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Texts related to the Iranian religion
Zoroastrian literature is the corpus of literary texts produced within the religious tradition of Zoroastrianism. These texts span the languages of Avestan
Zoroastrian_literature
later Middle Persian literature, texts including the Bundahishn, Denkard, and the Wizidagiha-i Zadspram. According to the Zoroastrian creation myth, there
Zoroastrian_cosmology
Iranian religion founded by Zoroaster
Middle Persian literature into Ahriman (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭧𐭫𐭬𐭭𐭩), Ahura Mazda's direct adversary. The two terms are synonymous. Zoroastrian doctrine holds
Zoroastrianism
Written works composed in Middle Persian
prestige dialect during the Sasanian era. It is the largest source of Zoroastrian literature. The Sasanian dynasty (224–654 CE) were natives of that south-western
Middle_Persian_literature
Zoroastrian compendium of sacred literature
The Avesta is the text corpus of religious literature of Zoroastrianism. All its texts are composed in the Avestan language and written in the Avestan
Avesta
Prayer in Zoroastrianism
times, the wide availability of printed literature like the Khordeh Avesta had a noticeable effect on Zoroastrian prayer practice. In general, prayers are
Zoroastrian_prayer
Overview of the Zoroastrian populace in Iran
Zoroastrianism is considered to be the oldest religion still practiced in Iran. It is an Iranian religion that emerged around the 2nd millennium BCE, spread
Zoroastrianism_in_Iran
Collection of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology
not known. It is one of the most important extant witnesses to Zoroastrian literature in the Middle Persian language. Most of the chapters of the compendium
Bundahishn
Critical views of the Zoroastrian religion
Criticism of Zoroastrianism has taken place over many centuries not only from the adherents of other religions but also among Zoroastrians themselves seeking
Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism
Personification of the "destructive spirit" in Zoroastrianism
In Zoroastrianism, Ahriman (/ˈɑːrɪmən/; Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭧𐭫𐭬𐭭𐭩, romanized: Ahreman), also written Ahreman or as Ahrimanes, is the destructive evil
Ahriman
Zoroastrian matrimony rituals
A Zoroastrian wedding is a religious ceremony in Zoroastrianism in which two individuals, usually a man and a woman, are united. In Zoroastrianism, marriage
Zoroastrian_wedding
Zoroastrian religious commemorations
Zoroastrianism has numerous festivals and holy days, all of which are bound to the Zoroastrian calendar. The Shahenshahi and Kadmi variants of the calendar
Zoroastrian_festivals
Homosexuality in the Zoroastrian religion
Zoroastrian views on homosexuality have traditionally been negative. Modern-day Zoroastrian communities hold a variety of views on the topic. Within the
Zoroastrianism and homosexuality
Zoroastrianism_and_homosexuality
Zoroastrian divinities
Yazata (Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀) is the Avestan word for a Zoroastrian concept with a wide range of meanings but generally signifying (or used as an epithet
Yazata
Religious date system
Adherents of Zoroastrianism use three distinct versions of traditional calendars for liturgical purposes. Those all derive from medieval Iranian calendars
Zoroastrian_calendar
Overview of the Zoroastrian populace in India
Zoroastrianism, an Iranian religion, has been present in India for thousands of years. Though it split into a separate branch, it shares a common origin
Zoroastrianism_in_India
Zoroastrianism has been practiced in Armenia since the fifth century BC. It first reached the country during the Achaemenid and Parthian periods, when
Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia
Zoroastrian concept representing insight and revelation
Daēnā (Avestan pronunciation: [dʌeːnaː]) is a Zoroastrian concept representing insight and revelation, hence "conscience" or "religion." Alternately,
Daena
Zoroastrian symbol
representation of a Fravashi, though Fravashis are described in Zoroastrian literature as being feminine. One of the most prevalent views in academia as
Faravahar
Mythological Iranian king
(پيشداد), the first to practice justice, the lawgiver. According to the Zoroastrian creation myth, Gayōmart, who was neither male nor female, was the first
Keyumars
Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent
The Parsis or Parsees (/ˈpɑːrsiz/) are a Zoroastrian ethnic group in the Indian subcontinent. They are descended from Persian refugees who migrated to
Parsis
The persecution of Zoroastrians is a significant aspect of the later part of the community's history. It is speculated that religious strife existed between
Persecution_of_Zoroastrians
Zoroastrian place of worship
Gujarati: અગિયારી, romanized: agiyārī) is a place of worship for Zoroastrians. In Zoroastrian doctrine, atar and aban (fire and water) are agents of ritual
Fire_temple
Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism
Ancient Iranian religion, becoming the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism. In the oldest Zoroastrian scriptures, the Gathas, which he is traditionally believed
Zoroaster
List of historical and modern sects within Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism has several sects and movements, each with distinct interpretations of its core tenets. These groups vary in their approaches to pluralism
List_of_Zoroastrianism_sects
Zoroastrian excarnation structure
Silence (Persian: برجِ خاموشان), is a circular, raised structure built by Zoroastrians for excarnation (that is, the exposure of human corpses to the elements
Tower_of_Silence
Last Shah of the Pishdadian dynasty of Persia according to Shahnameh
the Avesta. In Zoroastrian eschatology, Garshasp's resurrection was depicted. His role was to slay the monster Zahhak. In the Zoroastrian religious text
Garshasp
Zoroastrian concept
Ashi (Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬌 aṣ̌i/arti) is the Avestan language word for the Zoroastrian concept of "that which is attained." As the hypostasis of "reward," "recompense
Ashi
Zoroastrianism has since its inception recognized total spiritual equality between women and men. The spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism, the eponymous
Women_in_Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrian religious term
worthy of worship), which is a general Zoroastrian term for divinity. In the Middle Persian Zoroastrian literature, yasht is a general term for a religious
Yasht
9th-century Zoroastrian text
or Selections of Zadspram, is a Pahlavi language composition of Zoroastrian literature from the 9th-century scholar and high priest Zadspram, who was primarily
Wizidagiha-i_Zadspram
Ethno-linguistic term that signifies "non-Aryan"
denoted either the people or the Sasanian Empire. However, "in Zoroastrian literature and possibly in Sasanian political thought as well, the term has
Aneran
Zoroastrian divinity of covenant, light, and oath
(Frawardin Yasht 95). Mithra is mentioned in post-Sasanian Pahlavi Zoroastrian literature, such as the Bundahishn and the Revayats. These texts state that
Mithra
Overview of the Zoroastrian movement in the Russian Federation
romanized: Blagoverie, lit. 'Good Faith') or Russian Zoroastrianism is a branch of Zoroastrianism practised in Russia. It emerged in the 1990s under the
Zoroastrianism_in_Russia
Demon, ogre or giant from Persian mythology
𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 daēuua) is a Zoroastrian supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics. In the Gathas, the oldest texts of the Zoroastrian canon, the daevas
Daeva
Ancient Iranian religion
which was an offshoot of Zoroastrianism. The religion was founded in the early Sasanian Empire by Zaradust-e Khuragen, a Zoroastrian mobad who was a contemporary
Mazdakism
Class of divine entities in Zoroastrianism
question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. In Zoroastrianism, the Amesha Spenta (Avestan: 𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬱𐬀⸱ 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀, romanized: Aməša
Amesha_Spenta
Highest deity of Zoroastrianism
known as Ormazd and Horomazes, is the principal God and sky deity in Zoroastrianism. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Yasna. The
Ahura_Mazda
Zoroastrian religious hymn
the Zoroastrian divinity representing rectitude. The text, however, does not mention her. Ashtad is the Middle Persian name of Arshtat the Zoroastrian hypostasis
Ashtad_Yasht
Class of Zoroastrian divinities
of deity inherited by Zoroastrianism from the prehistoric Indo-Iranian religion, and denotes a particular class of Zoroastrian divinities. The term is
Ahura
Early history of the Iranian peoples
Avestan, Zoroastrianism features a large literature in Middle Persian. The most important of them are the Bundahishn, a collection of Zoroastrian cosmogony
Avestan_period
Sasanian period anthology of sacred literature of Zoroastrianism
The Sasanian Avesta or Great Avesta refers to the anthology of Zoroastrian literature produced during the Sasanian period. They are said to have been written
Sasanian_Avesta
Journey by Muhammad in Islamic tradition
narratives to Zoroastrian literature is striking. While critics argue that these narratives are a transfer from Zoroastrian literature, another claim
Isra'_and_Mi'raj
Mithra Ahuras Daevas Fravashi Angra Mainyu Scripture and worship Zoroastrian literature Avesta Ashem Vohu Ahuna Vairya Yenghe hatam Airyaman ishya Fire
Gochihr_(Zoroastrianism)
Overview of the Zoroastrian populace in Azerbaijan
Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan goes back to the first millennium BC or earlier and was the predominant religion of Greater Iran before the conversion to
Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan
Liturgical language of Zoroastrianism originating in the Old Iranian period
Avestan (/əˈvɛstən/ ə-VESS-tən) is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. It belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family and
Avestan
Legendary Iranian dynasty
lost. The Samanid-sponsored revival also led to the resurgence of Zoroastrian literature, such as the Denkard, book 7.1 of which is also a historiography
Kayanian_dynasty
Zoroastrian deity
(ماه; Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃 māha). It is the name of the lunar deity in Zoroastrianism. The Iranian word is masculine. Although Mah is not a prominent deity
Mah
Extinct branch of Zoroastrianism
Zurvanism was a fatalistic religious movement of Zoroastrianism in which the divinity Zurvan is a first principle (primordial creator deity) who engendered
Zurvanism
Evil figure in Iranian legend
mythology[disambiguation needed] and historiography. In the Avesta and Zoroastrian tradition, Zahāk (going under the name Aži Dahāka) is considered the
Zahhak
This is a list of Zoroastrians with a Wikipedia article. Zartosht Bahram-e Pazhdo Turan Bahrami Shahriari (1931-2024) Cyrus the Great (c. 600–530 BC):
List_of_Zoroastrians
Zoroastrianism was a prominent religious belief in Afghanistan for centuries. Until half a century ago, 2,000 Zoroastrians were living in Afghanistan.
Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan
Female divine entity in Zoroastrianism
In Zoroastrianism, Spenta Armaiti (Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀⸱ 𐬁𐬭𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌, romanized: spəṇta ārmaiti, "Holy Devotion") is one of the Amesha Spentas, the
Spenta_Armaiti
Zoroastrian Daeva of wrath
aēṣ̌ma; Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬀 aēšəma) is the Younger Avestan name of Zoroastrianism's demon of "wrath". As a hypostatic entity, Aeshma is variously interpreted
Aeshma
Figure in Zoroastrianism
Ὑστάσπης Hustáspēs) is the Avestan-language name of a figure appearing in Zoroastrian scripture and tradition, portrayed as an early follower of Zoroaster
Vishtaspa
Sexual activity between close relatives
Sasanians, strengthens the evidence of the Zoroastrian texts. In the post-Sasanian Zoroastrian literature, Xvaetvadatha is said to refer to marriages
Incest
Zoroastrian music is a genre of religious music that accompanies religious and traditional rites among the Zoroastrian people. Although certain ancient
Zoroastrian_music
Zoroastrian concept of holy fire
Atar (Avestan: 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭, romanized: ātar) is the Zoroastrian concept of holy fire, sometimes described in abstract terms as "burning and unburning fire"
Atar
Zoroastrian community in India
ethno-religious community on the Indian subcontinent; they descend from the Zoroastrians who emigrated from Qajar-era Iran to British India in the 19th and 20th
Iranis_(India)
Avestan-language term for "the waters"
Persian-language form. "To this day reverence for water is deeply ingrained in Zoroastrians, and in orthodox communities offerings are regularly made to the household
Aban
Deity in the Indo-Iranian pantheon
associated with water. His names in the Vedas, Apā́ṁ Nápāt, and in Zoroastrianism, Apąm Napāt, mean "child of the waters" in Sanskrit and Avestan respectively
Apam_Napat
Zoroastrian concept of "perfection"
the Avestan language word for the Zoroastrian concept of "wholeness" or "perfection." In post-Gathic Zoroastrianism, Haurvatat was the Amesha Spenta associated
Haurvatat
Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demoness of "lasciviousness."
Jahi[pronunciation?] is the Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demoness of "lasciviousness." As a hypostatic entity, Jahi is variously interpreted
Jahi
North American Zoroastrian organization
Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America (FEZANA) is an umbrella organization that represents and unites the Zoroastrian associations in
FEZANA
Exegesis in Zoroastrianism is principally defined as the interpretation of Avesta, the Zoroastrian religious book. The Zend, an explanation of Avesta which
Exegesis_in_Zoroastrianism
8th century Iranian religious and political movement
Religion") were an Iranian religious and political movement with roots in the Zoroastrian movement of Mazdakism. An alternative name for the movement is the Muhammira
Khurramites
Divine mystical power in Iranian thought
mortals alike should strive for. — Yasht 19, Avesta; holy scripture of Zoroastrianism The idea continues to dominate Iranian debates about just leadership
Khvarenah
Zoroastrian demon (daeva)
Bushyasta (Avesta, būšyāsta, būšiiąstā) is the Zoroastrian demon (daeva) of sloth. Her stock epithet is "the long-handed". In scripture as well as in
Bushyasta
Zoroastrian divinity
𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁𐬙, romanized: amərətāt) is the Avestan language name of the Zoroastrian divinity/divine concept of immortality. Amerdad is the Amesha Spenta
Ameretat
Central and complex Zoroastrian theological concept
Asha (/ˈʌʃə/) or arta (/ˈɑːrtə/; Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀 Aṣ̌a / Arta) is a Zoroastrian concept with a complex and highly nuanced range of meaning. It is commonly
Asha
Zoroastrian term conventionally interpreted as heretic
Zandik (Middle Persian: 𐭦𐭭𐭣𐭩𐭪) is a Zoroastrian term conventionally interpreted as heretic in a narrow sense, or, in a wider sense, for a person
Zandik
Zoroastrian doctrine of a final renovation of the universe
(corresponding to Middle Persian 𐭯𐭫𐭱(𐭠)𐭪𐭥𐭲 fraš(a)gird <plškrt>) for the Zoroastrian doctrine of a final renovation of the universe, when evil will be destroyed
Frashokereti
In Zoroastrianism, there are 101 names and titles used to refer to Ahura Mazda. The list is preserved in Persian, Pazend, and Gujarati. The names are often
Names of God in Zoroastrianism
Names_of_God_in_Zoroastrianism
Epic cycle of the Scythian religion
the kings were members, and the title Paralāta was assigned in Zoroastrian literature to the first king, Haošiiaŋha, and to his descendants and successors
Scythian_genealogical_myth
Southwestern Iranian language
the particularly Zoroastrian, exclusively written, late form of Middle Persian. Since almost all surviving Middle Persian literature is in this particular
Middle_Persian
Ruler of Sanjan
completed in 1599, which is an account of the flight of some of the Zoroastrians who were subject to religious persecution following the fall of the Sassanid
Jadi_Rana
5th-century Zoroastrian leader
in the Sasanian Empire, he founded a heterodox and syncretic sect of Zoroastrianism called Dorostdini. Dorostdini was the root of Mazdakism, and the sect
Second_Zoroaster
Zoroastrian Daeva
Zarik's amesha rival counterpart is Ameretat. "M.N. Dhalla: History of Zoroastrianism (1938), part 6". www.avesta.org. Retrieved 2026-07-04. Schwartz, M.
Zarik
Zoroastrian religious literature
are given in Book 8 of the Denkard, a 9th-10th century compendium of Zoroastrianism. In addition, the Rivayats, a series of epistles from the 15th - 17th
Husparam_nask
The idea that Zoroastrianism and its beliefs and practices have been influenced by other religions, including the Babylonian and Hellenistic religions
Religious influences on Zoroastrianism
Religious_influences_on_Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrian deity
"Amesha Spenta" of Ahura Mazda in the Zoroastrian religion. The spelling Xšaθra is used by followers of the Zoroastrian faith in a representation of the dominion
Kshatra_Vairya
Zoroastrian divinity of Victory
Bahram (Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀, romanized: Vərəθraγna) is a Zoroastrian yazata. The neuter noun verethragna is related to Avestan verethra, 'obstacle'
Verethragna
First man and woman in Zoroastrian cosmogony
According to the Zoroastrian cosmogony, Mashya and Mashyana were the first man and woman whose procreation gave rise to the human race. The names are
Mashya_and_Mashyana
Sacred hymns of Zoroastrianism
The Gathas (/ˈɡɑːtəz, -tɑːz/) are the central texts of Zoroastrianism, often attributed to Zarathushtra himself. They are composed in Old or Gathic Avestan
Gathas
Zoroastrian funerary ritual
Sagdid ([sægˈdiːd]) is a ritual which forms an essential part of a Zoroastrian funeral ceremony. The word "Sagdid" means "glance of the dog" (sag meaning
Sagdid
Pre-Zoroastrian prophet
Mahabad (Persian: مهاباد Mahābād) is believed to be a pre-Zoroastrian prophet or demigod. He is also called Azar Hooshang, the Fire of Wisdom. In some
Mahabad_(prophet)
time which is dedicated to a Yazata in Zoroastrianism. Boyce 1979, pp. 32–33 Boyce, Mary (1979). Zoroastrians : their religious beliefs and practices
Gāh
Iranian goddess
is an Iranian goddess. She is praised in the Aban Yasht, one of the Zoroastrian hymns contained in the Avesta, under the name Aradvi Sura Anahita (Arədvī
Anahita
Negative entity in Zoroastrianism
Aka Manah[pronunciation?] is the Avestan language name for the Zoroastrian daeva "Evil Mind", "Evil Purpose", "Evil Thinking", or "Evil Intention". Aka
Aka_Manah
Zoroastrian divinity
the Avestan language name of an "enigmatic" and "strangely discreet" Zoroastrian divinity, whose name literally means "with solid horses" and which she
Drvaspa
Epic poem about early Zoroastrians
Gujarati: કિસે સનજાન/કિસ્સા-એ-સંજાણ) is an account of the early years of Zoroastrian settlers on the Indian subcontinent that was originally written in 1599
Qissa-i_Sanjan
Most important liturgy of Zoroastrianism
refers specifically to the Yasna Haptanghaiti. In the Middle Persian Zoroastrian literature, the ceremony is referred to as Yasht. This term is likewise a general
Yasna_(liturgy)
Avestan term for earth
(Avestan: 𐬰𐬆𐬨)[pronunciation?] is the Avestan language term for the Zoroastrian concept of "earth", in both the sense of land and soil and in the sense
Zam
Ancient Greek philosopher (fl. c. 500 BC)
from them. Zoroastrian parallels to Heraclitus are often difficult to identify specifically due to a lack of surviving Zoroastrian literature from the period
Heraclitus
Zoroastrian religious text
Wirāz') is a Zoroastrian text written in Middle Persian. It contains about 8,800 words. It describes the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (the Wirāz
Book_of_Arda_Viraf
"Hundred Doors", is a Persian book about Zoroastrianism. The hundred chapters are guidelines that Zoroastrians should follow. Saddar online (English) v
Sad-dar
Historical religion in Sichuan
Zoroastrianism in Sichuan refers to the historical presence of Zoroastrianism in modern-day Sichuan province, that forms part of southwestern China. The
Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan
Girdle worn by Zoroastrians
worn by invested Zoroastrians around their waists. Along with the sedreh, the kushti is part of the ritual dress of the Zoroastrians. The Avestan term
Kushti
Zoroastrian cleric role
ērvad) is a title given to Zoroastrian priests of minor orders. In the present day, hērbad is the lowest rank in the Zoroastrian priesthood, and is granted
Herbad
Major Zoroastrian sacred fire
ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3. Yamamoto, Yumiko (1981). "The Zoroastrian Temple Cult of Fire in Archaeology and Literature (II)". 17. Tokyo University: 67–104. {{cite
Adur_Gushnasp
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