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Addition to a theory to prevent falsification
In science and philosophy, an ad hoc hypothesis is a hypothesis added to a theory in order to save it from being falsified. For example, a person that
Ad_hoc_hypothesis
Latin phrase signifying a solution meant to address one specific problem or task
Ad hoc is a Latin phrase meaning literally 'for this'. In English, it typically signifies a solution designed for a specific purpose, problem, or task
Ad_hoc
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up ad hoc in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ad hoc is a Latin phrase meaning "to this". Ad hoc or Ad Hoc may also refer to: Ad Hoc at Home, a 2009
Ad_hoc_(disambiguation)
Property of a statement that can be logically contradicted
sudden appearance of a mature chicken capable of laying eggs. This ad hoc hypothesis introduced into young-Earth creationism is unfalsifiable because it
Falsifiability
Philosophical problem-solving principle
so because one can always burden a failing explanation with an ad hoc hypothesis. Ad hoc hypotheses are justifications that prevent theories from being
Occam's_razor
Contraction of length in the direction of propagation in Minkowski space
deformation from electromagnetic theory in 1888), it was considered an ad hoc hypothesis, because at this time there was no sufficient reason to assume that
Length_contraction
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
aether paradigm, FitzGerald and Lorentz independently created an ad hoc hypothesis in which the length of material bodies changes according to their
Theory_of_relativity
Concept in the philosophy of science
scientists already know about the subject. The contrary of a bold hypothesis is an "ad hoc hypothesis" which protects a well-established scientific theory from
Bold_hypothesis
Informal logical fallacy
true and mature democracy starts a war against a fellow democracy. Ad hoc hypothesis Begging the question Epistemic commitment Equivocation List of fallacies
No_true_Scotsman
1887 investigation of the speed of light
of matter in motion with respect to the aether was considered an ad hoc hypothesis. If length contraction of L {\textstyle L} is inserted into the above
Michelson–Morley_experiment
Philosophical belief that principles depend on societal agreements, not external reality
experiment. Popper identified four such stratagems: introducing an ad hoc hypothesis that makes the refuting evidence seem irrelevant; modifying the ostensive
Conventionalism
Pseudohistorical Russian theory
duplication of the effort and effectively making this whole theory an ad hoc hypothesis. Critics point out that Fomenko's discussion of astronomical phenomena
New_chronology_(Fomenko)
System in which parties engage in transactions according to supply and demand
structure not exogenously given, but equilibrium is reached without an ad hoc hypothesis on the behavior of firms, say using reaction functions in a duopoly
Market_(economics)
Analogy devised by Bertrand Russell
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Depictions of Russell's teapot. Ad hoc hypothesis – Addition to a theory to prevent falsification Argument from ignorance –
Russell's_teapot
Overview of and topical guide to logic
Argumentation theory Argument Argument map Accuracy and precision Ad hoc hypothesis Ambiguity Analysis Attacking Faulty Reasoning Belief Belief bias Bias
Outline_of_logic
Refutation of a logical fallacy
phrase cum hoc ergo propter hoc ("with this, therefore because of this"). This differs from the fallacy known as post hoc ergo propter hoc ("after this
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Species of butterfly
correspond to its purported host plant, it was "simply dismissed with an ad hoc hypothesis and manifestly incorrect explanation" by Hébert and his coworkers
Telegonus_fulgerator
Origins of Einstein's gravitation theory
it as "the biggest blunder in my career". At the time, it was an ad hoc hypothesis to add in the cosmological constant, as it was only intended to justify
History_of_general_relativity
Proposed deep-ocean oxygen production mechanism
required for electrolysis, which is an example of ad hoc hypothesis, a way of protecting a hypothesis from falsification by adding extra assumptions that
Dark_oxygen_production
Acronym for "Hypothesizing after the results are known"
practice of "presenting a post hoc hypothesis in the introduction of a research report as if it were an a priori hypothesis". Hence, a key characteristic
HARKing
necessary reason and length contraction consequently remained an ad hoc hypothesis. Lorentz (1892a) set the foundations of Lorentz aether theory, by
History_of_special_relativity
Hypothesis based on a spurious relationship
article showed a good match, thus supporting the (corrected) hypothesis. This ad hoc hypothesis alteration might be considered an example of the Texas sharpshooter
Mierscheid_law
Statistical fallacy
hypothesis, and then test the hypothesis on the second (new) set of information. (See hypothesis testing.) However, after constructing a hypothesis on
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Logical fallacy
also known as argumentum ad consequentiam (Latin for "argument to the consequence"), is an argument that concludes a hypothesis (typically a belief) to
Appeal_to_consequences
failure to properly investigate the cause of an observed effect. Cum hoc ergo propter hoc (Latin for 'with this, therefore because of this'; correlation implies
List_of_fallacies
Apparent, but false, correlation between causally-independent variables
Often one tests a null hypothesis of no correlation between two variables, and chooses in advance to reject the hypothesis if the correlation computed
Spurious_relationship
Idea that everyone faces consequence as they deserve
The just-world fallacy, or just-world hypothesis, is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" – that actions will necessarily
Just-world_fallacy
American economist
Sargent, and others. Phillip Cagan, Milton Friedman and others used the ad hoc updating rule which they labeled adaptive expectations to forecast the hidden
John_Muth
Internet rage incitement technique
Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media use in politics
Rage-baiting
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
was originally published in French in 1958. Henri Poincaré, Science and Hypothesis, Dover Publications, 1952 Frans van Eemeren and Rob Grootendorst, Speech
Argument
Proposed language family
proposed morphological correspondences between Elamite and Dravidian to be ad hoc, and found them to be lacking phonological motivation. Similar criticisms
Elamo-Dravidian_languages
Principle in the philosophy of science
not been formulated, but common-sense objections to such elaborate and ad hoc implicit auxiliary assumptions were urged. To begin with, the mechanism
Duhem–Quine_thesis
1995 book by Carl Sagan
the hypothesis that is simpler and requires the fewest assumptions. Ask if a given hypothesis can be falsified. Sagan tells us that if a hypothesis cannot
The_Demon-Haunted_World
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single cause Slippery slope Texas sharpshooter
Ambiguity
Assessment of software development processes
relates to the degree of formality and optimization of processes, from ad hoc practices, to formally defined steps, to managed result metrics, to active
Capability_Maturity_Model
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
acquiring knowledge through careful observation, rigorous skepticism, hypothesis testing, and experimental validation. Developed from ancient and medieval
Scientific_method
Archaeological site in Czechia
and baths could be interpreted as a luxurious residential complex, as an ad hoc residence for the highest military authorities. Smaller scale baths implies
Roman_fort,_Mušov
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
Identifying a false cause and effect (post hoc ergo propter hoc) Asserting that everyone agrees (argumentum ad populum, bandwagoning) Creating a false dilemma
Fallacy
Type of trolling or harassment
feel entitled to as much of someone's attention as they want". Argumentum ad nauseam – a more general term for an argument that has continued past the
Sealioning
Evidence relying on personal testimony
List of fallacies Lived experience – Phenomenological concept Post hoc ergo propter hoc – Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
Anecdotal_evidence
Bias towards recently acquired information
get an A, regardless of the study method. The results supported this hypothesis and gave evidence to the fact that levels of uncertainty affect the use
Availability_heuristic
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single cause Slippery slope Texas sharpshooter
Base_rate_fallacy
Heavy cotton cloth pressure-sensitive tape
for safety or concealment. It is also frequently used whenever a quick ad hoc fix is required, from temporarily attaching fixtures or props, to salvaging
Gaffer_tape
Concepts underlying statistical methods
expressed about modeling is large. Models can be based on scientific theory or ad-hoc data analysis. The approaches use different methods. There are advocates
Foundations_of_statistics
Informal fallacy
immune to investigation. This immunity may take the forms of: Creation of an ad-hoc exception to prevent the rule from backfiring against the claim: Example:
Special_pleading
Slovenian ethnologist and politician (1876 – 1961)
of the Royal Serbian Army. He was a member of the Yugoslav Committee, an ad-hoc group of politicians and activists supporting political unification of the
Niko_Županič
2007 book on Malthusian economic history by Gregory Clark
a generally positive review, that "his explanation begins to look very ad hoc when considering the last few decades". Deirdre McCloskey (University of
A_Farewell_to_Alms
1975 book by Paul Feyerabend
[citation needed] Galileo's hypothesis also does not follow Popper's falsificationism, which suggests that we do not use ad hoc hypotheses. Aristotle's theory
Against_Method
Data analysis approach
known as determining data quality. Data exploration can also refer to the ad hoc querying or visualization of data to identify potential relationships or
Data_exploration
Theoretical paradox resulting from time travel
Visser views causal loops and Novikov's self-consistency principle as an ad hoc solution, and supposes that there are far more damaging implications of
Temporal_paradox
Extinct language in Scotland
'Picti' autem, non stigmata habentes, sicut gens in Britannia, sed pulchri, hoc est cyanea coma placentes. Which actually states that the Scythian Agathyrsi
Pictish_language
there is considerable evidence demonstrating that non-standardized or ad hoc construction methods were used in pyramid construction. Therefore, there
Construction of the Egyptian pyramids
Construction_of_the_Egyptian_pyramids
American advocate of intelligent design creationism
degrees: Mayer, Nelson, Dembski and Jonathan Wells. Meyer participated in the "Ad Hoc Origins Committee" defending Johnson's Darwin on Trial in 1992 or 1993 (in
Stephen_C._Meyer
"history is the mistress of life". hoc age do this Motto of Bradford Grammar School hoc est bellum This is war hoc est Christum cognoscere, beneficia
List_of_Latin_phrases_(H)
Psychological bias towards favoring members of one's in-group
indicating the presence of in-group favoritism. Their study supported the hypothesis that the formation of cultural groups alters selective pressure facing
In-group_favoritism
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
post-inflation universe to have an arrow of time, makes it unnecessary to adopt any "ad hoc" hypotheses about the initial entropy state, hypotheses other Big Bang theories
Anthropic_principle
Hypothesis that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero
and negative energy from null initial solution was not understood, and an ad hoc solution with cyclic time was proposed by Stephen Hawking in 1988. In 1994
Zero-energy_universe
American physician & psychoanalyst
only that Freud's conclusions...are an example of ad hoc reasoning to prove a preformed hypothesis ... so different from Freud's general scientific style'"
Max_Schur
Observed inability to reproduce scientific studies
known as post-hoc storytelling, is when an exploratory analysis is framed as a confirmatory analysis. It involves changing a hypothesis after research
Replication_crisis
1979 report on global warming
issue. Charney brought together eight distinguished scientists to form the Ad Hoc Study Group on Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Akio Arakawa, D. James Baker
Charney_Report
Process of becoming a word or adding words to a language
from the perspective of historical linguistics is the process by which ad hoc phrases become set in the language, and eventually become new words (see
Lexicalization
Property of predicates in linguistics and philosophy
Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single cause Slippery slope Texas sharpshooter
Vagueness
Logical fallacy
Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single cause Slippery slope Texas sharpshooter
Denying_the_antecedent
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
mental. It should be clear that is not a counterargument but merely an ad hoc speculation (as is the view that it is all just a matter of ratcheting up
Chinese_room
1956 computer program written by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon and Cliff Shaw
determine which pathways were unlikely to lead to a solution. They called these ad hoc rules "heuristics", using a term introduced by George Pólya in his classic
Logic_Theorist
Mathematical use of "for all" and "there exists"
Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single cause Slippery slope Texas sharpshooter
Quantifier_(logic)
Addiction modeled as economically rational form of consumption
unfalsifiable, and based on wildly inaccurate assumptions selectively justified by ad hoc stories." Becker, Gary S., and Kevin M. Murphy (1988) "A Theory of Rational
Rational_addiction
Bible translations into Latin before Jerome's Vulgate
Latin. The Vetus Latina manuscripts that are preserved today are dated from AD 350 to the 13th century. The term Itala ("Italian"), also Vetus Itala ("Old
Vetus_Latina
Roman poet (43 BC – AD 17/18)
Publius Ovidius Naso (Latin: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id), was a Roman poet who lived
Ovid
Test proposed by Stephen Goldfeld and Richard Quandt
namely the Breusch–Pagan test, as the Goldfeld–Quandt test is somewhat of an ad hoc test. Primarily, the Goldfeld–Quandt test requires that data be ordered
Goldfeld–Quandt_test
Scientific procedure performed to validate a hypothesis
counterexample can disprove a theory or hypothesis, but a theory can always be salvaged by appropriate ad hoc modifications at the expense of simplicity
Experiment
Superstition about numbers
for this assertion, and they gesture towards confirmation bias and post-hoc analysis as a scientific explanation for any claims related to the significance
11:11_(numerology)
Purported ancient tribal confederation of the Late Bronze Age
there, their ships overturned, and the men dragged up on shore and executed ad hoc.[citation needed] The land army was also routed within Egyptian controlled
Sea_Peoples
Statistical measure of a test's accuracy
11997. doi:10.54364/AAIML.2023.1161. Ferrer L (February 2025). "No Need for Ad-hoc Substitutes: The Expected Cost is a Principled All-purpose Classification
F-score
Cognitive bias of experimental subject
incorrectly because of the tendency to look for information that affirms their hypothesis, and overlook information that conflicts with it. It is a significant
Observer-expectancy_effect
Defunct theory of electromagnetism
Lorentz as a plausibility argument, the contraction hypothesis was soon considered as purely ad hoc. It is also important that this contraction would only
Lorentz_ether_theory
Formal fallacy of Bayesian inference
double sixes, it is wrong to suppose that this lends any support to the hypothesis that the dice have been rolled many times before. We can see this from
Inverse_gambler's_fallacy
Idea in the philosophy of science
monstrous hypotheses, i.e. roughly hypotheses that are put together in an ad hoc or arbitrary way, have internal barriers that prevent the spread of confirmation
Confirmation_holism
American medical academic
the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death Dr Beecher was the instigator and chairperson of an Ad Hoc Committee
Henry_K._Beecher
Upwelling of abnormally hot rock within Earth's mantle
with the state of the evidence for mantle plumes and the proliferation of ad hoc hypotheses drove a number of geologists, led by Don L. Anderson, Gillian
Mantle_plume
Extinct language of the ancient Elamites of Iran
formulated by McAlpin lack intrinsic phonetic/phonological motivation and appear ad hoc, invented to fit the proposed correspondences: e.g. Proto-Elamo-Dravidian
Elamite_language
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
by Paul Dirac, John von Neumann, and others, discarding altogether the ad hoc mechanism of wave function collapse. Everett's original work introduced
Many-worlds_interpretation
Disputed Pre-Indo-European Language Family
evidence of an Atlantic (Semitidic) superstratum were nothing more than "mere ad hoc sound similarities" and that Vennemann's claims made in reference to Semitic
Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages
Argument by historian Frederick Jackson Turner
distrustful of authority, less artistic, less scientific, and more dependent on ad-hoc organizations they formed themselves. In broad terms, the further west,
Frontier_Thesis
Economic theory
warm-glow into the model is, while intuitively appealing, an admittedly ad hoc fix". Further elaborating on the topic, he and colleagues wrote that the
Warm-glow_giving
Argumentative fallacy
account for natural fluctuations. It is frequently a special kind of the post hoc fallacy. Things like golf scores, the earth's temperature, and chronic back
Regression_fallacy
Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine
greater desire for money and thus perceived the coins as larger. This hypothesis formed the basis of the New Look psychological approach which suggests
Wishful_thinking
Evidence that either supports or counters a scientific theory
evidence that serves to either support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis, although scientists also use evidence in other ways, such as when applying
Scientific_evidence
Falsifiable explanation of natural phenomena
complex alternatives, because one can always burden failing explanations with ad hoc hypotheses to prevent them from being falsified; therefore, simpler theories
Scientific_theory
Book by Martin Bernal
compromises his construct". Nardelli concludes that Bernal "applies no method but ad hoc reasoning based on contingency" and that "[t]he book is full of red herrings
Black_Athena
Experiment verifying the wave-particle duality of matter
failure to correlate with the de Broglie formula, their paper introduced an ad hoc contraction factor of 0.7 {\displaystyle 0.7} , which, however, could only
Davisson–Germer_experiment
further amplifying the issue. One prominent example is the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy — a Latin phrase meaning "after this, therefore because of
Observational interpretation fallacy
Observational_interpretation_fallacy
Person killed for their testimony for or belief in Christianity
Christians were persecuted by local authorities on an intermittent and ad hoc basis. In addition, there were several periods of empire-wide persecution
Christian_martyr
Tokyo-based architecture firm
architecture and its research exploring the urban conditions of micro, ad hoc architecture. Yoshiharu Tsukamoto was born in Kanagawa Prefecture in 1965
Atelier_Bow-Wow
Extinct Indo-European languages in Asia
(with the negative prefix *en-). Not only does this etymology presuppose an ad hoc sound change from *-nkn- to *-nkl-, but the variant agiltsa also found in
Tocharian_languages
Archaeological theory for cultural changes
archeology in the 1970s. Adams (1978:483f.) described migrationism an "ad hoc explanation for cultural, linguistic, and racial change in such an extraordinary
Migrationism_and_diffusionism
Italian astronomer and science historian (1835–1910)
Martian features. In 1958, the International Astronomical Union set up an ad hoc committee under Audouin Dollfus, which settled on a list of 128 officially
Giovanni_Schiaparelli
Political scientist (born 1946)
voter position as the outcome of several bargaining rounds using other ad-hoc components in the process. The first implementation of the EUM was used
Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita
Form of psychotherapy
which it was developed and marketed... EMDR proponents have come up with ad hoc hypotheses to explain away unfavorable results that do not support its theory
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing
Study of paranormal and psychic phenomena
to explore the hypothesis that psychic abilities exist despite a century of experimental results that fail to demonstrate that hypothesis conclusively.
Parapsychology
AD HOC-HYPOTHESIS
AD HOC-HYPOTHESIS
Boy/Male
Australian, Dutch, Hebrew
Son of the Red Earth; Son of Adam
Male
Egyptian
, the son of Pnei-hor.
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, Vietnamese
To Study
Female
Thai/Siamese
Thai name HOM means "fragrant."
Female
Irish
(pron. my-raid) Irish Gaelic form of Greek Margarites, MAIRÉAD means "pearl."
Boy/Male
Muslim
The creator of the harmful
Male
Hebrew
(גִּיל-עַד) Hebrew name GIL-AD means "hard, stony region."
Female
Irish
(pron. Shinade) Irish Gaelic form of French Jeanette, SINÉAD means "God is gracious."Â
Boy/Male
Indian
The creator of the harmful
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Hot
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic form of Latin Bartholomaeus, BAIRTLIMÉAD means "son of Talmai."Â
Girl/Female
Arabic
Hot
Boy/Male
Polynesian
Hot.
Female
Egyptian
, the mother of Hor-naskht.
Boy/Male
Hebrew Vietnamese
Hot.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : metonymic occupational name for a sailor, from Middle Dutch hoey ‘cargo ship’.Northern Irish : variant of Howey 2 and Haughey.Scottish : habitational name from some unidentified minor place named Hoy, or from the Orkney island of Hoy, which was named in Old Norse as Háey, from há ‘high’ + ey ‘island’.Danish (Høy) : nickname for a tall person, from høj ‘high’.
Boy/Male
Muslim
The afflicter
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia and the south)
English (East Anglia and the south) : topographic name for someone who lived on a spur of a hill, from the Old English dative case hÅe (originally used after a preposition) of hÅh ‘spur of a hill’. The surname may also derive from any of the minor places named with this word, such as Hoo in Kent and Hooe in Devon and Sussex.Chinese : see Hu.
Female
Vietnamese
(Pronounced HWA) Vietnamese name HOA means "flower."
Boy/Male
Indian
The afflicter
AD HOC-HYPOTHESIS
AD HOC-HYPOTHESIS
Boy/Male
Bengali, Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Human; Man
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Name of Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Moon Light
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Bright Light
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin, perhaps a variant of northern English Aculf, from an Old Norse personal name Agúlfr ‘terror wolf’.Probably also of German origin : an Americanized form of Eckhoff or Eickhoff.The name first appears in North America in VA and PA in the early 1700s and later became concentrated in the Appalachian regions of NC and TN. The earliest records of Acuff occur with the personal names Timothy and David, indicating (in PA at least) Episcopal Church membership, thereby implying English origin, although no records of the name have been found in England.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a scholar or astrologer, from Old French gramaire ‘grammarian’, ‘scholar’, also ‘astrologer’.German : variant of Gramer.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Anulekha | அநà¯à®²à¯‡à®•à®¾
One who follows destiny
Girl/Female
Hindu
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
King of River Ganga
Boy/Male
Muslim Arabic
Determined. Resolved.
AD HOC-HYPOTHESIS
AD HOC-HYPOTHESIS
AD HOC-HYPOTHESIS
AD HOC-HYPOTHESIS
AD HOC-HYPOTHESIS
interj.
See Ho.
interj.
Alt. of Hoa
adv.
At what price; how dear.
interj.
Alt. of Hoa
v. t.
To hock; to hamstring. See Hock.
interj.
Ho! Halloe! Stop!
ad.
In caressing manner.
a.
Red with heat; heated to redness; as, red-hot iron; red-hot balls. Hence, figuratively, excited; violent; as, a red-hot radical.
v. t.
To scrub with a hog, or scrubbing broom.
v. t.
To cut, dig, scrape, turn, arrange, or clean, with a hoe; as, to hoe the earth in a garden; also, to clear from weeds, or to loosen or arrange the earth about, with a hoe; as, to hoe corn.
superl.
Acrid; biting; pungent; as, hot as mustard.
v. i.
To use a hoe; to labor with a hoe.
v. t.
To disable by cutting the tendons of the hock; to hamstring; to hough.
superl.
Having much sensible heat; exciting the feeling of warmth in a great degree; very warm; -- opposed to cold, and exceeding warm in degree; as, a hot stove; hot water or air.
v. t.
To cut short like bristles; as, to hog the mane of a horse.
n.
See Hop-o'-my-thumb.