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Solid objects in protoplanetary disks and debris disks
Planetesimals (/ˌplænɪˈtɛsɪməlz/) are solid objects thought to exist in protoplanetary disks and debris disks. Believed to have formed in the Solar System
Planetesimal
Kuiper belt object
lobes of Arrokoth, named Wenu and Weeyo, are believed to be former planetesimals that once formed a binary system, but gently merged together. Wenu and
486958_Arrokoth
Scenario for the dynamical evolution of the Solar System
these planetesimal encounters shift (migrate) the orbits of the planets by significant amounts. This process continues until the planetesimals interact
Nice_model
Astronomical theory about the Solar System
possible. The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer-sized planetesimals. If the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting
Nebular_hypothesis
The Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis was proposed in 1905 by geologist Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and astronomer Forest Ray Moulton to describe
Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis
Chamberlin–Moulton_planetesimal_hypothesis
Hypothesized astronomical event
probably not the source of the Late Heavy Bombardment. According to one planetesimal simulation of the establishment of the planetary system, the outermost
Late_Heavy_Bombardment
Astronomical phenomenon
or other body in orbit around a star interacts with a disk of gas or planetesimals, resulting in the alteration of its orbital parameters, especially its
Planetary_migration
Accumulation of matter around a star
pancake- or ring-shaped accretion disk of matter composed of gas, dust, planetesimals, asteroids, or collision fragments in orbit around a star. Around the
Circumstellar_disc
Accumulation of particles into planetesimals
particles, ranging from centimeters up to meters in diameter, into planetesimals in a protoplanetary disk that is enhanced by aerodynamic drag from the
Pebble_accretion
Large planetary embryo
differentiated interior. Protoplanets are thought to form out of kilometre-sized planetesimals that gravitationally perturb each other's orbits and collide, gradually
Protoplanet
Numerical model of the early Solar System
resonance chain is broken, the five giant planets undergo a period of planetesimal-driven migration, followed by a period of orbital instability with gravitational
Five-planet_Nice_model
White dwarf in the constellation Virgo
variability of the calcium emission line. Unlike other planetesimals around white dwarfs, the planetesimal SDSS J1228+1040 b would need high internal strength
SDSS_J1228+1040
Star at the centre of the Solar System
J.; Bizzarro, M.; Wittig, N.; Connelly, J.; Haack, H. (2005). "Early planetesimal melting from an age of 4.5662 Gyr for differentiated meteorites". Nature
Sun
Accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter
been further developed using intensive numerical simulations to study planetesimal accumulation. It is now accepted that stars form by the gravitational
Accretion_(astrophysics)
Theory of early changes in Jupiter's orbit
sailboat changing directions (tacking) as it travels against the wind. The planetesimal disk is truncated at 1.0 AU by Jupiter's migration, limiting the material
Grand_tack_hypothesis
Region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
asteroid belt formed from the primordial solar nebula as a group of planetesimals, the smaller precursors of the protoplanets. However, gravitational
Asteroid_belt
Class of stony-iron meteorite
These crystals represent mantle and core material from differentiated planetesimals, which were destroyed by violent collisions during the early formation
Pallasite
Formation processes of the planet Jupiter
which planetesimals initially formed, followed by the aggregation of these into protoplanets. Jupiter originated from the coalescence of planetesimals located
Formation_of_Jupiter
Third planet from the Sun
dust (including primordial nuclides). According to nebular theory, planetesimals formed by accretion, with the primordial Earth being estimated as likely
Earth
Triple star system in the constellation Piscis Austrinus
not a planet, but rather an expanding region of debris from a massive planetesimal collision. α Piscis Austrini, or Alpha Piscis Austrini, is the system's
Fomalhaut
Model of early Solar System evolution
gravitational encounters between planets, the disruption of an outer planetesimal disk, and the migrations of the outer planets to new orbits. However
Nice_2_model
Hypothetical Fifth Giant Planet
of planetesimals. These interactions are believed to have triggered a period of orbital instability, resulting in the dispersal of the planetesimal disk
Fifth_Giant
Second brightest star in the southern constellation of Pictor
be imaged around another star. In addition to the presence of several planetesimal belts and cometary activity, there are indications that planets have
Beta_Pictoris
Pair of Belgian optic robotic telescopes
The Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope (TRAPPIST) is the corporate name for a pair of Belgian optic robotic telescopes. TRAPPIST–South
TRAPPIST
First planet from the Sun
Mercury's origins and development, some of which incorporate collision with planetesimals and rock vaporization; as of the early 2020s, many broad details of
Mercury_(planet)
Area of the Solar System beyond the planets, comprising small bodies
primordial planetesimal disc. While Neptune's orbit was highly eccentric, its mean-motion resonances overlapped and the orbits of the planetesimals evolved
Kuiper_belt
Large, round non-stellar astronomical object
mass to form ever-larger bodies. Local concentrations of mass known as planetesimals form, and these accelerate the accretion process by drawing in additional
Planet
Scenario of giant planet migration
interactions with planetesimals originating in an outer disk drive a slow divergent migration of the giant planets. This planetesimal-driven migration
Jumping-Jupiter_scenario
Planetary object disrupted by other body
exoplanet or, perhaps on a somewhat smaller scale, a planetary-mass object, planetesimal, moon, exomoon or asteroid that has been disrupted or destroyed by a
Disrupted_planet
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
The Solar System has unique planetesimal systems, which led the planets to have near-circular orbits. Solar planetesimal systems include the asteroid
Orbital_eccentricity
Hypotheses for the possible sources of the water on Earth
also evidence that water was delivered to Earth by impacts from icy planetesimals similar in composition to asteroids in the outer edges of the asteroid
Origin_of_water_on_Earth
Accumulation of matter around a planet
pancake or ring-shaped accumulation of matter composed of gas, dust, planetesimals, asteroids or collision fragments in orbit around a planet. They are
Circumplanetary_disk
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
disk, the Nice model proposes that gravitational encounters between planetesimals and the gas giants caused each to migrate into different orbits. This
Solar_System
Eyeball planet Giant planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet/Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Second generation planet Sub-brown dwarf Sub-Neptune
Lists_of_planets
Hypothetical Solar System planet
of planetesimals also could have enabled Planet Nine's capture into a stable orbit. Recent models propose that a 60–130 M🜨 disk of planetesimals could
Planet_Nine
Hypothetical formation of planetesimals
streaming instability is a hypothetical mechanism for the formation of planetesimals in which the drag felt by solid particles orbiting in a gas disk leads
Streaming_instability
Large main-belt asteroid
7 Iris is a large main-belt asteroid and possible remnant planetesimal orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. It is the fourth-brightest object in
7_Iris
Main belt asteroid
in composition, possibly originating from a destroyed, differentiated planetesimal from the Solar System's early history. Its spectral classification is
7472_Kumakiri
Large area of molten rock on the surface of a planet
System, magma oceans were formed by the melting of planetesimals and planetary impacts. Small planetesimals are melted by the heat provided by the radioactive
Magma_ocean
This is a list of collisions between exoplanets or planetesimals observed in extrasolar systems. These collisions are more common in young systems and
List of extrasolar planetary collisions
List_of_extrasolar_planetary_collisions
Frigid super-Earth orbiting OGLE-2016-BLG-1195L
Eyeball planet Giant planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet/Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Second generation planet Sub-brown dwarf Sub-Neptune
OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb
Dwarf planet in the asteroid belt
sources available during and after its formation: impact energy from planetesimal accretion and decay of radionuclides (possibly including short-lived
Ceres_(dwarf_planet)
Astronomical object not gravitationally bound to a star
unbound since. Different processes can cause planets and smaller objects (planetesimals) to become unbound from their host star. This term is also applied to
Interstellar_object
Distant planetesimals in the Solar System
the Öpik–Oort cloud, is theorized to be a cloud of billions of icy planetesimals surrounding the Sun at distances ranging from 2,000 to 200,000 AU (0
Oort_cloud
Topics referred to by the same term
Observance. Trappist may also refer to: TRAPPIST, Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope TRAPPIST-1, star system found using TRAPPIST Products
Trappist_(disambiguation)
Method for dating geological samples
various planetesimals. Assuming the process of elemental differentiation is identical on Earth as it is on other planets, the core of these planetesimals would
Lead–lead_dating
Gas and dust surrounding a newly formed star
interactions may cause the dust and ice grains in the disk to accrete into planetesimals. This process competes against the stellar wind, which drives the gas
Protoplanetary_disk
Asteroid sharing the orbit of Jupiter
10,000 years, the mass of Jupiter increased by a factor of ten. The planetesimals that had approximately the same orbits as Jupiter were caught by the
Jupiter_trojan
Circumbinary gas giant orbiting the Kepler-1647 star system
Eyeball planet Giant planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet/Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Second generation planet Sub-brown dwarf Sub-Neptune
Kepler-1647b
American astronomer
Eyeball planet Giant planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet/Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Second generation planet Sub-brown dwarf Sub-Neptune
Sarah_Ballard
Innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter
Oort cloud Oort limit Outer space Planet Disrupted Migration System Planetesimal Formation Merging stars Protoplanetary disk Ring system Roche limit vs
Io_(moon)
planets, and, indeed, a large number of planetesimals formed there. As with the terrestrials, planetesimals in this region later coalesced and formed
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System
Natural physical entity in space
below) Ring system Trans-Neptunian objects Small Solar System body Comets Planetesimal Contact binary Sun Planets Mercury Venus Earth – Moon Mars – moons Jupiter
Astronomical_object
Red dwarf star in the constellation Aquarius
2000. Observations in 2016 from TRAPPIST–South (Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope project) at La Silla Observatory in Chile and other
TRAPPIST-1
Largest dwarf planet
other members of the Kuiper belt, Pluto is thought to be a residual planetesimal; a component of the original protoplanetary disc around the Sun that
Pluto
Distance from a young star where ice forms
to condense into solid grains, which will allow their accretion into planetesimals. Beyond the line, otherwise gaseous compounds (which are much more abundant)
Frost_line_(astrophysics)
; Parsons, S. G. (2015). "The composition of a disrupted extrasolar planetesimal at SDSS J0845+2257 (Ton 345)". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
List_of_smallest_exoplanets
Meteorite composed of iron-nickel alloy called meteoric iron
kamacite and taenite. Most iron meteorites originate from cores of planetesimals, with the exception of the IIE iron meteorite group. The iron found
Iron_meteorite
Theories explaining the formation of Earth's Moon
include captured body, fission, formed together (accretion, synestia), planetesimal collisions (formed from asteroid-like bodies), and collision theories
Origin_of_the_Moon
Binary system
dwarf would scatter planetesimals into all kinds of directions, eroding the edge of the debris belt. Some of these planetesimals will be scattered inwards
PHL_5038
Interstellar object that passed near Earth in 2017
consistent with ʻOumuamua being an interstellar comet, "originating as a planetesimal relic broadly similar to solar system comets". As the first known object
1I/ʻOumuamua
Planets visible to the naked eye
Oort cloud Oort limit Outer space Planet Disrupted Migration System Planetesimal Formation Merging stars Protoplanetary disk Ring system Roche limit vs
Classical_planet
NASA orbiter mission to asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres (2007–2018)
is the "last of its kind" – the only remaining example of the large planetesimals that came together to form the rocky planets during the formation of
Dawn_(spacecraft)
Chemical element with atomic number 10 (Ne)
terrestrial planets. Neon's high volatility facilitated its escape from planetesimals under the early Solar System's nascent Sun's warmth. Neon's notable
Neon
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
planetesimals—small, sub-planetary bodies—before the heating of the presolar disk; otherwise, xenon would not have been trapped in the planetesimal ices
Xenon
Stellar classification
Larwood, J. D. & Kalas, P. G. (2001). "Close stellar encounters with planetesimal discs: the dynamics of asymmetry in the β Pictoris system". MNRAS. 323
A-type_main-sequence_star
Disk of dust and debris in orbit around a star
also be produced and maintained as the remnants of collisions between planetesimals, otherwise known as asteroids and comets. As of 2001, more than 900
Debris_disk
Solid debris from outer space that hits a planetary surface
center of the planetesimal, forming its core. After the planetesimal solidified, it broke up in a collision with another planetesimal. Due to the low
Meteorite
Set of non-stellar objects in orbit around a star
as dwarf planets, asteroids, natural satellites, meteoroids, comets, planetesimals, and circumstellar disks. The Solar System is an example of a planetary
Planetary_system
Asteroid with which Earth shares its orbit around the Sun
accreting planetesimals to account for the abundance patterns of the highly siderophile elements in Earth's mantle. Such a residual planetesimal population
Earth_trojan
Observatory
Star (KIC 8462852) − oddly dimming star WD 1145+017 - star destroying planetesimal, producing a dusty disk Gary, Bruce L. (17 May 2017). "Hereford Arizona
Hereford_Arizona_Observatory
Radial drifting in protoplanetary disks
particles migrates in Protoplanetary disks during the formation of planetesimals. It involves the motion of solid particles within the gas-dominated
Radial_drift
White dwarf star in the constellation Hercules
kilograms. In total, these data provided insight into an icy/water-rich planetesimal (composed of 64% water) being consumed by its parent star, possibly a
WD_1647+375
Gravitational force holding a body or system of bodies together
Self-gravitational forces are also significant in the formation of planetesimals and indirectly the formation of planets, which is critical to understanding
Self-gravitation
Records of Earth's development
vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and smaller amounts of other gases. Planetesimals at a distance of 1 astronomical unit (AU), the distance of Earth from
History_of_Earth
Exoplanetary object orbiting around WD 1145+017
1145+017 b has been described as a minor planet, an asteroid, and a planetesimal. It likely has a surface temperature of around 4,000 K (3,730 °C; 6,740 °F)
WD_1145+017_b
Star in the constellation Sagittarius
front of it. This cloud was produced from a giant collision between two planetesimals. In early works the age of the system was not certain and ranged between
HD_166191
Overview of and topical guide to the Solar System
Oort cloud Oort limit Outer space Planet Disrupted Migration System Planetesimal Formation Merging stars Protoplanetary disk Ring system Roche limit vs
Outline_of_the_Solar_System
Ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt
number 50000) is a ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a band of icy planetesimals beyond Neptune. It has a slightly ellipsoidal shape with an average
Quaoar
initial primary atmospheres. When a protoplanet forms from coalescence of planetesimals, it begins to achieve sufficient mass to also accrete volatile gases
Secondary_atmosphere
Astronomical object that is neither a planet nor a comet
"Magnetism on the angrite parent body and the early differentiation of planetesimals". Science. 322 (5902): 713–716. Bibcode:2008Sci...322..713W. doi:10
Minor_planet
Observatorio Cruz del Sur, San Justo I40 TRAPPIST – Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope - La Silla—TRAPPIST I41 Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF)
List_of_observatory_codes
Planet outside of the Solar System
Retrieved 17 January 2022. Basri, Gibor; Brown, Michael E. (2006). "Planetesimals To Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?" (PDF). Annu. Rev. Earth Planet.
Exoplanet
Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
disk plane, forming materials that can collide and accrete to create planetesimals. Close to the star, these bodies grow and accumulate to form protoplanets
Atmosphere
meteoroids; very large asteroids are sometimes called planetoids or planetesimals; and bodies similar to asteroids in size and composition but which lie
Glossary_of_astronomy
Ring of cosmic dust orbiting an astronomical object
George H. (April 20, 2020). "New HST data and modeling reveal a massive planetesimal collision around Fomalhaut". PNAS. 117 (18): 9712–9722. arXiv:2004.08736
Ring_system
3D computer-generated imagery and measurements of terrain
2021). "Origins of pits and troughs and degradation on a small primitive planetesimal in the Kuiper Belt: high-resolution topography of (486958) Arrokoth (aka
Digital_elevation_model
Second planet from the Sun
including Venus are thought to have formed in 5 stages: dust settling, planetesimal formation, planetary embryos, giant impacts, and finally formation of
Venus
Central part of a comet
that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of planetesimals. Further, the ALICE spectrograph on Rosetta determined that electrons
Comet_nucleus
the "planet" Fomalhaut b is actually an expanding debris cloud from a planetesimal collision. On the same day 13 November 2008, the first multiplanet system
Methods of detecting exoplanets
Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets
Chemical element with atomic number 79 (Au)
have been incorporated into the planet since its very beginning, as planetesimals formed the mantle. In 2017, an international group of scientists established
Gold
interest 1996 PW C/2015 ER61 C/1980 E1 Others Oort cloud – Distant planetesimals in the Solar System Kuiper belt – Area of the Solar System beyond the
List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion
List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_greatest_aphelion
Larger of the two moons of Mars
bodies, perhaps ejected into orbit around it by a collision with a large planetesimal. The high porosity of the interior of Phobos (based on the density of
Phobos_(moon)
Hypothetical planets further than Neptune
eccentricities and inclinations of the trans-Neptunian objects, truncated the planetesimal disk at 48 AU, and detached the orbits of objects like Sedna from Neptune
Planets_beyond_Neptune
Earth's outer shell of rock
and gas orbiting the newly formed Sun. It formed via accretion, where planetesimals and other smaller rocky bodies collided and stuck, gradually growing
Earth's_crust
Moon beyond the Solar System
February 2021). "Discovery of Beryllium in White Dwarfs Polluted by Planetesimal Accretion". The Astrophysical Journal. 914 (1): 61. arXiv:2102.01834
Exomoon
Reconnaissance mission of the main belt asteroid 16 Psyche
of a differentiated planetesimal, or was it formed as an iron-rich body? What were the building blocks of planets? Did planetesimals that formed close to
Psyche_(spacecraft)
"Overview of initial results from the reconnaissance flyby of a Kuiper Belt planetesimal: 2014 MU69". arXiv:1901.02578 [astro-ph.EP]. Britt, D. T.; Yeomans, D
List of Solar System objects by size
List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size
Alteration of orbits of celestial bodies through gravity
with an outer disk of planetesimals can also undergo dynamical instabilities following resonance crossings during planetesimal-driven migration. The eccentricities
Gravitational_scattering
F-type variable star
Davenport, James R. A. (2026-03-11). "Gaia-GIC-1: An Evolving Catastrophic Planetesimal Collision Candidate". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1000 (1): L5
Gaia20ehk
PLANETESIMAL
PLANETESIMAL
PLANETESIMAL
PLANETESIMAL
Boy/Male
Norse
Wolf.
Boy/Male
English
like Jason and Jacob.
Male
Arthurian
, (rejoicing); a knight of the Round Table.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Karna, The firstborn of Kunti, Talented, Intelligent, Ear
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Leaves.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
A Prophet
Girl/Female
Muslim
Cultivator, Lioness, Happiness
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Goddess Lakshmi
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Live
Boy/Male
Hindu
PLANETESIMAL
PLANETESIMAL
PLANETESIMAL
PLANETESIMAL
PLANETESIMAL