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Binary star system whose component stars are very close
In astronomy, a contact binary is a binary star system whose component stars are so close that they touch each other or have merged to share their gaseous
Contact_binary
Small Solar System body that is composed of two bodies
a bilobated, peanut-like overall shape. Contact binaries are distinct from true binary systems such as binary asteroids where both components are separated
Contact binary (small Solar System body)
Contact_binary_(small_Solar_System_body)
Two astronomical bodies which orbit each other
considered a binary because they are different kinds of objects. Astronomy portal Binary asteroid Binary star Contact binary Contact binary (small Solar
Binary_system
System of two stars orbiting each other
A binary star or binary star system is a system of two stars that are gravitationally bound to and in orbit around each other. Binary stars are among
Binary_star
2025). "The Geology of a Small Main-belt S-class Binary Asteroid System: Dinkinesh and Its Contact Binary Satellite Selam as Observed by the Lucy Mission"
List of Solar System objects by size
List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size
Common gas atmosphere of a binary star system
envelope binary Binary star Binary system (astronomy) Contact binary Post-common-envelope binary Paczyński, B. (1976). "Common Envelope Binaries". In Eggleton
Common_envelope
Moon of asteroid 152830 Dinkinesh
Selam (formal designation Dinkinesh I) is a contact binary moon of 152830 Dinkinesh, a main belt asteroid. It was discovered by NASA's Lucy spacecraft
Selam_(moon)
System of two asteroids orbiting their common center of mass
A binary asteroid is a system of two asteroids orbiting their common barycenter. The binary nature of 243 Ida was discovered when the Galileo spacecraft
Binary_asteroid
Coming together of two stars
same atmosphere, giving the system a peanut shape. While most such contact binary systems are stable, some do become unstable and either eject one partner
Stellar_collision
Largest Jupiter trojan
9×1018 kg (thus density of 1.0g/cm3). It is thought that Hektor might be a contact binary (two asteroids joined by gravitational attraction) like 216 Kleopatra
624_Hektor
Classical Kuiper belt object
Kitt Peak's 4 m telescope. Occultations suggest it is a compact or contact binary equivalent to a sphere 400 to 500 km in diameter. On 20 November 2020
19521_Chaos
Main belt asteroid target of the Lucy mission
During the flyby, the Lucy spacecraft discovered that Dinkinesh has a contact-binary natural satellite, named Selam, which is 220 meters (720 ft) in diameter
152830_Dinkinesh
Stellar explosion with a distinct red colour
V1309 Scorpii is a luminous red nova that followed the merger of a contact binary in 2008. In January 2015, a luminous red nova was observed in the Andromeda
Luminous_red_nova
Number expressed in the base-2 numeral system
A binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, a method for representing numbers that uses only two symbols
Binary_number
Natural physical entity in space
and nebulae, and many astronomers were able to determine the masses of binary stars based on their orbital elements. Computers began to be used to observe
Astronomical_object
Binary Kuiper belt object
Logos, or as a binary system (58534) Logos–Zoe (provisional designation 1997 CQ29), is a likely trans-Neptunian contact binary or close-binary triple system
58534_Logos
Asteroid
Pan (prov. designation: 1987 SY) is a highly eccentric asteroid and contact binary, classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid and near-Earth object
4450_Pan
Eclipsing contact binary in Holmberg IX
J095737+690211 is a W Ursae Majoris type eclipsing contact binary star system in the constellation of Ursa Major. The binary system is located in the dwarf galaxy
Holmberg_IX_V1
Satellite that orbits a natural satellite
irregular satellite Kiviuq is extremely prolate, and is likely a contact binary or even a binary moon. Other candidates among the Saturnian irregulars include
Subsatellite
NASA mission to fly by eight asteroids
showed that the satellite was actually two objects in direct contact, known as a contact binary. The discovery of Dinkinesh's satellite brought the total
Lucy_(spacecraft)
Kuiper belt object
find Kuiper belt objects that New Horizons could visit. Arrokoth is a contact binary—a "snowman"-shaped object composed of two lobes connected by a narrow
486958_Arrokoth
Topics referred to by the same term
theory Binary system (astronomy), a system of two celestial bodies on a mutual orbit Binary asteroid Binary star Contact binary Contact binary (asteroid)
Binary system (disambiguation)
Binary_system_(disambiguation)
Contact binary star system in the constellation Dorado
VFTS 352 is a contact binary star system about 160,000 light years away in the Tarantula Nebula, which is part of the Large Magellanic Cloud. It is the
VFTS_352
Star in the constellation Scorpius
V1309 Scorpii (also known as V1309 Sco) is a contact binary that merged into a single star in 2008 in a process known as a luminous red nova. It was the
V1309_Scorpii
Solid objects in protoplanetary disks and debris disks
formed. The most primitive planetesimals visited by spacecraft are the contact binary Arrokoth. The word planetesimal is derived from the word infinitesimal
Planetesimal
Triple system of Kuiper belt objects
the orbit of its inner binary evolved by tides and became a contact binary. 58534 Logos is also thought to be a contact binary triple system. Hiisi, formally
47171_Lempo
Periodic contact binary comet
of a gentle, low-velocity collision of two objects, and is called a contact binary. The "terraces", layers of the interior of the comet that have been
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Irregular galaxy in the Local Group
JWST's NIRCam. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA WLM-CB1 is a massive candidate contact binary system identified in 2024 through archival time-series photometric observations
Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte
350m near-Earth object
Mauna Kea on 27 July 2024. Radar observations showed that 2024 ON is a contact binary. 2024 MK – a near-Earth object that made a close approach on 29 June
2024_ON
Asteroid
(600 mi) from the surface on 20 April 2025, revealing the asteroid to be a contact binary. It was named after American paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson, the
52246_Donaldjohanson
Star in the constellation Centaurus
distance of 410 light-years (125.6 parsecs) from Earth. V752 Centauri is a contact binary of the W Ursae Majoris type, composed of two F-type stars with a combined
V752_Centauri
M-type asteroid
Kleopatra is a contact binary – if it were spinning much faster, the two lobes would separate from each other, making a true binary system. List of exceptional
216_Kleopatra
Near-Earth object of the Apollo group
object of the Apollo group, approximately 1 kilometer in diameter. The contact binary was discovered on 24 April 1977, by American astronomer Charles Kowal
2063_Bacchus
Meteorological phenomenon involving two cyclones circling each other
Fujiwhara effect, sometimes referred to as the Fujiwhara interaction or binary interaction, is a phenomenon that occurs when two nearby cyclonic vortices
Fujiwhara_effect
1984 novel by Robert L. Forward
light-years (ca. 34 trillion miles; ca. 56 trillion km) to explore a contact binary planet that orbits Barnard's Star, which they call Rocheworld, and where
Rocheworld
Binary Kuiper belt object
Chile. A study of Manwë's light curve in 2019 suggests that it may be a contact binary object. Manwë was discovered on 25 August 2003 by M. W. Buie at Cerro
385446_Manwë
Process where a red giant star engulfs a planet
including Mercury, Venus and possibly Earth. Common envelope Contact binary Interacting binary star Neutron star merger Stellar collision Leary, Ashlyn R
Stellar_engulfment
Florian asteroid
provisional designation 1942 EM, is a stony Florian asteroid and suspected contact binary from the inner asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers in diameter
5535_Annefrank
Eccentric asteroid and suspected contact-binary
(prov. designation: 1987 SB), is an eccentric asteroid and suspected contact-binary, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid
4486_Mithra
Star in the constellation Ursa Major
close together that their outer envelopes are in direct contact, making them a contact binary system. As a result, they have the same stellar classification
W_Ursae_Majoris
Kreutz sungrazer comet
5681. Z. Sekanina (2021). "New Model for the Kreutz Sungrazer System: Contact-Binary Parent and Upgraded Classification of Discrete Fragment Populations"
C/2026_A1_(MAPS)
Triple star system in the constellation Boötes
and 44 Boötis Bb. 44 Boötis B is a contact binary of the W Ursae Majoris type. It is the nearest contact binary star. 44 Boötis is the star's Flamsteed
44_Boötis
Near-Earth asteroid
was observed by the Goldstone Solar System Radar and found to be a contact binary with the largest axis approximately 2 kilometers wide, and each lobe
(85989)_1999_JD6
Double stars that show a significant interaction between their components
An Interacting binary star is a type of binary star in which one or both of the component stars has filled or exceeded its Roche lobe, also known as a
Interacting_binary_star
Constellation in the northern sky
meaning "three steps". W Ursae Majoris is the prototype of a class of contact binary variable stars, and ranges between magnitudes 7.75 and 8.48. 47 Ursae
Ursa_Major
Near-Earth asteroid
11066 Sigurd (provisional designation 1992 CC1) is a stony contact binary asteroid classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group of asteroids, approximately
11066_Sigurd
Contact binary star system
is a contact binary star system in the constellation Cygnus, located about 2,060 light-years away. It is also identified as an eclipsing binary with an
KIC_9832227
Type of variable stellar binary
variable, also known as a low mass contact binary, is a type of eclipsing binary variable star. These stars are close binaries of spectral types F, G, or K
W_Ursae_Majoris_variable
Asteroid
Since then radar observations of other asteroids have found other contact binaries. Castalia is a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) because its minimum
4769_Castalia
Near-Earth asteroid
April 1996 by astronomer Tom Gehrels at Steward Observatory. It is a contact binary asteroid, with two lobes separated by a distinct "neck"; altogether
(8567)_1996_HW1
Constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere
is not taking place as expected. SX Corvi is an eclipsing binary that is also a contact binary known as a W Ursae Majoris variable. The two component stars
Corvus_(constellation)
Star system in the Ursa Major
the lowest-mass contact binary ever discovered in the universe. The two inner components form a close W Ursae Majoris-type contact binary system. The primary
TYC_3801-1529-1
Moon of Saturn
Kiviuq suggests that it has an elongated shape, and may be a possible contact binary. On 30 August 2010, the ISS camera of the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft
Kiviuq_(moon)
2012 video game
Binary Domain is a third-person shooter video game developed by Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio and published by Sega. It was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox
Binary_Domain
interferometry. Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries, which can be used to test indirect methods of finding stellar radii. Only
List_of_largest_stars
Star in the constellation Centaurus
observing conditions. A 2014 publication hypothesized the star to be a contact binary, sharing a common envelope of material with a smaller yellow supergiant
HR_5171
Trans-Neptunian object
to 0.7 in 2010. This large amplitude implies that it is actually a contact binary consisting of two elongated components of approximately equal size viewed
(139775)_2001_QG298
Binary Kuiper belt object
Altjira (provisional designation 2001 UQ18) appears to be a triple or contact binary double classical Kuiper belt object. The secondary is large compared
148780_Altjira
flybys Smallest main-belt asteroid visited to date; discovered first contact binary satellite Selam 52246 Donaldjohanson 3.9 March 2, 1981 Lucy 2025 960
List_of_exceptional_asteroids
Contact binary which resulted in one star
(also known as PSN J14021678+5426205, iPTF13afz and AT 2015dl) is a contact binary that merged into a single star, in a process known as a luminous red
M101_OT2015-1
Trans-Neptunian object in the Haumea family
85, which indicates that it has an extremely elongated shape or is a contact binary. In the former case the density of 2003 SQ317 is estimated at 0.86 g/cm3
(612620)_2003_SQ317
Periodic comet
Comet Tuttle in January 2008 by the Arecibo Observatory show it to be a contact binary. The comet nucleus is estimated at 4.5 km (2.8 mi) in diameter, using
8P/Tuttle
Potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroid in the Apollo group
mission confirmed these findings and also suggested that Itokawa may be a contact binary formed by two or more smaller asteroids that have gravitated toward
25143_Itokawa
Asteroid
Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico. 1999 JV6 is a contact binary object consisting of two distinct lobes, as seen in radar images from
(85990)_1999_JV6
Moon of Saturn
variations in brightness, making it a leading candidate for a contact binary or binary moon. The moon was named in April 2007 after Béibhinn (Béḃinn)
Bebhionn_(moon)
Collapsed core of a massive star
stars in a close binary system is observed to shrink as gravitational waves are emitted. Ultimately, the neutron stars will come into contact and coalesce
Neutron_star
Near-Earth asteroid
between 270 and 590 meters in diameter. Radar astronomy shows it is a contact binary asteroid with a diameter of 300 meters and a rotation period of 9.5
(179806)_2002_TD66
Large self-illuminated object in space
stars in a binary system are close enough, some of that material may overflow to the other star, yielding phenomena including contact binaries, common-envelope
Star
1993 novel by Arthur C. Clarke
Tunguska event and the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. A new contact binary asteroid is discovered by an amateur astronomer, Dr. Angus Millar, having
The Hammer of God (Clarke novel)
The_Hammer_of_God_(Clarke_novel)
Binary star in the constellation Canis Minor
abbreviated YY CMi and otherwise referred to as HD 67110, is an eclipsing contact binary in the constellation of Canis Minor, close to the border with Hydra
YY_Canis_Minoris
Relationship between elements of two sets
In mathematics, a binary relation associates some elements of one set called the domain with some elements of another set (possibly the same) called the
Binary_relation
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
stars are thought to have formed with the merger of two stars in a contact binary system. With an apparent magnitude of 8.05, it is 707 ± 6 light-years
Mensa_(constellation)
Sub-kilometer sized peanut-shaped asteroid
object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. This contact binary was discovered on 23 February 2006, by astronomers of the LINEAR program
(388188)_2006_DP14
Potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroid
object 450 × 170 metres in size, and that it is bilobed (possibly a contact binary) with a relatively bright surface albedo of 0.35±0.10. The axis of its
99942_Apophis
Near-Earth asteroid discovered in 2014
near-Earth objects since 1908 (A) v t e 2014 JO25 is a peanut-shaped contact binary asteroid. It is an assumed to be a stony S-type asteroid. The overall
(671294)_2014_JO25
Area of the Solar System beyond the planets, comprising small bodies
successfully flew by Arrokoth, returning data showing Arrokoth to be a contact binary 32 km long by 16 km wide. The Ralph instrument aboard New Horizons confirmed
Kuiper_belt
Astronomical body that orbits a planet
irregular satellite Kiviuq is extremely prolate, and is likely a contact binary or even a binary moon. Neptune's moon Proteus is the largest irregularly shaped
Natural_satellite
Asteroid spectral type
telescopic images, and several stellar occultations show it to be a contact binary asteroid with a shape commonly referred to as a "dog-bone" or "dumbbell
M-type_asteroid
Electromechanical device
that each possible position of the axle creates a unique binary code in which some of the contacts are connected to the current source (i.e. switched on)
Rotary_encoder
Sub-kilometer asteroid
Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. It is a contact binary. The orbit of this potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) has been well-established
(153201)_2000_WO107
Image comprising exactly two colors, typically black and white
A binary image is a digital image that consists of pixels that can have one of exactly two colors, usually black and white. Each pixel is stored as a single
Binary_image
Near-Earth asteroid
Observations from Arecibo Observatory were taken on 1–4 February. It is a contact binary asteroid. Asteroid 2004 XP14 was the closest potentially hazardous asteroid
2007_TU24
Asteroid
(231937) 2001 FO32 is a near-Earth asteroid classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. With an estimated diameter around 550 m
(231937)_2001_FO32
Small natural satellite of Pluto
likely due to the merger of two smaller objects, making Kerberos a contact binary. This also suggests that Kerberos along with Pluto's other moons may
Kerberos_(moon)
Virgo Collaboration) (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger". Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (6) 061102. arXiv:1602.03837. Bibcode:2016PhRvL
Timeline_of_space_exploration
Binary star in the Galactic Center in the constellation Sagittarius
GCIRS 16SW, also known as S97, is a contact binary star located in the Galactic Center. It is composed of two hot massive stars of equal size that orbit
GCIRS_16SW
Gravitationally-binding region around a star in a binary system
In astronomy, the Roche lobe is the region around a star in a binary system within which orbiting material is gravitationally bound to that star. It is
Roche_lobe
Former radio telescope in Puerto Rico, United States
of delay–Doppler images showing two lobes in contact, providing the first observation of a contact binary. The following year, Polish astronomer Aleksander
Arecibo_Telescope
Interstellar object that passed near Earth in 2017
elongated shape. Bannister et al. have suggested that it could also be a contact binary, although this may not be compatible with its rapid rotation. One speculation
1I/ʻOumuamua
Largest moon of Neptune
(2004). "Extreme Kuiper Belt Object 2001 QG298 and the Fraction of Contact Binaries". The Astronomical Journal. 127 (5): 3023–3033. arXiv:astro-ph/0402277
Triton_(moon)
images of the main belt asteroid Donaldjohanson, revealing it to be a contact binary and larger than originally estimated. 22 April – Astronomers at MIT
2025_in_science
Solar system objects beyond Neptune
perihelion of 80 AU from the Sun (50 AU beyond Neptune). 486958 Arrokoth A contact binary classical KBO encountered by the New Horizons spacecraft in 2019. 2018
Trans-Neptunian_object
Binary star in the constellation Pegasus
U Pegasi is a binary star system in the constellation of Pegasus, abbreviated U Peg. The pair form an eclipsing binary with a combined peak apparent visual
U_Pegasi
Apollo asteroid target of Hayabusa2's extended mission
elongation of Torifune's shape allows for the possibility that it might be a contact binary object. On the other hand, near-infrared observations by NEOWISE show
98943_Torifune
Inclined contact-binary asteroid
3752 Camillo is an inclined contact-binary asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 2.3 kilometers (1.4 miles) in diameter
3752_Camillo
Moon of Saturn
two maxima and two minima in its light curve, it may therefore be a contact binary, although this is less likely than for Kiviuq and Bestla. The surface
Thrymr_(moon)
Constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere
S2CID 14661232. Csizmadia, Sz.; Klagyivik, P. (2004). "On the properties of contact binary stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 426 (3): 1001–05. arXiv:astro-ph/0408049
Antlia
American scientist
shape, which is two distinct 0.9 km lobes in contact (a contact binary). 4179 Toutatis – a contact binary asteroid that is in a non-principal axis rotation
Steven_J._Ostro
System of uniquely identifying features on the surface of a planet or natural satellite
colli /ˈkɒləm/, /ˈkɒliː/ A thin section between the two lobes of a contact binary, only used on Arrokoth and Donaldjohanson CL Corona, coronae /kɒˈroʊnə/
Planetary_nomenclature
Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere
representative of a very brief phase in which the system is transitioning into a contact binary. It can be found less than a degree away from the naked-eye star 16
Lyra
CONTACT BINARY
CONTACT BINARY
Boy/Male
Irish
Brave or wise.
Boy/Male
Celtic Irish
Wise.
Boy/Male
Australian, Celtic, Irish
Wise; Hound; Wolf; High
Boy/Male
Indian
Constant
Surname or Lastname
French and English
French and English : from a medieval personal name (Latin Constans, genitive Constantis, meaning ‘steadfast’, ‘faithful’, present participle of the verb constare ‘stand fast’, ‘be consistent’). This was borne by an 8th-century Irish martyr. This surname has also absorbed some cases of surnames based on Constantius, a derivative of Constans, borne by a 2nd-century martyr, bishop of Perugia. Compare Constantine.English : perhaps also a nickname from Old French constant ‘steadfast’, ‘faithful’.
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, French, Russian
Eye Contact; Clean Sight
Girl/Female
Indian
Constant
Boy/Male
Tamil
Constant
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old Breton personal name, derived from an element meaning ‘high’, ‘mighty’, which was introduced into England by followers of William the Conqueror and subsequently into Ireland, where it still has some currency as a personal name.Scottish : habitational name from a place in Kincardineshire. The place name is of uncertain origin, possibly from an early Celtic name, Conona ‘hound stream’.Roger Conant led a secession from Plymouth colony in about 1627 and founded the settlement that became Salem, MA. He was probably the son of Christopher Connant, who came over from England aboard the Anne in 1623.
Boy/Male
English Latin
Steady; stable.
Girl/Female
Arabic
Sensible Contact
Boy/Male
Tamil
Content
Girl/Female
Spanish Italian
Constant.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Content
Girl/Female
Tamil
Constant
Girl/Female
Irish
Constant.
Boy/Male
Australian, Irish
Brave; Wise
Girl/Female
Irish
Constant.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nityagopal | நிதà¯à®¯à®•à¯‹à®ªà®¾à®²Â
Constant
Nityagopal | நிதà¯à®¯à®•à¯‹à®ªà®¾à®²Â
Surname or Lastname
Irish (Connacht)
Irish (Connacht) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó LáimhÃn, a reduced form of Ó FlaithimhÃn ‘descendant of FlaithimhÃn’, a personal name from a diminutive of flaith ‘prince’, ‘ruler’. This name is sometimes translated Hand, from the similarity of the reduced form to lámh ‘hand’.English : from the medieval female personal name Lavin(a) (from Latin Lavinia, of unknown origin)Spanish (LavÃn) : habitational name from Lavin, a place so named in the Santander province.Respelling of French Lavigne.
CONTACT BINARY
CONTACT BINARY
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord of mount Kailash
Boy/Male
Tamil
An excellent warrior, King, Chief, Brave
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
One who Possesses the Knowledge of Rig Veda; Knowledge of God's
Girl/Female
Arabic
Arabian Jasmine
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Yearby.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Crest of Victory
Boy/Male
Hindu
King of gods
Boy/Male
Latin American
Just.
Girl/Female
English American
Derived from medieval male form of Matthew.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil
Auspicious
CONTACT BINARY
CONTACT BINARY
CONTACT BINARY
CONTACT BINARY
CONTACT BINARY
v. i.
To make an agreement; to covenant; to agree; to bargain; as, to contract for carrying the mail.
n.
To lead, as a commander; to direct; to manage; to carry on; as, to conduct the affairs of a kingdom.
n.
An agreement between parties; a covenant or contract.
v. t.
To set in opposition, or over against, in order to show the differences between, or the comparative excellences and defects of; to compare by difference or contrariety of qualities; as, to contrast the present with the past.
v. t.
To unite or connect firmly, as in a system.
n.
To bring on; to incur; to acquire; as, to contract a habit; to contract a debt; to contract a disease.
n.
The plane between two adjacent bodies of dissimilar rock.
n.
The property of two curves, or surfaces, which meet, and at the point of meeting have a common direction.
p. p. & a
Brief; close; pithy; not diffuse; not verbose; as, a compact discourse.
n.
An expression of assent to a bill or motion; an affirmative vote; also, a member who votes "Content.".
v. t.
To conduct safely; to give safe-conduct to.
a.
Contracted; as, a contract verb.
n.
To draw together or nearer; to reduce to a less compass; to shorten, narrow, or lessen; as, to contract one's sphere of action.
v. t.
To prepare from crude materials, as food; to invent or prepare by combining different ingredients; as, to concoct a new dish or beverage.
n.
A close union or junction of bodies; a touching or meeting.
v. i.
To conduct one's self; to behave.
v. i.
To be drawn together so as to be diminished in size or extent; to shrink; to be reduced in compass or in duration; as, iron contracts in cooling; a rope contracts when wet.
v. i.
To join, unite, or cohere; to have a close relation; as, one line of railroad connects with another; one argument connect with another.
n.
The agreement of two or more persons, upon a sufficient consideration or cause, to do, or to abstain from doing, some act; an agreement in which a party undertakes to do, or not to do, a particular thing; a formal bargain; a compact; an interchange of legal rights.
n.
One who keeps a constant watch of the conduct of others.