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Hypothesis in evolutionary biology
The expensive tissue hypothesis (ETH) relates brain and gut size in evolution (specifically in human evolution). It suggests that in order for an organism
Expensive_tissue_hypothesis
Aspect of human history
PMID 23090991. Aiello, Leslie C.; Wheeler, Peter (1 January 1995). "The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution"
Control of fire by early humans
Control_of_fire_by_early_humans
Attempts by males to increase their attractiveness to a female
ISSN 0022-5193. Aiello, Leslie C.; Wheeler, Peter (1995). "The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution"
Peacocking
Prehistoric period, first part of the Stone Age
September 2014. Aiello, Leslie C.; Wheeler, Peter (1995). "The expensive-tissue hypothesis" (PDF). Current Anthropology. 36 (2): 199–221. doi:10.1086/204350
Paleolithic
Theory of human behavior
culture Sociocultural evolution – Evolution of societies Expensive tissue hypothesis – Hypothesis in evolutionary biology O'Neil, Dennis. "Glossary of Terms"
Dual_inheritance_theory
British anthropologist and primatologist
Aiello, L. C. (1997). "Brains and guts in human evolution: The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis". Brazilian Journal of Genetics. 20: 141–148. doi:10
Richard_Wrangham
American archaeologist, prehistorian and paleoanthropologist
The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis", Brazilian Journal of Genetics, 201, 1997, p 141–148, doi: 10.1590/S0100-84551997000100023 "The expensive tissue hypothesis
Leslie_C._Aiello
Proposal that humans evolved certain features due to filling a semi-aquatic niche
record. Traits that the hypothesis tries to explain evolved at vastly different times, and distributions of soft tissue the hypothesis alleges are unique to
Aquatic_ape_hypothesis
Set of phenotypical features likely to occur in geographically-isolated populations
lizards produced offspring at a comparable rate. The expensive tissue hypothesis suggests that tissues with a high metabolic demand like the brain will become
Island_syndrome
Colonisation of the European continent
non-African lineages." Aiello, L.C.; Wheeler, P.E. (1995). "The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution"
Hominid_dispersals_in_Europe
Application of modern evolutionary theory to understanding health and disease
240–1. ISBN 978-0-07-137825-3. Aiello LC, Wheeler P (1995). "The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution"
Evolutionary_medicine
evidence of diet, and life history traits. An example would be the expensive tissue hypothesis, linking a decrease in gut size with an increase in brain size
Pleistocene_human_diet
Human evolution hypothesis
The endurance running hypothesis is a series of conjectures which presume humans evolved anatomical and physiological adaptations to run long distances
Endurance_running_hypothesis
Hypothesis on why humans have menopause
The grandmother hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain the existence of menopause in human life history by identifying the adaptive value of extended kin
Grandmother_hypothesis
Scientific hypothesis in ethnobiology
Self-domestication is a scientific hypothesis that posits the occurrence of a process of artificial selection among human beings, akin to that observed
Self-domestication
Theory of early hominid migration
likely developed in Africa between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago, with one hypothesis arguing that diverse morphological features of H. sapiens appeared locally
Recent African origin of modern humans
Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans
Hypothesis about human childbirth
The obstetrical dilemma is a hypothesis to explain why humans often require assistance from other humans during childbirth to avoid complications, whereas
Obstetrical_dilemma
Evolution-related timelines
exceptions to the predictions of the social intelligence hypothesis, which that hypothesis has no predictive model for, are successfully predicted by
Evolution of human intelligence
Evolution_of_human_intelligence
Hypothesis on human attraction to alcohol
The drunken monkey hypothesis proposes that human attraction to alcohol may derive from dependence of the primate ancestors of Homo sapiens on ripe and
Drunken_monkey_hypothesis
Killing wildlife in human evolution
In paleoanthropology, the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively
Hunting_hypothesis
Hypothesis on the occurrence of human menopause
The patriarch hypothesis is a hypothesis that explains the occurrence of menopause in human females and how a long post-fertile period (up to one third
Patriarch_hypothesis
Species of jellyfish
umbrella-shaped bell that can grow up to 1 m (3+1⁄4 ft). The bell's pliant tissue allows for the jellyfish to stretch 4 to 5 times its size, presumably to
Stygiomedusa
Matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans
published in 1982 was taken as evidence for recent African origin (a hypothesis which at the time was competing with Asian origin of H. sapiens). By 1985
Mitochondrial_Eve
Genus of Late Cretaceous theropod
growth spurt may indicate physical maturity, a hypothesis which is supported by the discovery of medullary tissue in the femur of a 16 to 20-year-old T. rex
Tyrannosaurus
Theoretical modelling of decompression physiology
elimination model. The critical ratio hypothesis predicts that the development of bubbles will occur in a tissue when the ratio of dissolved gas partial
Decompression_theory
Human evolution hypothesis
The multiregional hypothesis, multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis, is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation
Multiregional origin of modern humans
Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans
Evolutionary theory
The killer ape theory or killer ape hypothesis is the theory that war and interpersonal aggression was the driving force behind human evolution. It was
Killer_ape_theory
Relationship between language and human evolution
signals in ways that other animals apparently cannot. The "mother tongues" hypothesis was proposed in 2004 as a possible solution to this problem. W. Tecumseh
Origin_of_language
Theory for the human eye's appearance
The cooperative eye hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the appearance of the human eye. It suggests that the eye's distinctive visible characteristics
Cooperative_eye_hypothesis
Inflammatory disease involving a buildup of lesions in the walls of arteries
artery ruptures, tissue fragments are exposed and released. These tissue fragments are very clot-promoting, containing collagen and tissue factor; they activate
Atherosclerosis
Form of radiotherapy
to conventional radiotherapy but with less damage to surrounding healthy tissue. The treatment is in the early stages of development and is not yet widely
FLASH_radiotherapy
Benign smooth-muscle tumors of the uterus
also grow outward from the surface and remain attached by a small piece of tissue. They are called pedunculated fibroids. Submucosal fibroids are located
Uterine_fibroid
Evolution of developmental processes in humans
fossils presents its own challenge. The phylogenic fossil line is itself a hypothesis, so anything based upon it is equally hypothetical. Using the fossil record
Human evolutionary developmental biology
Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology
Organomercury antiseptic and antifungal agent
of vaccines could be used instead of single-dose vials, which are more expensive. By 1938, Lilly's assistant director of research listed thiomersal as
Thiomersal
Evolutionary effects of sexual selection on humans
young. The breasts of non-lactating human females are filled with fatty tissue and not milk. Thus it has been suggested the rounded female breasts are
Sexual_selection_in_humans
Delegation of different tasks between males and females
level and thus foraging success rates for targeted foods. The signaling hypothesis proposes that men hunt to gain social attention and mating benefits by
Sexual_division_of_labour
Medical condition
aneurysms Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis) Vasculitic and connective tissue diseases (Kawasaki and Marfan) Intracoronary manipulation leading to local
Coronary_artery_aneurysm
Human hybridization during the Paleolithic
conserved biological pathways, such as RNA processing. Consistent with the hypothesis that purifying selection has reduced Neanderthal contribution in present-day
Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans
Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans
Terrestrial locomotion using two limbs
humans to outrun most other animals according to the endurance running hypothesis. Bipedality in kangaroo rats has been hypothesized to improve locomotor
Bipedalism
people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish-white connective tissue under the dermis and by the hemoglobin circulating in the veins of the dermis
Human_skin_color
The gathering hypothesis is a term in evolutionary psychology coined in 1970s feminism as the antithesis of "hunting hypothesis", suggesting that gathering
Gathering_hypothesis
Cancer of the colon or rectum
the analysis of tissue taken from a biopsy or surgery. A pathology report describes the microscopic characteristics of the tumor tissue, including tumor
Colorectal_cancer
Extinct population of archaic humans
ape Sexual selection Self-domestication Specific models Diet Cooking Expensive tissue Shore-based Drugs Drunken monkey Evolutionary models of human drug
Nesher_Ramla_Homo
Artificial miniature brain like organ
A cerebral organoid describes an artificially grown, in vitro, tissue resembling parts of the human brain. Cerebral organoids are created by culturing
Cerebral_organoid
Chronic disease of the liver, characterized by fibrosis
condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules as a result of
Cirrhosis
Deformation of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria
Complications may include periodontal disease (i.e., inflammation of the tissue around the tooth), tooth loss, infection, or dental abscess formation. Tooth
Tooth_decay
Evolutionary process
Denisovans, though more research would need to be done to verify this hypothesis. A 2020 study argues that H. antecessor, with a facial structure similar
Human_evolution
Injury caused by bite from snakes
The venom may cause bleeding, kidney failure, a severe allergic reaction, tissue death around the bite, or breathing problems. Bites may result in the loss
Snakebite
Extinct hominin from the Early Pleistocene of East Africa
""Australopithecus afarensis" and A. africanus: Critique and an alternative hypothesis". Palaeontologica Africana. 23: 3–4. hdl:10539/16335. White, T. D.; Harris
Homo_rudolfensis
live in various climates. This is supported in the variability selection hypothesis proposed by Richard Potts, which says that human adaptability came from
Cold and heat adaptations in humans
Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans
Virus of the herpes family
infection, vitamin D deficiency, and steps to autoimmunity: A unifying hypothesis". Autoimmune Diseases. 2012 189096. doi:10.1155/2012/189096. PMC 3270541
Epstein–Barr_virus
Earliest anatomically modern humans in Europe and West Asia
debated where the earliest occurrence is identified, with the former hypothesis arguing for Germany about 37,500 years ago, and the latter Buran-Kaya [ru]
Cro-Magnon
Symptoms resulting from chronic, direct pressure on a peripheral nerve
entrapping tissue types: MR visualizes soft tissue according to water content. Tissue types with low water content such as fibrotic tissue are resistant
Nerve_compression_syndrome
Archaic human species from 2.4 to 1.65 mya
habilis derived meat from scavenging rather than hunting (scavenger hypothesis), acting as a confrontational scavenger and stealing kills from smaller
Homo_habilis
Complete prehistorical skeleton found in Portugal
admixture between Neanderthals and modern humans, bringing the hybrid hypothesis back within the realm of possibility. Duarte; Maurício, J; Pettitt, PB;
Lagar_Velho_1
1990 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton
explains that, not only are the animals created female, but their gonadal tissue is irradiated as well. They also visit the control room, where they can
Jurassic_Park_(novel)
Extinct hominid from the Pliocene of East Africa
and females). A. afarensis probably descended from A. anamensis and is hypothesised to have given rise to Homo, though the latter is debated. A. afarensis
Australopithecus_afarensis
Hominin fossil
thousands of years. Additionally, these findings lend support to the hypothesis that similar patterns of admixture, or interbreeding between archaic and
Denny_(hybrid_hominin)
Biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium
ancestor of apes. This has been called the Saci last common ancestor hypothesis, after Saci, a Brazilian folklore character who cannot cross water. Bender
Aquatic_locomotion
Compression of the median nerve in the wrist
causes the soft tissues and bones around the carpal tunnel to grow and compress the median nerve. Double crush syndrome is a debated hypothesis that Nerve
Carpal_tunnel_syndrome
Tribe of mammals
dated as early as 6.2 Mya, briefly challenged critical elements of that hypothesis, as it suggested that Homo did not in fact derive from australopithecine
Hominini
Optical microscope used in surgery
thousand dollars for a basic model, more advanced models may be much more expensive. Additionally, specialized microsurgical instruments may be required to
Operating_microscope
Hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain
The exposed surface of frozen nerve tissue would be scanned and recorded, and then the surface layer of tissue removed. While this would be very slow
Mind_uploading
ape Sexual selection Self-domestication Specific models Diet Cooking Expensive tissue Shore-based Drugs Drunken monkey Evolutionary models of human drug
Timeline_of_human_evolution
Brazilian-British biologist (1915–1987)
no tissue rejection. The mouse had tolerated the foreign tissue, which would normally be rejected. Their experimental proof of Burnet's hypothesis was
Peter_Medawar
Old Stone Age ''Homo sapiens''
mutation are sweat glands, teeth, hair thickness and breast tissue. "We offer an alternative hypothesis that suggests that hominid expansion into regions of
Early_modern_human
Branch of neuroscience
morphology are still nascent. One hypothesis that has recently garnered some attention is the minimal wiring hypothesis, which postulates that the formation
Computational_neuroscience
South African archaic human species
what could be a burial chamber, but many paleontologists question this hypothesis. On 13 September 2013 while exploring the Rising Star Cave system in the
Homo_naledi
Interruption of cardiac blood supply
decreases or stops in one of the arteries of the heart, causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is retrosternal chest
Myocardial_infarction
Psychoactive drug, often called ecstasy
PMID 34655576. Sprague JE, Everman SL, Nichols DE (June 1998). "An integrated hypothesis for the serotonergic axonal loss induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine"
MDMA
Vaccines to prevent rabies in humans and animals
virus, receiving the vaccine is always advisable. Vaccines made from nerve tissue are used in a few countries, mainly in Asia and Latin America, but are less
Rabies_vaccine
Endocrine disorder in cats
testing is not entirely agreed upon. A study in 1987 transplanted thyroid tissue from affected cats into nude mice. The mice were administered levothyroxine
Feline_hyperthyroidism
Coconut cultivar with little coconut water
pure macapuno palms that have 100% macapuno seed yields, reinforcing the hypothesis. The presence of the dominant gene M would produce normal viable coconuts
Macapuno
Marking a surface to create images
and the ability to make good representational decisions. Following this hypothesis, several studies have sought to conclude which of these processes are
Drawing
Removal of the human foreskin
frenulum—an elastic band of tissue on the underside of the penis—may be either preserved or excised during the surgery. If this tissue is removed concurrently
Circumcision
Type of inflammatory bowel disease
hypothesizes that Crohn's results from an impaired innate immunity. The later hypothesis describes impaired cytokine secretion by macrophages, which contributes
Crohn's_disease
Extinct small human species found in Flores
erectus-origin hypothesis suggest makes the descent of H. floresiensis from these more primitive hominins unlikely. The insular dwarfism hypothesis is the current
Homo_floresiensis
Chemical element with atomic number 18 (Ar)
Cryosurgery procedures such as cryoablation use liquid argon to destroy tissue such as cancer cells. It is used in a procedure called "argon-enhanced coagulation"
Argon
Extinct species of human
At around the same time, the "Out of Asia" hypothesis was overturned by the "Out of Africa" hypothesis, which posited that all modern humans share a
Neanderthal
Archaic human species from 1 million years ago
Carbonell hypothesised that they were practising exocannibalism and hunting down neighbouring tribesmen. While not rejecting this hypothesis, Spanish
Homo_antecessor
recognizing any liability or obligation. ex hypothesi from the hypothesis Denoting "by hypothesis" ex ignorantia ad sapientiam; ex luce ad tenebras (e.i.) from
List_of_Latin_phrases_(full)
systems, a form of protein-mediated hunger has been hypothesised. The protein leverage hypothesis posits that hunger is principally satiated by protein
Specific_appetite
Hominin fossil found in Siberia
western Eurasia, but not to present-day Europeans, is compatible with the hypothesis that present-day Europeans derive some of their ancestry from a population
Ust'-Ishim_man
Organ found in humans and other animals
circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissue, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs. In
Heart
Branch of biology that studies biological systems at the molecular level
for comparing the gene expression of two different tissues, such as a healthy and cancerous tissue. Also, one can measure what genes are expressed and
Molecular_biology
American academic medical center
1972, the clustering of LEMS with other autoimmune diseases led to the hypothesis that it was caused by autoimmunity. In 1969, Mayo Clinic doctors performed
Mayo_Clinic
Enterovirus
second hypothesis suggests that the virions are transported from peripheral tissues that have been bathed in the viremic blood, for example muscle tissue, to
Poliovirus
Infectious tropical disease
with surgery to remove all affected tissue, followed by prolonged wound care. This treatment regimen was expensive, sometimes disfiguring, and often ineffective
Buruli_ulcer
Protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis, or skin
called the hair follicle. The bulb of hair consists of fibrous connective tissue, glassy membrane, external root sheath, internal root sheath composed of
Hair
Corrective ophthalmological surgery
At the time, excimer lasers were expensive and rare, so Peyman did not have access to one to test this hypothesis. Nevertheless, he applied for a patent
LASIK
British former doctor (born 1956)
"[t]here is now no respectable body of opinion which supports [Wakefield's] hypothesis, that MMR vaccine and autism/enterocolitis are causally linked". In 2016
Andrew_Wakefield
Genus of bony fishes
to exist for some. In this case, the mate-guarding hypothesis may be an explanation. This hypothesis states, "males remain with a single female because
Seahorse
Ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract
faster and dig deeper in the tissue, causing more complications – often asymptomatically – until a great portion of the tissue is involved. Physiological
Peptic_ulcer_disease
Genus of hominin ancestral to modern humans
DR; Strait, DS (2001). "Origin of human bipedalism: The knuckle-walking hypothesis revisited". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Suppl 33 (S33):
Australopithecus
Extinct genus of mammals
an optimisation to the animal's energy budget, as neural tissue is energetically expensive to maintain, and better developed senses were unnecessary
Myotragus
Evoltionary changes to the human skeleton as a consequence of bipedalism
leading to skeletal changes that aided the upward gait. The savannah hypothesis describes how the transition from arboreal habits to a savannah lifestyle
Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism
Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
as the Paleoarchean, preceding that of cyanobacteria (see Purple Earth hypothesis). While the details may differ between species, the process always begins
Photosynthesis
descent observed in male deer. Consistent with the size exaggeration hypothesis, a second descent of the larynx occurs at puberty in humans, although
Origin_of_speech
Infection caused by the chikungunya virus
lymphatic system and the bloodstream, enabling it to circulate to organs and tissues which become infected. Most frequently it reproduces in the lymphatic system
Chikungunya
Plant disease
1940s in the Upper Mississippi River Valley, the pathogen penetrates xylem tissue, preventing water transport and causing disease symptoms. Symptoms generally
Oak_wilt
EXPENSIVE TISSUE-HYPOTHESIS
EXPENSIVE TISSUE-HYPOTHESIS
EXPENSIVE TISSUE-HYPOTHESIS
EXPENSIVE TISSUE-HYPOTHESIS
EXPENSIVE TISSUE-HYPOTHESIS
EXPENSIVE TISSUE-HYPOTHESIS
EXPENSIVE TISSUE-HYPOTHESIS
EXPENSIVE TISSUE-HYPOTHESIS
EXPENSIVE TISSUE-HYPOTHESIS