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Non-crystalline silicon
Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is the non-crystalline form of silicon used to create solar cells in solar panels and thin-film transistors in LCDs. Used as
Amorphous_silicon
Oxide of silicon
Fumed silicon dioxide HI-SEL LO-VEL Ludox Nalcoag Nyacol Santocel Silica Silica aerogel Silica, amorphous Silicic anhydride Silikill Synthetic amorphous silica
Silicon_dioxide
Type of second-generation solar cell
telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si, TF-Si). Solar cells are often classified into generations
Thin-film_solar_cell
Non-crystalline solid
synonymously with amorphous solid; however, these terms refer specifically to amorphous materials that undergo a glass transition. Examples of amorphous solids include
Amorphous_solid
Transistor type used in the flat-panel display industry
First, amorphous silicon is deposited at 560–640 °C. Then it is thermally annealed (recrystallized) at 950–1000 °C. Starting with the amorphous film, rather
Low-temperature polycrystalline silicon
Low-temperature_polycrystalline_silicon
Semiconducting material used in solar cell technology
important being CdTe, CIGS, and amorphous silicon (a-Si). Amorphous silicon is an allotropic variant of silicon, and amorphous means "without shape" to describe
Crystalline_silicon
High purity form of silicon
distinct from monocrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon. In single-crystal silicon, also known as monocrystalline silicon, the crystalline framework
Polycrystalline_silicon
Solar-cell architecture
an active crystalline silicon absorber substrate which is passivated by a thin layer of hydrogenated intrinsic amorphous silicon (denoted as a-Si:H; the
Heterojunction_solar_cell
Electrical device
non-conducting amorphous silicon between two metal conductors. When a sufficiently high voltage is applied across the amorphous silicon it is turned into
Antifuse
Device used to produce electricity from light
yield amorphous silicon (a-Si or a-Si:H), protocrystalline silicon or nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si or nc-Si:H), also called microcrystalline silicon. Amorphous
Solar_cell
Form of silicon with a continuous, unbroken crystal lattice
Monocrystalline silicon differs from other allotropic forms, such as non-crystalline amorphous silicon—used in thin-film solar cells—and polycrystalline silicon, which
Monocrystalline_silicon
Assembly of photovoltaic cells used to generate electricity
of the solar spectrum is much greater. Solar panels of amorphous silicon, micromorphic silicon or cadmium telluride, can have annual degradation rates
Solar_panel
Semiconductor Fabrication Technique
and amorphous silicon, the semiconductor industry almost universally adopted self-aligned gates made with polycrystalline silicon (poly-silicon), the
Self-aligned_gate
Chemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)
thought to have prepared impure amorphous silicon in 1811, through the heating of recently isolated potassium metal with silicon tetrafluoride, but they did
Silicon
Chemical compound (SiH4)
to substantial consumption of silane for depositing hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) on glass and other substrates like metal and plastic. The
Silane
Allotropes of silicon are structurally varied forms of silicon. Amorphous silicon takes the form of a brown powder. Crystalline silicon has a metallic
Allotropes_of_silicon
Chemical compound
characterized commercially available solid silicon monoxide materials as an inhomogeneous mixture of amorphous SiO2 and amorphous Si with some chemical bonding at
Silicon_monoxide
Energy parameter
transport in structurally disordered semiconductors such as hydrogenated amorphous silicon. In the simplest description of a semiconductor, a single parameter
Urbach_energy
changes in the properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. The defect density of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) increases with light exposure
Staebler–Wronski_effect
Method to produce electricity from solar radiation
spectrum is much greater. For example, for modules of amorphous silicon, micromorphic silicon or cadmium telluride, we are talking about annual degradation
Photovoltaics
Device for measuring incident electromagnetic radiation
camera. It is a grid of vanadium oxide or amorphous silicon heat sensors atop a corresponding grid of silicon. Infrared radiation from a specific range
Bolometer
Energy company in Italy
Catania that employed thin-layer technology. Sharp contributes the amorphous silicon multi-junction thin-film technology, Enel Green Power manages the
3Sun
Ratio of energy extracted from sunlight in solar cells
crystalline silicon devices are approaching the theoretical limiting efficiency of 29.43%. In 2017, efficiency of 26.63% was achieved in an amorphous silicon/crystalline
Solar-cell_efficiency
Material science measurement method
which were published in 1986 and 1988. The 1986 publication relates to amorphous materials, while the 1988 publication relates to crystalline. Subsequently
Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials
Refractive_index_and_extinction_coefficient_of_thin_film_materials
Part of the history of energy and technology
Carlson and Christopher Wronski of RCA Laboratories create first amorphous silicon PV cells, which have an efficiency of 2.4%. 1977 - The Solar Energy
Timeline_of_solar_cells
The term is typically associated with silicon films in optical applications such as solar cells. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is a popular solar cell material
Protocrystalline
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) – TFT is widely used for commercial AMOLED displays due to its superior current handling capacity over amorphous silicon (a-Si)
OLED
to amorphous silicon (a-Si), in that it has an amorphous phase. Where they differ, however, is that nc-Si has small grains of crystalline silicon within
Nanocrystalline_silicon
Worldwide growth of photovoltaics
below) of silicon feedstock, pressure increased on manufacturers of commercial thin-film PV technologies, including amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si),
Growth_of_photovoltaics
Form of radiography
detectors. They are classified in two main categories: 1. Indirect FPDs Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is the most common material of commercial FPDs. Combining a-Si
Digital_radiography
crystalline silicon (cSi) technology, representing a commanding lead over rival forms of PV technology, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon (aSi)
List of photovoltaics companies
List_of_photovoltaics_companies
Series of lightweight solar-powered UAV
(59 ft) span and weighs 30–34 kg (70 lb) for a 2 kg (4.5 lb) payload. Amorphous silicon solar cells from Unisolar recharge lithium-sulphur batteries from
Airbus_Zephyr
Silicon-based subclass of lithium-ion battery technology
Lithium–silicon batteries are lithium-ion batteries that employ a silicon-based anode and lithium ions as the charge carriers. Silicon-based materials
Lithium–silicon_battery
amorphous thin-film silicon. All types show changes in device performance under extended duration of light exposure. In a-Si cells, amorphous silicon
Light_soaking
The first studies were performed on amorphous Si (Treacy and Gibson 1997) and later on hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Treacy, Gibson (1997). "Diminished
Fluctuation electron microscopy
Fluctuation_electron_microscopy
Semiconducting material
(crystalline IGZO-TFT) and in 2004 (amorphous IGZO-TFT). Since IGZO-TFT has 20–50 times the electron mobility of amorphous silicon, IGZO-TFT can improve the speed
Indium_gallium_zinc_oxide
Power system designed to supply usable electric power from solar energy
generation (1G) of crystalline silicon cells (c-Si), the second generation (2G) of thin-film cells (such as CdTe, CIGS, Amorphous Silicon, and GaAs), and the third
Photovoltaic_system
Class of solid-state x-ray digital radiography devices
the x-rays into light. Directly behind the scintillator layer is an amorphous silicon detector array manufactured using a process very similar to that used
Flat-panel_detector
Solar power cell with multiple band gaps from different materials
to lower cost thin-film solar cells using amorphous silicon, as opposed to conventional crystalline silicon, to produce a cell with about 10% efficiency
Multi-junction_solar_cell
Type of thin-film photovoltaic cell
photovoltaic (PV) technologies, the other two being cadmium telluride and amorphous silicon. Like these materials, CIGS layers are thin enough to be flexible
Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell
Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell
Subsidiary of Sony Corporation
subsidiary of Sony Corporation and produced Low-temperature polysilicon, amorphous silicon TFT LCD panels, organic EL displays and touch screens for use in mobile
Sony_Mobile_Display
Small photovoltaic system connected directly to a building's electrical circuit
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si) Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) Cadmium telluride Copper indium gallium selenide Amorphous silicon
Balcony_solar_power
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
1947) and silicon (first used in 1954)—in amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline form. The compounds gallium arsenide (1966) and silicon carbide
Transistor
the mid 2000s, with some employees and assets transferring into the Amorphous Silicon division. PerkinElmer Optoelectronics was then spun off into Excelitas
Reticon
Compound of silicon and nitrogen
nitride by silicates and iron. The diimide decomposition results in amorphous silicon nitride, which needs further annealing under nitrogen at 1400–1500 °C
Silicon_nitride
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
are crystalline solids, but amorphous and liquid semiconductors are also known. These include hydrogenated amorphous silicon and mixtures of arsenic, selenium
Semiconductor
Field-effect transistor device
amorphous or polycrystalline silicon were (and still are) used as the semiconductor layer. However, because of the low mobility of amorphous silicon and
Thin-film_transistor
Photovoltaic cell researcher
pioneering research in photovoltaic cells including discovery of amorphous silicon solar cell and the Staebler–Wronski effect. Christopher Wronski was
Christopher_R._Wronski
Variation of threshold voltage in polycrystalline silicon materials
silicon used for semiconductor electronics and solar cells, and from amorphous silicon, used for thin film devices and solar cells. The gate contact may
Polysilicon_depletion_effect
Physical phenomenon
materials like germanium, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, silicon carbide, and single crystal silicon. Hence, semiconductor strain gauges with
Piezoresistive_effect
copper, or tin. The effect was also verified in amorphous silicon (a-Si) films, as well as in amorphous carbon and various metal-oxide films. Likewise
Metal-induced_crystallization
State of an immobilized atom in chemistry
experiments that Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra of amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) do not differ significantly from the deuterated counterpart
Dangling_bond
Conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity
researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost US$286/watt and reached
Solar_power
Soft, siliceous sedimentary rock
(calcination) and a fluxing agent (soda ash), causing the formerly harmless amorphous silicon dioxide to assume its crystalline form. Aerogel – Synthetic ultralight
Diatomaceous_earth
Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H)
semiconductor manufacturing to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon, which helps in stabilizing the materials' properties
Hydrogen
Type of electric transformer
transformer is made with a ferromagnetic amorphous metal. The typical material (Metglas) is an alloy of iron with boron, silicon, and phosphorus in the form of
Amorphous_metal_transformer
third-generation systems include multi-layer ("tandem") cells made of amorphous silicon or gallium arsenide, while more theoretical developments include frequency
Third-generation photovoltaic cell
Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell
American physicist (1942–2019)
David E. Carlson was an American physicist who invented thin film, amorphous silicon based, photovoltaic solar cells. David Carlson received his B.S. in
David_E._Carlson
Solid metallic material with disordered atomic-scale structure
An amorphous metal (also known as metallic glass, glassy metal, or shiny metal) is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with disordered atomic-scale
Amorphous_metal
Types of energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist
include hydrogenated amorphous silicon and some III–V materials such as InAs and GaAs. Indirect bandgap materials include crystalline silicon and Ge. Some III–V
Direct_and_indirect_band_gaps
American company
object-oriented programming, ubiquitous computing, electronic paper, amorphous silicon (a-Si) applications , and very-large-scale integration (VLSI) for
PARC_(company)
, Wronski, C. (1985). "Amorphous silicon solar cells". Topics in Applied Physics: Amorphous Semiconductors: Amorphous silicon solar cells. Vol. 36. Springer
Theory_of_solar_cells
American physicist
physics with an emphasis on amorphous, paracrystalline and glassy materials, including more than 100 works involving amorphous silicon. He is known for elucidating
David_Drabold
Display technology for use in mobile devices and televisions
two primary TFT backplane technologies, polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si), are currently used offering the potential for directly
AMOLED
Solar cell that can produce electrical energy from each side of the cell
temperatures of ~225C can be achieved by passivating with hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a-Si:H. The efficiency of BSCs is usually determined by means of
Bifacial_solar_cells
Device that orients a payload towards the Sun
all types of crystalline silicon panels (either mono-Si, or multi-Si) and all types of thin film panels (amorphous silicon, CdTe, CIGS, microcrystalline)
Solar_tracker
Alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics
architectures, and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 34.85%, exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells. Perovskite
Perovskite_solar_cell
Type of solar power cell
panel. The first thin film technology to be extensively developed was amorphous silicon. However, this technology suffers from low efficiencies and slow deposition
Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics
Emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation hits a material
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si) Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) Cadmium telluride Copper indium gallium selenide Amorphous silicon
Photoelectric_effect
Chinese-born electrical engineering professor (born 1931)
drastically remove dangling bond defects in amorphous silicon. From 1985 to 1987, Tsu served as the amorphous silicon program group leader at the National Renewable
Raphael_Tsu
Method of crystal growth
H. M. (1994). "Erbium in crystal silicon: Segregation and trapping during solid phase epitaxy of amorphous silicon". Journal of Applied Physics. 75 (6):
Czochralski_method
Artificial process that uses sunlight energy to drive chemical synthesis
low cost, thin film amorphous silicon multijunction sheet immersed directly in water. Hydrogen evolved on the front amorphous silicon surface decorated
Artificial_photosynthesis
Quantity in solid-state physics
systems with appreciable structural disorder, such as polycrystalline or amorphous semiconductors. Anderson suggested that beyond a critical value of structural
Electron_mobility
Glass type
atoms with carbon atoms. This glass may contain particles of amorphous carbon, and silicon carbide. SiOC materials of varying stoichiometery are attractive
Oxycarbide_glass
Small device to convert solar energy to electricity
panels, ranging from thin film panels with efficiencies from 7-15% (amorphous silicon around 7%, CIGS closer to 15%), to the slightly more efficient monocrystalline
Solar_charger
American engineer, scientist and inventor
nature of intelligence in mammals and machines, and cybernetics. Amorphous silicon semiconductors have become the basis of many technologies and industries
Stanford_R._Ovshinsky
Lamp powered by one or more solar panels
greater numbers. Some solar photovoltaics use Monocrystalline silicon or poly-crystalline silicon panels, while newer technologies have used thin-film solar
Solar_lamp
Iron alloy optimized for magnetic properties
domains and domain walls in non-oriented silicon steel (image made with CMOS-MagView) This material is an amorphous metal, or metallic glass, prepared by
Electrical_steel
micromorph is a combination of the words microcrystalline and amorphous. It is used for a type of silicon based multijunction thin-film solar cell. Micromorph
Micromorph
Type of solar panel
conventional shingles in a strip, semi-rigid designs containing several silicon solar cells that are sized more like conventional shingles, and newer systems
Solar_shingle
Ratio of how much light is reflected back from a body
solar photovoltaic technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based compared to traditional spectral-integrated
Albedo
Popular optical dispersion relation
"Modification on Forouhi and Bloomer model for the optical properties of amorphous silicon thin films". Thin Solid Films. 515 (7): 3910–3913. Bibcode:2007TSF
Forouhi–Bloomer_model
Converts output of a photovoltaic panel into a utility frequency alternating current
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si) Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) Cadmium telluride Copper indium gallium selenide Amorphous silicon
Solar_inverter
Model range of watches by Citizen
This innovation was enabled by marked improvements in thin film amorphous silicon solar cells, which by the early 1990s had become significantly more
Eco-Drive
Science museum in Gifu, Japan
available to them at the time, using a combination of crystal silicon and thin-film amorphous silicon with 14-15% efficiency. During the initial planning, Sanyo
Solar_Ark
Type of solar cell based on quantum dot devices
(crystalline) silicon preparation methods do not lend themselves to this approach due to lack of bandgap tunability. Thin-films of amorphous silicon, which due
Quantum_dot_solar_cell
Topics referred to by the same term
Amorphous semiconductor may refer to : Amorphous silicon (e.g. for thin-film PV) glassy forms of Arsenic sulfide glassy selenium glassy tellurium glassy
Amorphous_semiconductor
Energy range in a solid where no electron states exist
Cannas, M.; Boscaino, R. (2011). "Unraveling exciton dynamics in amorphous silicon dioxide: Interpretation of the optical features from 8 to 11 eV".
Band_gap
Method of depositing thin films onto a substrate
represented a breakthrough in the deposition of thin films of amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide at temperatures significantly lower than that
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Plasma-enhanced_chemical_vapor_deposition
Method for determining the band gap of a material
multiple names: authors list (link) Street, R. A. (1991). Hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-37156-2. Tauc, J.; Grigorovici
Tauc_plot
Solar cell power extraction method
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si) Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) Cadmium telluride Copper indium gallium selenide Amorphous silicon
Maximum_power_point_tracking
Nameplate capacity of a photovoltaic devices
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si) Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) Cadmium telluride Copper indium gallium selenide Amorphous silicon
Nominal_power_(photovoltaic)
Superconducting circuit element
barrier is made of other, less perfect insulators, for example, from amorphous silicon, it may be several nanometers thick. SIS structures are widely used
Josephson_junction
Type of photovoltaic system
produce carbon free electricity when irradiated with sunlight. Often made of silicon, solar panels are made of smaller solar cells which typically have six
Rooftop_solar_power
American electrical engineer
electrochromism, storage of holograms in electro-optic crystals, plus amorphous silicon solar cells produced by discharge. In 1980 he worked with Christopher
David_L._Staebler
Composite material consisting of ceramic fibers in a ceramic matrix
consequence of porosity in the amorphous LPI, and residual silicon in the LSI-matrix. Silicon carbide fibers Silicon carbide fibers are produced via
Ceramic_matrix_composite
Aircraft powered directly by electricity, with no other engine needed
initially funded by the Swedish innovation agency Vinnova and is an alumnus of Silicon Valley start-up accelerator Y Combinator. In March 2021, Toulouse-based
Electric_aircraft
In crystalline photovoltaic modules
silicon and amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules. The degradation mechanism known as polarization found in the first generation crystalline silicon
Potential-induced_degradation
Research in the field of photovoltaics
reducing the cost is to develop cheaper methods of obtaining silicon that is sufficiently pure. Silicon is a very common element, but is normally bound in silica
Solar_cell_research
Variant of a liquid-crystal display
the transistors from silicon, that is formed into a crystalline silicon wafer, they are made from a thin film of amorphous silicon that is deposited on
TFT_LCD
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