenital heart defect
E, Gewillig M, Vlietinck R, et al. (June 2005). "Low expression VEGF haplotype increases the risk for tetralogy of Fallot: a family based association
Tetralogy_of_Fallot
DRB4*01:DRB1*0402:DQA1*0301:DQB1*0302 haplotype, also called DR4-DQ8 and also the DQA1:0303:DQB1*0301 haplotype, DR4-DQ7.3. However, in European Americans
Anti-apolipoprotein antibodies
Anti-apolipoprotein_antibodies
West Slavic ethnic group
PMID 13680527. Immel, UD; et al. (January 2006). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis reveals surname-associated strata in the East-German population"
Sorbs
HAPLOTYPE BLOCK
HAPLOTYPE BLOCK
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived on a small plot of land, from Middle English plocke ‘small piece of ground’.Americanized spelling of German Ploch.Variant of German Block.
Surname or Lastname
German (Blöcker)
German (Blöcker) : occupational name for a jailer (see Block 1).English : occupational name for a shoemaker or bookbinder (see Block); a person called Henry le Blocker is recorded in York in 1212. However, in some cases the English name is of German origin (see 1 above); the census of 1881 records, amongst others, a Herman Blocker and a John Blocker, both born in Germany.
Surname or Lastname
German and Dutch
German and Dutch : from Middle High German bloch, Middle Dutch blok ‘block of wood’, ‘stocks’. The surname probably originated as a nickname for a large, lumpish man, or perhaps as a nickname for a persistent lawbreaker who found himself often in the stocks.English : possibly a metonymic occupational name for someone who blocks, as in shoemaking and bookbinding, from Middle English blok ‘block’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : Americanized spelling of Bloch (see Vlach).Adriaen Coertsz Block was a Dutch-born merchant-explorer who traded along the CT coast and Long Island shortly after Hudson’s voyage to the region in 1609. Block Island, between the north fork of Long Island and RI, which he used as a base of operations, is named after him.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Bloxham in Oxfordshire and Bloxholm in Lincolnshire, both of which are recorded in Domesday Book as Blochesham, from an unrecorded Old English byname Blocc (presumably referring to a large, ungainly fellow; compare Block 1) + Old English hÄm ‘homestead’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational and topographic name for someone who lived or worked in a forest (see Forrest).English : Norman French nickname or occupational name from Old French forcetier ‘cutter’, an agent noun from forcettes ‘scissors’.English : occupational name, by metathesis, from Old French fust(r)ier ‘blockmaker’ (a derivative of fustre ‘block of wood’).German (Förster) : occupational and topographic name for someone who lived and worked in a forest (see Forst).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : ornamental name from German Forst ‘forest’.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : variant of Sand 1.Scottish : habitational name from Sands in Tulliallan in Fife.Comfort Sands, a revolutionary patriot born in 1748 at what is now Sands’ Point, Long Island, NY, was descended from James (Sandys) Sands (1622–95), who emigrated from Reading, Berkshire, England, to Plymouth, MA, and followed Anne Hutchinson to Westchester Co., NY, and subsequently RI. In 1661 he settled on Block Island, RI.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a short, fat man, from Middle English, Old French tronchon ‘piece broken off’ (Late Latin truncio, genitive truncionis, from truncus ‘lopped’, ‘cut short’). It is just possible that the nickname also denoted someone who carried a staff or cudgel as a symbol of office, but this sense of the word is not attested in English before the 16th century.French : from Old French tronson ‘block of wood’, perhaps a metonymic occupational name for a woodcutter.
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : apparently a topographic name from Middle English furlong ‘length of a field’ (from Old English furh ‘furrow’ + lang ‘long’), the technical term for the block of strips owned by several different persons which formed the unit of cultivation in the medieval open-field system of farming, or a habitational name from a minor place named with this word, such as Furlong in Devon or Shropshire. The surname is now chiefly common in Ireland, where a family of this name settled at the end of the 13th century.Possibly an Americanized form of French Ferland.
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