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Discredited theory about witchcraft trials
The witch-cult hypothesis is a discredited theory that the witch trials of the Early Modern period were an attempt to suppress a pagan religion that had
Witch-cult_hypothesis
1921 book by Margaret Murray
The Witch-Cult in Western Europe is a 1921 anthropological book by Margaret Murray proposing her witch-cult hypothesis. This suggests that the accusations
The Witch-Cult in Western Europe
The_Witch-Cult_in_Western_Europe
Practices believed to use supernatural powers
the 1920s, Margaret Murray popularized the 'witch-cult hypothesis': the idea that those persecuted as 'witches' in early modern Europe were followers of
Witchcraft
Group of neopagan traditions
century, and many were influenced by the witch-cult hypothesis, a now-rejected theory that persecuted witches in Europe had actually been followers of
Neopagan_witchcraft
Deity depicted with horns or antlers
Hadad, whose cult symbol was the bull. According to The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca, Beelzebub reigned over the Witches' Sabbath ("synagoga")
Horned_deity
Prosecutions for witchcraft in Europe
witch-cult theory and had accepted it as a mythological origin story. Bideford witch trial Salem witch trials Witch trials in Virginia Maryland witch
Witch trials in the early modern period
Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period
Belief in witchcraft in Europe
survival, there is no evidence of such a pagan witch cult throughout the Middle Ages. The witch-cult hypothesis has influenced literature, being adapted into
European_witchcraft
Book by Gerald Gardner
theoretical witch-cult, and his claim to have met practising witches in 1930s England. It is based on the discredited Witch-cult hypothesis which argued
Witchcraft_Today
History of the neopagan religion
modern witch trials, known as the witch-cult hypothesis, was proposed by the German Professor Karl Ernst Jarcke in 1828. Jarcke's hypothesis claimed
History_of_Wicca
1927 novel by John Buchan
he wanted to explore. Drawing on elements of Margaret Murray’s witch-cult hypothesis, the book combines Buchan's wider interests in landscape, 17th century
Witch_Wood
Group or gathering of witches
Murray, Margaret (1921). The Witch Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology. Mankey, Jason (2019-12-08). Witch's Wheel of the Year: Rituals for
Coven
Deity in Wicca and some forms of Neopaganism
continuation of the pagan religion of the Witch-Cult following historians who had purported the Witch-Cult's existence, such as Jules Michelet and Margaret
Horned_God
British Egyptologist (1863–1963)
the First World War, she focused her research on the witch-cult hypothesis, the theory that the witch trials of Early Modern Christendom were an attempt
Margaret_Murray
history of Gnosticism, and the writings of Margaret Murray on the witch-cult hypothesis. "Our Lady of Endor Coven" seems to have been the only existing
Theistic_Satanism
Substitution cypher popular among modern occultists
The Theban alphabet, also known as the witches' alphabet, is a writing system, specifically a substitution cipher of the Latin script, that was used by
Theban_alphabet
Benandanti, an agrarian cult found in Friuli, Italy, whose members underwent shamanic trances in which they believed they battled witches in order to save their
Shamanism_in_Europe
1975 book by Norman Cohn
rejects the Witch-cult hypothesis put forward by English scholar Margaret Murray, which argued that there really had been a witch-cult religion which had
Europe's_Inner_Demons
Topics referred to by the same term
Dianic cult may refer to: the cult of Diana (goddess) the Cult of Herodias in medieval folklore. the Witch-cult_hypothesis#Murray in 19th century Romanticism
Dianic_cult
Celtic horned god
folklorist of the early 20th century. Murray, as expressed through her witch-cult hypothesis, believed that the various horned deities found in Europe were expressions
Cernunnos
Archetype of the witch in Jungian psychology
the witch archetype is a common portrayal of a woman, usually old and living alone, who practices dark magic and other types of witchcraft. Witches are
Witch_(archetype)
Modern syncretic pagan religion
siècle". Wicca took as its basis the witch-cult hypothesis. This was the idea that those persecuted as witches in early modern Europe were actually followers
Wicca
Triunity of deities in Neopaganism
include Lucan's tale of a group of witches, written in the 1st century BCE. In Lucan's work (LUC. B.C. 6:700-01), the witches speak of "Persephone, who is the
Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)
1899 book by Charles Godfrey Leland
1921 publication of Margaret Murray's The Witch-cult in Western Europe, which hypothesised that the European witch trials were actually a persecution of a
Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches
Practice in folk magic or witchcraft
A witch's ladder (also known as "rope and feathers", witches' ladder, witches ladder, or witch ladder) is a practice, in folk magic or witchcraft, that
Witch's_ladder
1966 book by Carlo Ginzburg
rationalist interpretation that emerged in the 18th century and the Witch-cult hypothesis presented by Margaret Murray. He proceeds to offer an introduction
The_Night_Battles
Subgenre of horror film and literature
The cultural evolutionism of E. B. Tylor and James Frazer and the witch-cult hypothesis of Margaret Murray influenced a series of writers, who introduced
Folk_horror
Irish holiday and Gaelic harvest festival
178. ISBN 0-275-98713-2. Adler, Margot (1979). Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today. Boston:
Lughnasadh
Traditional fair held in Ireland
1931, Margaret Murray tied the Puck Fair into her version of the witch-cult hypothesis, asserting that it was a pre-Christian festival in honour of the
Puck_Fair
Ceremonial blade, generally with a black handle
elemental tools in modern occultism, traditionally representing fire for witches, and air for ceremonial magicians. It is mentioned in the writings of Gerald
Athame
Nazi investigation into witch trials
rejected by the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in 1944. Witch-cult hypothesis Kloth, Hans Michael (10 January 2000). "ZEITGESCHICHTE : Wo die
Hexenkartothek
Religious practice
magico-religious specialists who are believed to contact spirits, such as "mediums", "witch doctors", "spiritual healers" or "prophets", this definition suggests that
Shamanism
Religious tenet
The New England Covens of Traditionalist Witches Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. At The Witches' Voice. Retrieved 2008-04-07. Lady Gwynne
Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)
Type of book or text found in Wicca
saw fit. He said that the practice of Witches keeping such a book was ancient, and was practised by the Witch-cult throughout history. According to tradition
Book_of_Shadows
Wiccan ritual
prophecy is within me. I have learned the incantations wherewith Thessalian witches pull down the bright moon, I know the meaning of the wise Egyptians’ runes
Drawing down the Moon (ritual)
Drawing_down_the_Moon_(ritual)
English writer on the subject of Wicca and the occult
Anthropology Department at Columbia University. Buckland soon read the books The Witch-Cult in Western Europe by Margaret Murray and Witchcraft Today by Gerald Gardner
Raymond_Buckland
American high priestess, writer (born 1933)
of the Science of Witchcraft and the Witches' League for Public Awareness to defend the civil rights of witches everywhere. She lives in Salem, where
Laurie_Cabot
Concept popularized by Arthurian fantasy novels
created in the Avalon cycle." Goddess movement Celtic Neopaganism Witch-cult hypothesis Triple Goddess (Neopaganism) Horned God Hildebrand, Kristina. The
Spirituality_of_Avalon
English Wiccan (1931–1966)
that members of his family had been practitioners of an ancient pagan witch-cult since at least the 17th century, and that two of them had been executed
Robert_Cochrane_(witch)
Practitioner of folk magic in Europe
de sorts ("curse-lifters") the German Hexenmeister ("witch masters") or Kräuterhexen ("herb witches") the Irish bean feasa ("woman of knowledge"), banfháidh
Cunning_folk
Gaelic festival marking the start of winter
151–152 Adler, Margot (1979, revised edition 2006) Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today. Boston:
Samhain
Users of black magic in Philippine folklore
Western notions of a "witch", as each ethnic group has their own definition and practices attributed to witches. In the Philippines, witches in the traditional
Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines
Ritual nudity in Wicca
passage from Charles Godfrey Leland's 1899 book Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, and as such is mainly attributed to the Gardnerian and Aradian covens
Skyclad_(Neopaganism)
Type of broom
Harold A. The Witch's Garden pub. Unity Press 1978 ISBN 978-0913300473 Adams, Cecil (September 3, 1999). "What's the deal with witches and broomsticks
Besom
Term in folklore
theme in literature. Leo Braudy, in his 2016 book, Haunted: On Ghosts, Witches, Vampires, Zombies, and Other Monsters of the Natural and Supernatural
Green_Man_(folklore)
critical social commentary on modernity and postcolonial capitalism. Accused witches are often ostracised or subject to physical harm such as assault or murder
Witchcraft_in_Africa
Wiccan ritual
Hieros gamos Liber XV, The Gnostic Mass Sexual ritual Yab-Yum Black mass Witches' Sabbath Wagar, Samuel, "The Wiccan Great Rite — Hieros Gamos in the Modern
Great_rite
British astrologer
Sybil Leek (née Fawcett; 22 February 1917 – 26 October 1982) was an English witch, astrologer, occult author and self-proclaimed psychic. She wrote many books
Sybil_Leek
Religious, ideological, or philosophical beliefs based on Satan
these witch trials were innocent of any involvement in Devil worship. Historian Darren Eldridge writes that claims that there actually was a cult of devil-worshippers
Satanism
Wicca moral statement
attribution to Porter may have formed part of Thompson's claim to be a hereditary witch. Its precise origin has yet to be determined. Adrian Bott, in an article
Wiccan_Rede
Various types of witchcraft practices across Asia
its association with belief in magic. In South Asia, there is continued witch-hunting and abuse of women accused of witchcraft in countries like India
Asian_witchcraft
Annual cycle of seasonal festivals observed by modern and historical pagans
their possible pagan roots. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe (1921) by Margaret Murray examined reports of the European witch trials, including a 1661 trial
Wheel_of_the_Year
Protective device in ritual magic
organisations Bricket Wood coven New Forest coven Neopagan witchcraft Witch-cult hypothesis Left-hand path and right-hand path Cunning folk in Britain European
Magic_circle
Tradition in Wiccan religion
In the early 20th century, Margaret Murray promoted the hypothesis that persecuted witches had actually been followers of a surviving pagan religion
Gardnerian_Wicca
American Feminist group from the 1960s
Left. In their leaflets, W.I.T.C.H. adopted the witch-cult hypothesis by claiming that those persecuted as alleged witches in European history had been
Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell
Women's_International_Terrorist_Conspiracy_from_Hell
Tradition of Wicca founded by Alex Sanders
religion of Wicca, founded by Alex Sanders (also known as "King of the Witches") who, with his wife Maxine Sanders, established the tradition in the United
Alexandrian_Wicca
Religious movement similar to Wicca
a form of traditional witchcraft. It was founded in 1951 by the English witch Robert Cochrane, who himself claimed to have been taught in the tradition
Cochrane's_Craft
Inspirational text often used in the Wiccan religion
promise of the Goddess (who is embodied by the high priestess) to all witches that she will teach and guide them. It has been called "perhaps the most
Charge_of_the_Goddess
Italian-American neopagan tradition
books, the general "Witch-cult hypothesis" that appears in the writings of Charles G. Leland (Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, 1899), a discredited
Stregheria
British Wiccan priestess
through the system of three degrees and by the age of 18 was a third degree Witch Queen although one source suggests that at that time her role was a somewhat
Maxine_Sanders
Origin of the word "Wicca"
the popularisation of Margaret Murray's witch-cult hypothesis in Scotland, that "the Saxon word 'wicca', a witch" was "of immemorial usage" in the Scottish
Etymology_of_Wicca
Medieval French nobleman and convicted serial killer
propagated the witch-cult hypothesis, speculated in her book The Witch-Cult in Western Europe that Gilles de Rais was really a witch and an adherent
Gilles_de_Rais
Medieval European betrothal practice
called "hand-fasting" in Wicca." Hans Holzer, Heather: confessions of a witch, Mason & Lipscomb, 1975, p. 101. Kennealy, Patricia (1992). Strange Days:
Handfasting
Witch trials and witch-related accusations were at a high during the early modern period in Britain, a time that spanned from the beginning of the 16th
Witchcraft in early modern Britain
Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain
Holiday held close to the summer solstice
preparer of the way of Christ." The fires were also believed to repel witches and evil spirits. On St John's Day in 1333, Petrarch watched women at Cologne
Midsummer
Pagan ritual
Margaret Murray's use of French witch trial sources on supposed Witches' Sabbaths in her attempts to "reconstruct" a Witch Cult in Western Europe. An esbat
Esbat
Formula intended to trigger a magical effect
during ceremonial rituals or prayers. In the world of magic, wizards, witches, and fairies are common performers of incantations in culture and folklore
Incantation
English Wiccan (1887–1975)
Its members considered themselves the continuation of the historical Witch-Cult, an ancient religion that the anthropologist Margaret Murray had described
Edith_Woodford-Grimes
Ceremonial magical tradition
Stewart Farrar, The Witches' Way, p. 328. Farrar and Farrar, Witches’ Way, p. 296. Jenkins, Phillip (2000) Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions
Watchtower_(magic)
System of tribunals enforcing Catholic orthodoxy
the English Reformation Historical revision of the Inquisition Witch-cult hypothesis Witch trials in the early modern period Directorium Inquisitorum Histoire
Inquisition
Attempts to re-establish historical polytheistic religions
Religions from the Past—The Pagan Reconstructionists". Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today. Boston:
Polytheistic reconstructionism
Polytheistic_reconstructionism
American witchcraft organization
being "forthright and even a bit prim". They published a book titled The Witch's Bible, which generated outrage within the Wiccan community. Many critics
Church_and_School_of_Wicca
American priestess, attorney, and writer
You (Hay House) 2020 - The Witches' Wisdom Tarot (Hay House) ISBN 1-7881-7321-X 2022 - Spells for Living Well: A Witch's Guide for Manifesting Change
Phyllis_Curott
American writer (1951–2019)
reports of Martello, Bruno and Grimassi, makes the existence of an Italian witch cult among Italian-Americans extremely unlikely." in "Spells, Saints, and Streghe:
Raven_Grimassi
Gaelic May Day festival
some time afterwards, would refer to them as the 'carline' (the hag or witch). This "may embody a memory of actual human sacrifice", or it may have always
Beltane
British occultist and Wiccan (1927–2025)
1965 – The Witches Speak (with Arnold Crowther)(Athol Publications) 1973 – Witchcraft in Yorkshire (Dalesman) ISBN 0-85206-178-1 1974 – Witch Blood (The
Patricia_Crowther_(Wiccan)
Rite-of-passage ceremony
Romans would go through their initiation and be introduced to the public cult. Some communities on board a military vessel and also of military soldiers
Initiation
Goddess representing motherhood or fertility
been a matriarchy and a cult of the mother goddess was supported by archaeologist Marija Gimbutas. This gave rise to a modern cult of the Mother Goddess
Mother_goddess
American writer
Practitioner. This film was released on DVD by Vanguard Cinema in August 2008. Witch "His books on Wicca led to a steady rise in his popularity, and he soon
Scott_Cunningham
Personifications of winter and summer
29 November 2012. Farrar, Janet and Stewart (1988). Eight Sabbats for Witches, revised edition. Phoenix Publishing. ISBN 0-919345-26-3. Joanne Pearson
Holly_King_and_Oak_King
Purported disk-shaped aircraft
During the same time that Margaret Murray's "Old Religion" or witch-cult hypothesis was being discredited in academic circles, its core idea—a lost
Flying_saucer
shaped by European colonists. The infamous Salem witch trials in Massachusetts, along with other witch hunts in places like Maryland and Pennsylvania,
Witchcraft_in_North_America
Tools used in the practice of magic in the religion of Wicca
wine. The besom or broom, is often associated with witches and witchcraft. The stories of witches flying on brooms originated from the besom.[citation
Magical_tools_in_Wicca
British screenwriter and film director (1909–1999)
friends largely due to their mutual interest in the theory of the pagan witch cult. In 1947, Williamson tried to open a museum about witchcraft in Stratford-on-Avon
Cecil_Williamson
Style of hat
becoming part of the iconography of the demonic. Yet another hypothesis proposes that witch hats originated as alewife hats, distinctive headgear worn by
Witch_hat
Historical witches' coven
The Bricket Wood coven, or Hertfordshire coven is a coven of Gardnerian witches founded in the 1940s by Gerald Gardner. It is notable for being the first
Bricket_Wood_coven
Attempt to gain insight into a question or situation through magic or the supernatural
127–136. pp. 134–135. Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001). Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514465-9. pp. 162–163
Divination
Modern revival of divine feminine or female-centered spirituality
Matriarchal religion Fertility Goddess Heavenly Mother Pachamama Shaktism Witch-cult hypothesis Matrilocality Motherpeace Tarot Shekinah Thealogy The Myth of Matriarchal
Goddess_movement
creating and leading a ritual. She came up with the idea of recreating a Witches' Sabbath, using published sources from Robert Graves, Margaret Murray and
New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn
New_Reformed_Orthodox_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn
American journalist (1946–2014)
Patricia Telesco (Celestial Arts) ISBN 978-1-58091-164-1 1986 – From Witch to Witch-Doctor: Healers, Therapists and Shamans ACE – Lecture on cassette 1986
Margot_Adler
sets the "witches" of Latin America apart from their European counterparts is the blend of religiosity and spirituality. Latin American "witches" are rooted
Witchcraft_in_Latin_America
Wooden head from Melbury Osmond folklore
of the Witches, Margaret Murray connected the Ooser to her version of the witch-cult hypothesis—the idea that those tried as alleged witches were adherents
Dorset_Ooser
British writer and Wiccan priestess
of a Modern Witch 1989: The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance 1990: Spells and How they Work 1996: A Witches' Bible: The Complete Witches' Handbook (re-issue
Janet_Farrar
Aspect of Celtic mythology
Wicca)" at pagans.org. accessed 13 Nov 2009 Frost, Gavin and Yvonne (1972) "Witch's Bible", ISBN 978-0-8402-1304-4 Conway, D.J. (1990) "Celtic Magic". ISBN 0-87542-136-9
Celtic_Wicca
LGBTQ topics and issues within modern pagan spiritual and religious movements
witches, and it is not possible to be a homosexual and a witch' Gerald almost shouted. No one argued with him." — Lois Bourne, Dancing With Witches (2006)
Modern paganism and LGBTQ people
Modern_paganism_and_LGBTQ_people
Rod associated with magic
preceded them. In C. S. Lewis's 1950 novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the White Witch's most feared weapon is her wand, whose magic is capable
Wand
Cross-traditional Wiccan group
was founded in 1975 in order to increase co-operation among witches and to secure for witches and covens the legal protection enjoyed by members of other
Covenant_of_the_Goddess
British Wiccan leader (1884–1964)
in 1939. Gardner portrayed the coven as a survival of the theoretical "witch-cult" discussed in the works of Margaret Murray—a theory that is now discredited
Gerald_Gardner
Alleged British group of witches
provided about them. According to Gardner, the faith they followed was the Witch-Cult, a supposed pagan religion that had survived in secret after the Christianization
New_Forest_coven
Place of spiritual practice
of Wicca Bricket Wood coven New Forest coven Dettmer v. Landon Witch-cult hypothesis Notable figures Gerald Gardner Doreen Valiente Alex Sanders Maxine
Altar_(Wicca)
Modern pagan tradition
Musings about the Feri tradition and community. Cora Anderson, Kitchen Witch: A Memoir –her life. (Harpy Books) Victor Anderson, Thorns of the Blood
Feri_Tradition
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