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Performance measure of a digital radio
The error vector magnitude or EVM (sometimes also called relative constellation error or RCE) is a measure used to quantify the performance of a digital
Error_vector_magnitude
in-channel measurements, such as error vector magnitude, code domain power, and spectral flatness, on known signals. Vector signal analyzers are useful in
Vector_signal_analyzer
points is its magnitude. The modulation error ratio is equal to the ratio of the root mean square (RMS) power (in Watts) of the reference vector to the power
Modulation_error_ratio
Mathematical concept
inherent error in approximation can be quantified and expressed in two principal ways: as an absolute error, which denotes the direct numerical magnitude of
Approximation_error
Topics referred to by the same term
Electronic voting machine EnviroMission, an Australian energy company Error vector magnitude, measure of radio transmission/reception Estonian Open Air Museum
EVM
Mathematical operation on vectors in 3D space
product). The magnitude of the cross product equals the area of a parallelogram with the vectors for sides; in particular, the magnitude of the product
Cross_product
Signal representation
see timing jitter in one dimension of modulation. Error vector magnitude Eye diagram Modulation error ratio Quadrature amplitude modulation ANDREW S. TANENBAUM
Constellation_diagram
Vector describing a wave; often its propagation direction
physics, a wave vector (or wavevector) is a vector used in describing a wave, with a typical unit being cycle per metre. It has a magnitude and direction
Wave_vector
Ballistics measure of a weapon system's precision
{\displaystyle \sigma } . The distance error is the magnitude of that vector; it is a property of 2D Gaussian vectors that the magnitude follows the Rayleigh distribution
Circular_error_probable
Computational approach
because such errors leave the result "close" to the correct vector. Reasoning using vectors is not compromised. HDC is at least 10x more error tolerant than
Hyperdimensional_computing
Pyramid vector quantization (PVQ) is a method used in audio and video codecs to quantize and transmit unit vectors, i.e. vectors whose magnitudes are known
Pyramid_vector_quantization
Statistical measure
value rather than an estimate). The RMSD serves to aggregate the magnitudes of the errors in predictions for various data points into a single measure of
Root_mean_square_deviation
using n-vector is simpler due to the possibility of using vector algebra. The arccos expression is achieved from the dot product, while the magnitude of the
N-vector
Instrument that measures the network parameters of electrical networks
functionality of their products to also include measurement of noise figure. The vector error correction permits higher accuracy than is possible with other forms
Network_analyzer_(electrical)
Measure of the error of an estimator
In statistics, the mean squared error (MSE) or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator (of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures
Mean_squared_error
rate of 1 Gbit/s was achieved over a distance of 2.5 m, with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 25% Phased array Metamaterial Dielectric Lens Millimeter
Transmitarray_antenna
Concepts from linear algebra
a negative or complex number). Geometrically, vectors are multi-dimensional quantities with magnitude and direction, often pictured as arrows. A linear
Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors
Measure of directional electromagnetic energy flux
widely used. The Poynting vector is usually denoted by S or N. In simple terms, the Poynting vector S, at a point, gives the magnitude and direction of surface
Poynting_vector
Regression models accounting for possible errors in independent variables
iron law of econometrics: "The magnitude of the estimate is usually smaller than expected." Usually, measurement error models are described using the
Errors-in-variables_model
Mathematical measure of how much a curve or surface deviates from flatness
curvature at a point on a twice differentiable curve is the magnitude of its curvature vector at that point and is also the curvature of its osculating
Curvature
Mathematical concept applicable to physics
mathematics and vector calculus which has many applications in physics. For transport phenomena, flux is a vector quantity, describing the magnitude and direction
Flux
Concepts from statistical hypothesis testing
This can occur often with low powered testing setups. Type M errors are errors of magnitude. This is addressed through an "exaggeration factor", an assessment
Type_I_and_type_II_errors
Behaviour of electromagnetic fields
neighbourhood around the point to which they are applied, otherwise the vector fields and H are not differentiable. In other words, the medium must be
Interface conditions for electromagnetic fields
Interface_conditions_for_electromagnetic_fields
Mathematical tool
unified manner. The impulse vector makes it easy to obtain impulse time and magnitude of the input shaper graphically. A vector concept for an input shaper
Impulse_vector
Property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location
product. In other words, [T]he command, "Measure the direction and magnitude of the vector B at such and such a place," calls for the following operations:
Magnetic_field
Probability distribution
(/ˈreɪli/). A Rayleigh distribution is observed when the overall magnitude of a vector in the plane is related to its directional components. One example
Rayleigh_distribution
Adaptive filter algorithm for digital signal processing
older error samples. The cost function is minimized by taking the partial derivatives for all entries k {\displaystyle k} of the coefficient vector w n
Recursive least squares filter
Recursive_least_squares_filter
Speed at which relativistic effects become significant
celerity which is proper velocity. Speed is a scalar, being the magnitude of the velocity vector which in relativity is the four-velocity and in three-dimension
Relativistic_speed
Computes the sum of a list of numbers
reducing the occurrence of roundoff errors is by making sure most additions happen between values of similar magnitudes. One way of doing so is rearranging
Summation_algorithm
Physical field surrounding an electric charge
and force is a vector (i.e. having both magnitude and direction), so it follows that an electric field may be described by a vector field. The electric
Electric_field
Influence that can change motion of an object
mathematically precise. Because the magnitude and direction of a force are both important, force is a vector quantity (force vector). The SI unit of force is the
Force
One-dimensional physical quantity
magnitude of physical quantities, such as speed is to velocity. Scalars do not represent a direction. Scalars are unaffected by changes to a vector space
Scalar_(physics)
Method of data analysis
eigenvalue error = |λ ⋅ r − s| r = s / norm(s) exit if error < tolerance return λ, r This power iteration algorithm simply calculates the vector XT(X r)
Principal_component_analysis
Line integral of the electric field
electric field vector at the location of the charge; if the charge is negative, the force will be in the opposite direction. The magnitude of force is given
Electric_potential
Technique for training recurrent neural networks
k instances of f do until stopping criterion is met: x := the zero-magnitude vector // x is the current context for t from 0 to n − k do // t is time.
Backpropagation_through_time
Method to control electric motors
Field-oriented control (FOC), also called vector control, is a variable-frequency drive (VFD) control method in which the stator currents of a three-phase
Field-oriented_control
Force directed to the center of rotation
diagram of the velocity vectors at two instances. In the case of uniform circular motion the velocities have constant magnitude. Because each one is perpendicular
Centripetal_force
Mathematical identities
{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} } multiplied by its magnitude. Specifically, for the outer product of two vectors, ∇ ⋅ ( A B T ) = B ( ∇ ⋅ A ) + ( A ⋅ ∇ ) B
Vector_calculus_identities
High-speed approximation of the square root of the sum of two squares
a right triangle given the two side lengths, the norm of a 2-D vector, or the magnitude | z | = a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle |z|={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}} of
Alpha max plus beta min algorithm
Alpha_max_plus_beta_min_algorithm
Process of mapping a continuous set to a countable set
input value and its quantized value (such as round-off error) is referred to as quantization error, noise or distortion. A device or algorithmic function
Quantization (signal processing)
Quantization_(signal_processing)
Energy conservation during diffraction by atoms
sample, the excitation error s {\displaystyle \mathbf {s} } , the structure factor for the relevant reciprocal lattice vector, and also whether the scattering
Ewald's_sphere
Fundamental physical law of electromagnetism
where q i {\displaystyle q_{i}} is the magnitude of the i th charge, r i {\textstyle \mathbf {r} _{i}} is the vector from its position to r {\displaystyle
Coulomb's_law
Measure of the joint variability
"observation error covariance matrix" is constructed to represent the magnitude of combined observational errors (on the diagonal) and the correlated errors between
Covariance
Matrix representing a Euclidean rotation
can identify every A ∈ so(3) with an Euler vector ω = θu, where u = (x, y, z) is a unit magnitude vector. By the properties of the identification s u
Rotation_matrix
Device that measures magnetism
measurement. Vector magnetometers measure the vector components of a magnetic field. Total field magnetometers or scalar magnetometers measure the magnitude of
Magnetometer
Torque regulation method for three-phase AC motors
product of estimated stator flux linkage vector and measured motor current vector. The estimated flux magnitude and torque are then compared with their
Direct_torque_control
Lightweight programming language
derived class; in the Vector class, self -- will be Vector return setmetatable({x = x, y = y, z = z}, self) end function Vector:magnitude() -- Another method
Lua
Vector sum of all forces acting upon a particle or body
meanings. In physics, a force is considered a vector quantity. This means that it not only has a size (or magnitude) but also a direction in which it acts.
Net_force
Computer processor which works on arrays of several numbers at once
one-dimensional arrays of data called vectors. When integrated as a hardware component the vector processor is often called a vector processing unit (VPU). This
Vector_processor
Correspondence between quaternions and 3D rotations
radius. The vector part of a unit quaternion represents the radius of the 2-sphere corresponding to the axis of rotation, and its magnitude is the sine
Quaternions and spatial rotation
Quaternions_and_spatial_rotation
Representation of mechanical stress at every point within a deformed 3D object
stresses. The magnitude of the normal stress component σn of any stress vector T(n) acting on an arbitrary plane with normal unit vector n at a given point
Cauchy_stress_tensor
Branch of physics describing the motion of objects without considering forces
directions and magnitudes are constants. The magnitude of the acceleration of an object is the magnitude |a| of its acceleration vector. It is a scalar
Kinematics
Information storage system
in abstract form by a complex vector which may be expressed directly by a waveform possessing frequency and magnitude. This waveform is analogous to
Holographic associative memory
Holographic_associative_memory
Process of assigning numbers to objects or events
measurement of a property may be categorised by the following criteria: type, magnitude, unit, and uncertainty.[citation needed] They enable unambiguous comparisons
Measurement
Foundational law of classical magnetism
{\displaystyle \Phi _{B}} is the magnetic flux through S, and dS is a vector, whose magnitude is the area of an infinitesimal piece of the surface S, and whose
Gauss's_law_for_magnetism
Equations of light transmission and reflection
complex amplitude vector, i is the imaginary unit, k is the wave vector (whose magnitude k is the angular wavenumber), r is the position vector, ω is the angular
Fresnel_equations
Algebraic object with geometric applications
of algebraic objects associated with a vector space. Tensors may map between different objects such as vectors, scalars, and even other tensors. There
Tensor
Probability distribution
notation φΔ is the probability density function of the measurement errors of magnitude Δ. Not knowing what the function φ is, Gauss requires that his method
Normal_distribution
Numerical eigenvalue calculation
eigenvalue of largest magnitude and a corresponding eigenvector of a matrix A {\displaystyle A} is roughly Pick a random vector u 1 ≠ 0 {\displaystyle
Lanczos_algorithm
Maximum ground acceleration during an earthquake at a location
terms of PGA. Unlike the Richter and moment magnitude scales, it is not a measure of the total energy (magnitude, or size) of an earthquake, but rather of
Peak_ground_acceleration
Type of derivative in mathematics
property is generalized to define the derivative of a vector-valued function or function of a vector argument. Sometimes called the total derivative, in
Derivative (multivariable calculus)
Derivative_(multivariable_calculus)
Image edge detection algorithm
Sobel–Feldman operator is either the corresponding gradient vector or the norm of this vector. The Sobel–Feldman operator is based on convolving the image
Sobel_operator
System to plan and analyse results of refractive surgical procedures
The magnitude of error (MofE)—The intended correction minus the actual correction in diopters. Angle of error (AE)—The angle described by the vectors of
Alpins_method
variable speed operation by manipulating the supply voltage or current ("magnitude") and the supply frequency while ignoring the magnetic field orientation
Scalar_control
Elliptic partial differential equation
normal vectors ni. The set of (pi, ni) is thus modeled as a continuous vector field V. The implicit function f is found by integrating the vector field
Poisson's_equation
Error correction code
returning error outside the transmitted alphabet. Using the error values and error location, correct the errors and form a corrected code vector by subtracting
BCH_code
Hamilton's original treatment of quaternions
tensor, which is a measure of its magnitude (in the same way as the length of a vector is a measure of a vectors' magnitude). When a quaternion is defined
Classical Hamiltonian quaternions
Classical_Hamiltonian_quaternions
Algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers
is a function that can decide whether or not an input, represented by a vector of numbers, belongs to some specific class. It is a type of linear classifier
Perceptron
Conserved physical quantity; rotational analogue of linear momentum
one can do is to simultaneously measure both the angular momentum vector's magnitude and its component along one axis. The uncertainty is closely related
Angular_momentum
Algorithm for computing trigonometric, hyperbolic, logarithmic and exponential functions
polar coordinates, especially if the magnitude of the numbers is not relevant (multiplying a complex vector with a vector on the unit circle actually amounts
CORDIC
Euclidean vector (sometimes called a geometric vector or spatial vector, or – as here – simply a vector) is a geometric object that has both a magnitude (or
Introduction to the mathematics of general relativity
Introduction_to_the_mathematics_of_general_relativity
Collection of statistical models
of experimental error. Later experiments are often designed to test a hypothesis that a treatment effect has an important magnitude; in this case, the
Analysis_of_variance
Classical statement of gravity as force
gravitation can be written as a vector equation to account for the direction of the gravitational force as well as its magnitude. In this formula, quantities
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
Eigenvalue algorithm
\lambda _{1}} is the largest eigenvalue of A {\displaystyle A} in magnitude. The starting vector b 0 {\displaystyle b_{0}} can be written as a linear combination
Power_iteration
seismometers designed in the early years, some seismic magnitude scales began to show errors when the epicentral distance exceeded a certain range from
Epicentral_distance
Type of inertial force
rotation ω × P attributable to the motion of the rotating frame. The vector ω has magnitude ω equal to the rate of rotation and is directed along the axis of
Centrifugal_force
Downwind component of motion of a floating object due to wind
directly downwind. See figure 1 and figure 2. Leeway Velocity Vector (|L| cm/s): The magnitude of the leeway velocity. Leeway speed is always positive. Leeway
Leeway
Measure of linear correlation
coordinates of an n-dimensional vector, and computing the cosine between these two vector directions. When the angle between the vectors is near zero, then the
Pearson correlation coefficient
Pearson_correlation_coefficient
Topics referred to by the same term
the free dictionary. Unit may refer to: Unit of measurement, a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law International
Unit
Formulas in differential geometry
defined as follows: T is the unit vector tangent to the curve, pointing in the direction of motion. N is the normal unit vector, the derivative of T with respect
Frenet–Serret_formulas
Force on a mass due to gravity
define weight as a vector quantity, the gravitational force acting on the object. Others define weight as a scalar quantity, the magnitude of the gravitational
Weight
Aberration of vision due to asymmetry in the eye's lens or cornea
Astigmatism is a type of refractive error due to rotational asymmetry in the eye's refractive power. The lens and cornea of an eye without astigmatism
Astigmatism
Mathematical relation assigning a probability event to a cost
variances, as well as being symmetric: an error above the target causes the same loss as the same magnitude of error below the target. If the target is t {\displaystyle
Loss_function
Stability criterion in control theory
polynomial can be done with vector techniques that add or subtract angles and multiply or divide magnitudes. The vector formulation arises from the fact
Root_locus_analysis
Mathematical algorithm
corresponding to the desired eigenvector and a vector b 0 {\displaystyle b_{0}} , either a randomly selected vector or an approximation to the eigenvector. The
Inverse_iteration
Concept in missile guidance systems
parabolic mirror as a seeker. Simple electronics detect the directional error the seeker has with its target (an IR source), and apply a moment to this
Proportional_navigation
Mathematical optimization algorithm
initial guess for the solution (default is the zero vector). `atol` is the absolute tolerance on the magnitude of the residual `b - A * x` for convergence (default
Conjugate_gradient_method
Family of linear transformations
the magnitude of the relative velocity. The definition β = v/c with magnitude 0 ≤ β < 1 is also used by some authors. Introducing a unit vector n = v/v
Lorentz_transformation
Assignment of a tensor continuously varying across a region of space
example speed) and a vector (a magnitude and a direction, like velocity), a tensor field is a generalization of a scalar field and a vector field that assigns
Tensor_field
Statistical measure in mathematical model
1, the predictor vector associated with the intercept term, equals 1 for all i. It turns out that the square of this standard error, the estimated variance
Variance_inflation_factor
Computer data measurements and scales
The order of magnitude of data may be specified in strictly standards-conformant units of information and multiples of the bit and byte with decimal scaling
Orders_of_magnitude_(data)
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
orders of magnitude shorter. An often-cited approach to overcoming them is optical pulse shaping. As described by the threshold theorem, if the error rate
Quantum_computing
Distance amplifying instrument
with the vector that is being measured; otherwise, only the cosine of the vector is being measured (yielding the error called cosine error). In such
Indicator (distance amplifying instrument)
Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)
Ways to represent 3D rotations
some axis. The axis is the unit vector (unique except for sign) which remains unchanged by the rotation. The magnitude of the angle is also unique, with
Rotation formulations in three dimensions
Rotation_formulations_in_three_dimensions
Universal code encoding positive integers
std::vector<bool> elias_omega_encode(Integer num){ if (num <= 0){ throw std::range_error("elias_omega_encode expects a value >= 1"); } std::vector<bool>
Elias_omega_coding
Laws in physics about force and motion
a vector: a quantity with both magnitude and direction. Velocity and acceleration are vector quantities as well. The mathematical tools of vector algebra
Newton's_laws_of_motion
Image edge detection algorithm
Gaussian filter and gradient estimation to compute a vector field whose directions and magnitudes approximate the direction and strength of edges in the
Canny_edge_detector
Type of coupling used in NMR spectroscopy
is always stated in Hz. The origin of J-coupling can be visualized by a vector model for a simple molecule such as hydrogen fluoride (HF). In HF, the two
J-coupling
Property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation
by k→ ∙ r→ where k→ is called the wave vector, the magnitude of which is the wavenumber. Thus the leading vectors e and h each contain up to two nonzero
Polarization_(waves)
Signal processing technique used in radar
of the interference environment, an adaptive STAP weight vector is formed. This weight vector is applied to the coherent samples received by the radar
Space-time adaptive processing
Space-time_adaptive_processing
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