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East Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan
Yaghnobi is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people. It
Yaghnobi_language
Iranian ethnic group
The Yaghnobi (Yaghnobi: yaγnōbī́t or suγdī́t; Tajik: яғнобиҳо, yağnobiho/jaƣnoʙiho) are an Eastern Iranian people residing in Tajikistan's Sughd region
Yaghnobis
Subgroup of the Iranian languages
widely separated areas: the Yaghnobi language of northwestern Tajikistan (descended from Sogdian); and the Ossetic language of the Caucasus (descended
Eastern_Iranian_languages
Extinct Eastern Iranian language of Central Asia
south of Sogdia, developed into the Yaghnobi language and has survived into the 21st century. It is spoken by the Yaghnobi people. Seal with two facing busts
Sogdian_language
Eastern Iranian language of Ossetia, in the Caucasus
Sarmatian language. The closest genetically related language may be the Yaghnobi language of Tajikistan, the only other living Northeastern Iranian language. Ossetian
Ossetian_language
Cyrillic letter in Kurdish, Yaghnobi and Tundra Yukaghir
the Cyrillic orthography of the Kurdish language, Yaghnobi language, and occasionally the Tundra Yukaghir language. The pronunciations shown in the table
We_(Cyrillic)
Valley of the Yaghnob river in north western Tajikistan
have been able to preserve their distinct lifestyle, culture and language, Yaghnobi, which is closely related to ancient Sogdian. Pre-Islamic beliefs
Yaghnob_Valley
Branch of the Iranian languages
stem, which is also documented in the Eastern Iranian Yaghnobi language. Western Iranian languages possess an ezafe construction that serves to connect
Western_Iranian_languages
Group of Eastern Iranic languages
of the Sogdian and Yaghnobi languages, although data required to test this hypothesis is presently lacking. The Scythian languages shared some features
Scythian_languages
Ancestor of the Indo-European languages
from documented Indo-European languages. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language. The majority of linguistic work
Proto-Indo-European_language
River in northwestern Tajikistan
Yaghnob Valley, a remote location populated by the Yaghnobi people speaking the eponymous Yaghnobi language. The main village in the valley is Anzob. It joins
Yaghnob_(river)
Ancient Iranian language of the Caucasus
Iranian language spoken by the Alans from about the 1st to the 13th centuries AD, a dialect directly descended from the earlier Scytho-Sarmatian languages, which
Alanic_language
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family
extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative, Yaghnobi, barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan
Iranian_languages
Variety of Persian language
however /u/ from earlier /ɵ/ remained (possibly due to influence from Yaghnobi). The open back vowel has varyingly been described as mid-back [o̞], [ɒ]
Tajik_language
Group of Indo-European peoples
Russian republic of Dagestan. A remnant of the Sogdians is found in the Yaghnobi-speaking population in parts of the Zeravshan valley in Tajikistan. The
Iranian_peoples
Topics referred to by the same term
valley in Tajikistan where the Yaghnob River flows; Yaghnobi language, spoken in Tajikistan; Yaghnobi people of Tajikistan. This disambiguation page lists
Yaghnob
Eastern variety of Persian
Sogdian descended Yaghnobi speakers remaining, as the ancestors of Tajiks started speaking Dari after relinquishing their original language (most likely Bactrian)
Dari
Topics referred to by the same term
O'Higgins Airport, Chillán, Chile ISO 639-3 language code yai: Yaghnobi language, a living, East Iranian language People with the given name or surname Yai
YAI
extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
Landlocked country in Central Asia
estimated number of Yaghnobis is about 25,000. Forced migrations in the 20th century decimated their numbers. They speak the Yaghnobi language, which is the
Tajikistan
Areal group of Eastern Iranian languages
numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni
Pamir_languages
Pattern relating to the subject and object of verbs
Hawu Tibetan Sylheti Yaghnobi Pashto Most Australian Aboriginal languages, such as Dyirbal Certain Australian Aboriginal languages (e.g., Wangkumara) possess
Ergative–absolutive_alignment
Pamir languages, are spoken. In the northern Yaghnob valley, the Yaghnobi language is still spoken. Religious demographics as of 2020[update]. Sunni
Demographics_of_Tajikistan
spoken language in the country, spoken by about 11% of the total population. Indigenous languages native to the area include Wakhi, Yaghnobi, Parya,
Languages_of_Tajikistan
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Kashi (Tajik: Каше Kashe, Yaghnobi: Кашӣ) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Its
Kashi,_Yaghnob
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Piskon (Tajik: Пискон, Russian: Паскан Paskan, Yaghnobi: Пискон, پسکان) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat
Piskon
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Gharmayn (Tajik: Ғармайн, Russian: Гармен Garmen, Yaghnobi: Ғармен Gharmen) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat
Gharmayn
, Brazil Yaeyama – 八重山物言, ヤイマムニ Spoken in: Okinawa Prefecture , Japan Yaghnobi – Яғнобӣ зивок Spoken in: Tajikistan Yahgan † – Háusi Kúta, Yágankuta Formerly
List_of_language_names
Iranian ethnic group
varieties of Persian, a West Iranian language. In Tajikistan, since the 1939 Soviet census, the small Pamiri and Yaghnobi ethnic groups have been included
Tajiks
Language policy in the Soviet Union
The languages of the Soviet Union consist of hundreds of different languages and dialects from several different language groups. In 1922, it was decreed
Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native
List of endangered languages in Asia
List_of_endangered_languages_in_Asia
Related alphabets based on Cyrillic scripts
Ossetic language has officially used the Cyrillic script since 1937. The Tajik alphabet is written using a Cyrillic-based alphabet. Judeo-Tat Yaghnobi Yazghulami
Cyrillic_alphabets
Extinct Scythian language
Proto-Iranic sound /d/ into /ð/ with all Eastern Iranic languages with the exception of Ossetian, Yaghnobi, and Ishkashimi; and the later evolution of /ð/ into
Pontic_Scythian_language
Ancient Iranian civilization (6th century BCE – 11th century CE)
Eastern Iranian language, is no longer spoken. However, a descendant of one of its dialects—Yaghnobi—is still spoken by the Yaghnobis of Tajikistan. Sogdian
Sogdia
Latin letter J with caron
scripts or in the romanization of various Iranian and Pamir languages (Avestan, Pashto, Yaghnobi, and others), Armenian, Georgian, Berber/Tuareg, and Classical
J̌
(extinct) Khwarazmian / Chorasmian (extinct) Sogdian (extinct) Yaghnobi Southeastern Iranian languages Old Southeast Iranian Avestan (extinct) Old Avestan / "Gathic
List of Indo-European languages
List_of_Indo-European_languages
giving birth to a basket of charcoal. In an untitled tale in the Yaghnobi language published by Russian orientalists Mikhail Stepanovich Andreev [ru]
The_Story_of_Lalpila
Ethnic group in Central Asia
the root Murg of Amyurgio Sacae, meaning "Soma-twisting Sakas." The Yaghnobi language, spoken in the Yaghnob Valley, also use the verb shavati. Indo-Scythians
Komedes
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Navobod or Nawobod (Tajik: Навобод, Yaghnobi Наԝобод or Навобод) is a village in Sughd Region, northern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Loiq Sherali
Navobod,_Panjakent
Iranian folktale about a calumniated wife
reinstates the fallen queen to his side. In an untitled tale in the Yaghnobi language published by Russian orientalists Mikhail Stepanovich Andreev [ru]
Molla_Badji
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Chukkat (Yaghnobi: Чуккат or Чукат) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Its population
Chukkat,_Yaghnob
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Shakhsara (Yaghnobi Шахсара, Russian: Шахсара) is a village in Sughd Region, western Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Its
Shakhsara
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Nomitkon (Tajik: Нометкон Nometkon, Russian: Науметкан Naumetkan, Yaghnobi Номиткон or Нӯмиткӯн)[citation needed] is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern
Nomitkon
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Qul (Russian: Кул; Tajik: Қул, Yaghnobi: Қӯл), also known in Yaghnobi as S´imên (Yaghnobi: Шимен) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan
Qul,_Tajikistan
Iranian ethnic group
numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni
Pashtuns
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Waghinzoy (Yaghnobi Ԝағинзой, Tajik: Вағанзой Vaghanzoy, Russian: Вагинзой Vaginzoy) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part
Waghinzoy
translated into the sole surviving descendant of Sogdian, the Yaghnobi (Neo-Sogdian) language. Manuscript C5. A Gospel lectionary with parts of Matthew,
Bible translations into Sogdian
Bible_translations_into_Sogdian
Grammatical case
Australian Aboriginal languages as well as Basque, Burushaski and Tibetan. Among all Indo-European languages, only Yaghnobi, Kurdish language varieties (including
Ergative_case
Phonological process
Latgalian[citation needed] Lithuanian[citation needed] Persian (half-voiced) Yaghnobi Azerbaijani (half-voiced in Iranian Azerbaijan) Buryat Georgian (for stops)
Final-obstruent_devoicing
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Pushoytamen (Russian, Tajik, and Yaghnobi: Пушойтамен) is an abandoned village in Sughd Region, western Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the
Pushoytamen
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Bidev (Tajik: Бидев, Yaghnobi Бидев, also: Бедеф Bedef) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni
Bidev
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Marghtumayn (Tajik: Марғтумайн or Махтамайн Makhtamayn, Yaghnobi Марғтумайн) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat
Marghtumayn
linguistic names. Language portal Constructed language and List of constructed languages Language (for information about language in general) Language observatory
Index_of_language_articles
Historical region in Central Asia
Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a
Bactria
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Dehkalon (Tajik: Деҳи Калон Dehi Kalon, Russian: Дехикалон Dekhikalon, Yaghnobi Декалон or Деҳкалон) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan
Dehkalon
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Tagob (Russian: Тагаб; Yaghnobi: Тагоб) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Its
Tagob
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Farkov (Tajik: Фарков, Russian: Фаркау Farkau, Yaghnobi: Фаркоw) is a village in Sughd Region, northern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the
Farkov
Norwegian-American Iranologist
Spanish, Russian, Latin, Larestani, Kumzari, Bashkardi, Pashto, Yidgha, Yaghnobi, Munji, Old Khotanese, Avestan, Old Persian, Pahlavi, Manichean Middle
Prods_Oktor_Skjaervo
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Dehbaland (Tajik: Деҳбаланд or Деҳи Баланд, Russian: Дебалян Debalyan, Yaghnobi Дебаланд or Деҳбаланд) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan
Dehbaland
Subregion of the Asian continent
Sarikoli, Wakhi, Yaghnobi and Ossetic are also spoken at various places in Central Asia. Varieties of Persian are also spoken as a major language in the region
Central_Asia
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Dahana or Rupif (Russian: Дагана Dagana, Yaghnobi Даҳана, Рӯпиф, Қӯли Даҳана) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the
Dahana,_Yaghnob
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Petif (Russian: Петиф, Yaghnobi: Питип Pitip) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District
Petif
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Witikhon (Yaghnobi Ԝитихон) is a village in Sughd Region, western Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. "КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ
Witikhon
considered separate letters in any language (notably vowels with accent marks which are sometimes used in some languages to indicate stress and/or tone)
List_of_Cyrillic_letters
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Dumzoy (Tajik: Думзой, Yaghnobi: Дүмзой) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Its
Dumzoy
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Sokan (Russian and Yaghnobi: Сокан) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Its population
Sokan,_Yaghnob
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Varsaut (Russian: Варсаут, Yaghnobi Ворсоут[citation needed]) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in
Varsaut
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Sokidara (Russian: Хисокидара; Tajik: Сокидара, Yaghnobi: Хисоки Дарв Khisoki Darv or Хисоки Даԝр Khisoki Dawr)[citation needed] is a village in Sughd
Sokidara
819–999 Sunni Iranian empire in Central Asia
Persian language eventually led to the extinction of the local Eastern Iranian languages, with only a tiny amount of Sogdian-descended Yaghnobi speakers
Samanid_Empire
Prefix in certain Indo-European languages
augment. Classical Armenian had an augment, in the form of e-. Yaghnobi, an East Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan, has an augment. In J. R. R. Tolkien's
Augment_(Indo-European)
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Showeta (Russian and Tajik: Шовета (transliteration Shoveta), Yaghnobi Шоԝета or Шоԝԝета) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is
Showeta
Historical group of nomadic Iranian peoples
group shares a distinct set of features with Khwarezmian. In the east, Yaghnobi in Tajikistan continues a dialect of Sogdian, and Wakhi in the Pamirs shows
Saka
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Pulraut (Russian: Пульраут, Yaghnobi: Пулла Роԝут Pulla Rowut or Пулла Роԝт)[citation needed] is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It
Pulraut
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Kansi (Yaghnobi Кансӣ) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Its population was 0
Kansi,_Yaghnob
Historical group of Indo-European peoples
Ror, Jat, and Kalash. Modern-day south-central Asians, particularly the Yaghnobis and Tajiks, both Eastern Iranian peoples, exhibit strong genetic continuity
Indo-Iranians
Grammar of the Kurdish language
grammatical relations and to form words. Among all modern Iranian languages, only Yaghnobi and Kurdish are ergative, with respect to both case-marking and
Kurdish_grammar
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Khishortob (Tajik: Хишортоб or Хширтоб Khshirtob, Yaghnobi Хишортоw[citation needed]) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part
Khishortob
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Kiryonti (Yaghnobi: Кирёнтӣ, Tajik: Кирёнте Kiryonte) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the Jamoat Anzob in the Ayni
Kiryonti
List of Asian ethnic groups
group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically
List of contemporary ethnic groups of Asia
List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups_of_Asia
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Simich (Russian and Yaghnobi: Симич) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Its population
Simich
Region of Tajikistan
Host of the Lex Fridman podcast and Youtube series, researcher at MIT Yaghnobi people Yagnob Valley Extreme points of Tajikistan Tajik: Вилояти Суғд,
Sughd_Region
Ethnonym
However, others typically called themselves by regional names, such as the Yaghnobi people, who called themselves for ghalcha. The people of present-day Tajikistan
Tajik_(word)
District in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
(PDF) on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2020. "History of the Yaghnobi People". yaghnobi.wordpress.com. 2007-10-15. "Regions of the Republic of Tajikistan
Zafarobod District, Tajikistan
Zafarobod_District,_Tajikistan
Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component
among Ror, Jat, Kalash. Modern-day south-central Asians, particularly the Yaghnobis and Tajiks, both Eastern Iranian peoples, exhibit strong genetic continuity
Western_Steppe_Herders
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Mushtif (Yaghnobi: Мүштиф, Russian: Муштиф) is an abandoned village in Sughd Region, western Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District
Mushtif
Zoroastrian community in India
Sistanis Semnanis Shabaks Tajiks Talyshs Tats of the Caucasus Tats of Iran Yaghnobis Zazas Related ethnic groups Ajam of Bahrain 'Ajam of Kuwait Iranians in
Iranis_(India)
Tajikistan), Pamir Mountains, Tashkurgan (in Xinjiang) Tajiks: Tajikistan Yaghnobi (Yaγnōbī́t): Tajikistan Turkic peoples Kipchak Turks (Northwestern Common
List_of_Indigenous_peoples
c. 2250–1700 BC Central Asian archaeological culture
(Andronovo) and c. 43% from the BMAC culture population. Modern day Tajiks and Yaghnobis were found to be direct descendants of the Bronze and Iron Age Central
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
Bactria–Margiana_Archaeological_Complex
Hunter-Gatherers and to a lesser extent, Han-related sources. Overall, the modern Yaghnobis can be used as proxies for the pre-Iron Age Indo-Iranian substrate although
Demographics_of_Central_Asia
such as citizenship/nationality, ancestry or origin, country of birth, or language are used as alternative indicators. The data in the list are also of variable
List of countries by ethnic groups
List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Tagichinor (Russian: Раут or Russian: Тани Чанор; Tajik: Тагичинор, Yaghnobi Роԝут Rowut, Роԝт[citation needed] or Таги Чанор, Таги Чинор) is a village
Tagichinor
Sogdians - the people that lived in Sogdiana, possible ancestors of the Yaghnobis (Kangju – Chinese name of a State probably identical to the Sogdians)
List of ancient Iranian peoples
List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples
Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent
migrated from Qajar-era Iran. The word Parsi is derived from the Persian language, and literally translates to Persian (پارسی, Pārsi). Parsis are found in
Parsis
characters for Gaulish" (PDF). "Anii language and alphabet". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-12-17. "Awing language and alphabet". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved
List_of_Latin-script_letters
Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan
Padipast (Yaghnobi Падипаст) is a village in Sughd Region, western Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Constitution of Tajikistan
Padipast
Consonant articulated through the pharynx
Kumzari: [ħ] Persian: Tat: Judeo-Tat: [ħ], [ʕ] Eastern: Northeastern: Yaghnobi: [ħ], [ʕ] Nuristani: Northern: Kalasha-ala: [ħ], [ʕ] Kamkata-vari: Kamviri
Pharyngeal_consonant
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Jews 29% and North Indian Shia Muslim 18%, Chechens 26%, Balkars 24%, Yaghnobis 32%, Armenians 21-24%, and Azerbaijanis 24%-48%. In South Asia, J2-M172
Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)
Iron Age Eurasian steppe cultures
well as Uralic and Paleosiberian peoples. Overall, modern Tajiks and Yaghnobis were found to display the strongest genetic continuity with the Bronze
Scytho-Siberian_world
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Asian people such as Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Tajiks, Kazakhs, and Yaghnobis. According to the genetic study in Northwest China by Shou et al. (2010)
Haplogroup_J-M172
Mountain range in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
of the range are Tajiks. The population of the Yaghnob Valley are the Yaghnobi. The Fann Mountains, and, to a lesser extent, the Matcha Mountains are
Zarafshan_Range
YAGHNOBI LANGUAGE
YAGHNOBI LANGUAGE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the male personal name Manasseh, Hebrew Menashe ‘one who causes to forget’ (see Manasse), borne in the Middle Ages by Christians as well as by Jews. Hebrew Menashe and its reflexes in other Jewish languages have always been popular among Jews.English : occupational name for someone who made handles for agricultural and domestic implements, from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French mance ‘handle’ (Old French manche, Late Latin manicus, a derivative of manus ‘hand’).
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : patronymic from the personal name John. As an American family name, Johnson has absorbed patronymics and many other derivatives of this name in continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)Johnson is the second most frequent surname in the U.S. It was brought independently to North America by many different bearers from the 17th and 18th centuries onward.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German : from a short form of the personal name Matthias (see Matthew) or any of its many cognates, for example Norman French Maheu.English, French, Dutch, and German : from a nickname or personal name taken from the month of May (Middle English, Old French mai, Middle High German meie, from Latin Maius (mensis), from Maia, a minor Roman goddess of fertility). This name was sometimes bestowed on someone born or baptized in the month of May; it was also used to refer to someone of a sunny disposition, or who had some anecdotal connection with the month of May, such as owing a feudal obligation then.English : nickname from Middle English may ‘young man or woman’.Irish (Connacht and Midlands) : when not of English origin (see 1–3 above), this is an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Miadhaigh ‘descendant of Miadhach’, a personal name or byname meaning ‘honorable’, ‘proud’.French : habitational name from any of various places called May or Le May.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : habitational name from Mayen, a place in western Germany.Americanized spelling of cognates of 1 in various European languages, for example Swedish Ma(i)j.Chinese : possibly a variant of Mei 1, although this spelling occurs more often for the given name than for the surname.Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, is named after the Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a Germanic personal name composed of
the elements haim, heim ‘home’ + rīc ‘power’,
‘ruler’, introduced to England by the Normans in the form
Henri. During the Middle Ages this name became enormously
popular in England and was borne by eight kings. Continental forms of
the personal name were equally popular throughout Europe (German
Heinrich, French Henri, Italian Enrico and
Arrigo, Czech Jindřich, etc.). As an American family
name, the English form Henry has absorbed patronymics and many
other derivatives of this ancient name in continental European
languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.) In the period in
which the majority of English surnames were formed, a common English
vernacular form of the name was Harry, hence the surnames
Harris (southern) and Harrison (northern). Official
documents of the period normally used the Latinized form
Henricus. In medieval times, English Henry absorbed an
originally distinct Old English personal name that had hagan
‘hawthorn’. Compare Hain 2 as its first element, and there has
also been confusion with Amery.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hInnéirghe ‘descendant of
Innéirghe’, a byname based on éirghe
‘arising’.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac ÉinrÃ
or Mac Einri, patronymics from the personal names
ÉinrÃ, Einri, Irish forms of Henry. It is
also found as a variant of McEnery.Jewish (American) : Americanized form of various like-sounding Ashkenazic Jewish names.A bearer of the name from the Touraine region of France is
documented in Quebec city in 1667. Another (also called
Surname or Lastname
English, French, and German
English, French, and German : from the vernacular form of the Hebrew personal name Yehuda ‘Judah’ (of unknown meaning). In the Bible, this is the name of Jacob’s eldest son. It was not a popular name among Christians in medieval Europe, because of the associations it had with Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Christ for thirty pieces of silver. Among Jews, however, the Hebrew name and its reflexes in various Jewish languages (such as Yiddish Yude) have been popular for generations, and have given rise to many Jewish surnames.French : name for a Jew, Old French jude (Latin Iudaeus, Greek Ioudaios, from Hebrew Yehudi ‘member of the tribe of Judah’).English : from a pet form of Jordan.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a Latinist, a clerk who wrote documents in Latin, from Anglo-Norman French latinier, latim(m)ier. Latin was more or less the universal language of official documents in the Middle Ages, displaced only gradually by the vernacular—in England, by Anglo-Norman French at first, and eventually by English.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English : habitational name from Ludwick Hall in Bishops Hatfield, Hertfordshire, probably named from the Old English personal name Luda + Old English wÄ«c ‘outlying (dairy) farm’.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from the Middle English personal name Ma(t)thew, vernacular form of the Greek New Testament name Matthias, Matthaios, which is ultimately from the Hebrew personal name Matityahu ‘gift of God’. This was taken into Latin as Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus respectively, the former being used for the twelfth apostle (who replaced Judas Iscariot) and the latter for the author of the first Gospel. In many European languages this distinction is reflected in different surname forms. The commonest vernacular forms of the personal name, including English Matthew, Old French Matheu, Spanish Mateo, Italian Matteo, Portuguese Mateus, Catalan and Occitan Mateu are generally derived from the form Matthaeus. The American surname Matthew has also absorbed European cognates from other languages, including Greek Mathias and Mattheos.It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the U.S. is used as a family name among families from southern India.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : patronymic from Jack 1. As an American surname this has absorbed other patronymics beginning with J- in various European languages.This extremely common British name was brought over by numerous different bearers in the 17th and 18th centuries. One forebear was the father and namesake of the seventh U.S. president, Andrew Jackson, who migrated to SC from Carrickfergus in the north of Ireland in 1765. The Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson came from VA, where his great-grandfather John, likewise of Scotch–Irish stock, had settled after emigrating to America in 1748.
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Jon(e) (see John). The surname is especially common in Wales and southern central England. In North America this name has absorbed various cognate and like-sounding surnames from other languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the female personal name Elizabeth. Compare Hibbs 2.English : nickname for someone with very fair hair or skin, from Middle English, Old English lilie ‘lily’ (Latin lilium). The Italian equivalent Giglio was used as a personal name in the Middle Ages. In English and other languages there has also been some confusion with forms of Giles.English : habitational name from places called Lilley, in Hertfordshire and Berkshire. The Hertfordshire place was named in Old English as ‘flax-glade’, from līn ‘flax’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’. The Berkshire name is from Old English Lillinglēah ‘wood associated with Lilla’, an Old English personal name.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc.
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc. : from the Latin personal name Lucas (Greek Loukas) ‘man from Lucania’. Lucania is a region of southern Italy thought to have been named in ancient times with a word meaning ‘bright’ or ‘shining’. Compare Lucio. The Christian name owed its enormous popularity throughout Europe in the Middle Ages to St. Luke the Evangelist, hence the development of this surname and many vernacular derivatives in most of the languages of Europe. Compare Luke. This is also found as an Americanized form of Greek Loukas.Scottish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Lùcais (see McLucas).As a French name Lucas has been recorded in Canada since 1653, taken to Trois Rivières, Quebec, by one Lucas-Lépine from Normandy.
Surname or Lastname
Scottish (of Norman origin)
Scottish (of Norman origin) : habitational name from any of various places in northern France named with Old Norse hagi ‘enclosure’, a word with cognates in most Germanic languages. Compare Hay.English : variant spelling of Haigh.Irish (County Cavan) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Thaidhg (see McCaig).
Surname or Lastname
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás)
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás) : from a medieval personal name, which comes from the Hebrew male personal name Yona, meaning ‘dove’. In the book of the Bible which bears his name, Jonah was appointed by God to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh, but tried to flee instead to Tarshish. On the voyage to Tarshish, a great storm blew up, and Jonah was thrown overboard by his shipmates to appease God’s wrath, swallowed by a great fish, and delivered by it on the shores of Nineveh. This story exercised a powerful hold on the popular imagination in medieval Europe, and the personal name was a relatively common choice. The Hebrew name and its reflexes in other languages (for example Yiddish Yoyne) have been popular Jewish personal names for generations. There are also saints, martyrs, and bishops called Jonas venerated in the Orthodox Church. Ionas is found as a Greek family name.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : respelling of Yonis, with Yiddish possessive -s.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : status name or occupational name from Middle English, Old French maresc(h)al ‘marshal’. The term is of Germanic origin (compare Old High German marah ‘horse’, ‘mare’ + scalc ‘servant’). Originally it denoted a man who looked after horses, but by the heyday of medieval surname formation it denoted on the one hand one of the most important servants in a great household (in the royal household a high official of state, one with military responsibilities), and on the other a humble shoeing smith or farrier. It was also an occupational name for a medieval court officer responsible for the custody of prisoners. An even wider range of meanings is found in some other languages: compare for example Polish Marszałek (see Marszalek). The surname is also borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.As the fourth chief justice of the U.S., John Marshall (1755–1835) was the principal architect in consolidating and defining the powers of the Supreme Court. He was a descendant of John Marshall of Ireland, who settled in Culpeper Co., VA, sometime before 1655.
Surname or Lastname
English, Welsh, German, etc.
English, Welsh, German, etc. : ultimately from the Hebrew personal name yÅÌ£hÄnÄn ‘Jehovah has favored (me with a son)’ or ‘may Jehovah favor (this child)’. This personal name was adopted into Latin (via Greek) as Johannes, and has enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe throughout the Christian era, being given in honor of St. John the Baptist, precursor of Christ, and of St. John the Evangelist, author of the fourth gospel, as well as others of the nearly one thousand other Christian saints of the name. Some of the principal forms of the personal name in other European languages are Welsh Ieuan, Evan, Siôn, and Ioan; Scottish Ia(i)n; Irish Séan; German Johann, Johannes, Hans; Dutch Jan; French Jean; Italian Giovanni, Gianni, Ianni; Spanish Juan; Portuguese João; Greek IÅannÄ“s (vernacular Yannis); Czech Jan; Russian Ivan. Polish has surnames both from the western Slavic form Jan and from the eastern Slavic form Iwan. There were a number of different forms of the name in Middle English, including Jan(e), a male name (see Jane); Jen (see Jenkin); Jon(e) (see Jones); and Han(n) (see Hann). There were also various Middle English feminine versions of this name (e.g. Joan, Jehan), and some of these were indistinguishable from masculine forms. The distinction on grounds of gender between John and Joan was not firmly established in English until the 17th century. It was even later that Jean and Jane were specialized as specifically feminine names in English; bearers of these surnames and their derivatives are more likely to derive them from a male ancestor than a female. As a surname in the British Isles, John is particularly frequent in Wales, where it is a late formation representing Welsh Siôn rather than the older form Ieuan (which gave rise to the surname Evan). As an American family name this form has absorbed various cognates from continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)
Surname or Lastname
English and French (Léonard)
English and French (Léonard) : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements leo ‘lion’ (a late addition to the vocabulary of Germanic name elements, taken from Latin) + hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, which was taken to England by the Normans. A saint of this name, who is supposed to have lived in the 6th century, but about whom nothing is known except for a largely fictional life dating from half a millennium later, was popular throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages and was regarded as the patron of peasants and horses.Irish (Fermanagh) : adopted as an English equivalent of Gaelic Mac Giolla Fhionáin or of Langan.Americanized form of Italian Leonardo or cognate forms in other European languages.The French Léonard family were at Château Richer, Quebec, by 1698, having come from Maine, France.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Matthew. In North America, this form has assimilated numerous vernacular derivatives in other languages of Latin Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus.Irish (Ulster and County Louth) : used as an Americanized form of McMahon.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from Latin Marcus, the personal name of St. Mark the Evangelist, author of the second Gospel. The name was borne also by a number of other early Christian saints. Marcus was an old Roman name, of uncertain (possibly non-Italic) etymology; it may have some connection with the name of the war god Mars. Compare Martin. The personal name was not as popular in England in the Middle Ages as it was on the Continent, especially in Italy, where the evangelist became the patron of Venice and the Venetian Republic, and was allegedly buried at Aquileia. As an American family name, this has absorbed cognate and similar names from other European languages, including Greek Markos and Slavic Marek.English, German, and Dutch (van der Mark) : topographic name for someone who lived on a boundary between two districts, from Middle English merke, Middle High German marc, Middle Dutch marke, merke, all meaning ‘borderland’. The German term also denotes an area of fenced-off land (see Marker 5) and, like the English word, is embodied in various place names which have given rise to habitational names.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Marck, Pas-de-Calais.German : from Marko, a short form of any of the Germanic compound personal names formed with mark ‘borderland’ as the first element, for example Markwardt.Americanization or shortened form of any of several like-sounding Jewish or Slavic surnames (see for example Markow, Markowitz, Markovich).Irish (northeastern Ulster) : probably a short form of Markey (when not of English origin).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Jacob. As an American surname this name has absorbed cognates from other languages, for example Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch Jacobsen and Swedish Jacobsson.
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