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Concept in information theory
Look up perplexity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In information theory, perplexity is a measure of uncertainty for a discrete probability distribution
Perplexity
American artificial intelligence company
Perplexity AI, Inc., or simply Perplexity, is an American privately held software company offering a web search engine that processes user queries and
Perplexity_AI
Topics referred to by the same term
search engine The Perplexities, a 1767 comedy play by Thomas Hull This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Perplexity. If an internal
Perplexity_(disambiguation)
1767 comedy play by Thomas Hull
‹ The template Infobox play is being considered for merging. › The Perplexities is a 1767 comedy play by the British actor and writer Thomas Hull. It was
The_Perplexities
Web browser developed by Perplexity AI
Perplexity AI for Microsoft Windows and macOS on July 9, 2025, for Android on November 20, 2025, and for iOS on March 18, 2026. Initial access to the
Comet_(browser)
Computer scientist
scientist and entrepreneur, best known as the co-founder and Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of Perplexity AI, an AI-powered search engine launched in
Denis_Yarats
2024 music composition
Perplexities after Escher is a chamber music composition by Graham Waterhouse for heckelphone, string quartet and double bass. Its five movements refer
Perplexities_after_Escher
American computer scientist and businessman (born 1983)
early contributions to Apache Spark. He also co-founded Perplexity, an AI-powered search engine; the early-stage venture capital firm Laude Ventures; and
Andy_Konwinski
Type of machine learning model
trained on 300 million words, achieved state-of-the-art perplexity on benchmark tests. During the 2000s, with the rise of widespread internet access, researchers
Large_language_model
Web browser developed by Google
artificial intelligence company Perplexity AI made a bid to buy the browser from Google for $34.5 billion. Perplexity stated that the sale could remedy anti-trust
Google_Chrome
American entrepreneur
Character.ai, Perplexity AI, and others. In June 2024, he co-founded Safe Superintelligence Inc. Time 100 has listed Gross as one of the "Most Influential
Daniel_Gross_(businessman)
British monthly magazine
column called "Perplexities", first written by Henry Dudeney. Dudeney introduced many new concepts to the puzzle world, including the first known crossnumber
The_Strand_Magazine
Portuguese footballer (born 1985)
Pro League club Al-Nassr and the Portugal national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in history and the greatest Portuguese player ever
Cristiano_Ronaldo
1931 book by James Thurber
The Owl in the Attic and Other Perplexities is a book by James Thurber first published in 1931 by Harper and Brothers. It collects a number of short humorous
The Owl in the Attic and Other Perplexities
The_Owl_in_the_Attic_and_Other_Perplexities
Practice and strategies of increasing online visibility
toward mobile-first experiences. In the 2020s, the rise of generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, Claude, Perplexity, and Gemini began to alter how users
Search_engine_optimization
Mischievous trick played on someone
on people, generally causing the victim to experience embarrassment, perplexity, confusion, discomfort, or irritation. The perpetrator of a practical joke
Practical_joke
Type of cooperative argumentative dialogue
Boghossian acknowledge that the Socratic method can foster creative and critical thinking through the use of perplexity. However, Boghossian cautions
Socratic_method
Web browser with integrated AI capabilities
this is a recent development in the browser market, including new entrants from OpenAI, Opera and Perplexity. The designation of 'AI browser' also includes
AI_browser
1999 French film
gave the film one and a half stars describing the film as " long slog through perplexities and complexities that disguise what this really is: the kind
Simpatico_(film)
Swisscows Ask.com Bing (Semantic ability is powered by Powerset) Lexxe Perplexity.ai SearchGPT ht://Dig Isearch Lemur Toolkit & Indri Search Engine Lucene
List_of_search_engines
American entrepreneur and venture capitalist (born 1967)
seeks to challenge Perplexity and OpenAI's closed models as well as handle the problem of AI proliferation, which concentrates power in the hands of large
Peter_Thiel
regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo holds the record for most goals in the UEFA Champions League (140 goals), and the record for most
List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo
List_of_career_achievements_by_Cristiano_Ronaldo
Japanese light novel series
available for the PlayStation 2 on January 31, 2008, called The Perplexity of Haruhi Suzumiya (涼宮ハルヒの戸惑, Suzumiya Haruhi no Tomadoi). It was the 95th best-selling
Haruhi_Suzumiya
Organization and encyclopedic website
of the artificial intelligence search company Perplexity.ai, providing information to Perplexity while partaking their revenue sharing program. The website
World_History_Encyclopedia
Apostle of Jesus
Barbara Drake; Holcolmb, Melanie (2018). "Pleasurable Perplexity: Reflecting the Holy City". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 108 (4): 551–561. ISSN 0021-6682
Matthew_the_Apostle
1930 book by James Jeans
general relativity, and to the new theories of quantum mechanics of Heisenberg and Schrödinger, of whose philosophical perplexities the author seemed well aware
The_Mysterious_Universe
US-based software and services company
quality of its chips. SAP has strategic partnerships with Palantir and Perplexity, aiming to enhance SAP's business AI offerings. Palantir also partners
Palantir
Video-focused social media platform
"Perplexity AI has reportedly submitted an 11th-hour bid to save TikTok in the US". Engadget. 18 January 2025. Retrieved 18 January 2025. "Perplexity AI
TikTok
Length of a line segment
mathematics, the Euclidean distance between two points in a Euclidean space is the length of the line segment between them. It can be calculated from the Cartesian
Euclidean_distance
1990 video game
Perplexity is a video game created by Ian Collinson for the Acorn Electron and BBC Micro and published by Superior Software in 1990. It is a pseudo 3D
Perplexity_(video_game)
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1855–1858, 1859–1865)
Marrast and Tocqueville invented for the torment and perplexity of the French nation". However, the Cabinet decided that Britain must be neutral, and so
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston
1953 book
and perplexities of a Victorian youngster brought up a little prior to the 'naughty nineties' ... Before his death his wife persuaded him to let the diary
The_Boy_Who_Saw_True
Conceptions of the end of the present age
in perplexity because of the roaring of the sea and the waves, people fainting with fear and with foreboding of what is coming on the world. For the powers
Eschatology
1885 painting by Ilya Repin
of the Most Holy Synod Konstantin Pobedonostsev told Alexander III of his "repulsion" and perplexity about the painting, which did not please the Tsar
Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan
Ivan_the_Terrible_and_His_Son_Ivan
AI digital assistant
of Perplexity.ai offered praise to Devin, claiming that it "seemed to be 'the first demo of any agent, leave alone coding, that seems to cross the threshold'
Devin_AI
Queen of England from 1533 to 1536
(1835). The Republic of Letters: A Republication of Standard Literature. Vol. III. New York: George Dearborn. p. 70. And I am in such a perplexity, that
Anne_Boleyn
1980 film by Stanley Kubrick
arguments that the film lacked complexity: "The final scene alone demonstrates what a rich source of perplexity The Shining offers ... look beyond the simplicity
The_Shining_(film)
1915 novel by H.G. Wells
that the conquest of fear is the essence of the noble life. The six chapters of the novel, which tell Benham's life story, explore this perplexity. Benham
The_Research_Magnificent
American philosopher and professor
counterexamples to demonstrate the inadequacy of the traditional view. Schwitzgebel has argued, primarily in his 2011 book, Perplexities of Consciousness, that
Eric_Schwitzgebel
causing the victim to experience embarrassment, perplexity, confusion, or discomfort. Practical jokes differ from confidence tricks or hoaxes in that the victim
List_of_practical_joke_topics
Online encyclopedia operated by xAI
same month, The Verge reported that Google's AI Overviews, AI Mode, and Gemini language model, as well as Microsoft Copilot and Perplexity AI, used Grokipedia
Grokipedia
symbols have also arisen: one of the most known in the United Kingdom is the red poppy as a symbol of remembrance of the fallen in war. Language of flowers –
List_of_plants_with_symbolism
1889 to 1913 books by the Langs
Irving. "The Drowned Buccaneer" "The Perplexity of Zadig" "The Return of the Dead Wife" "Young Amazon Snell" "The Good Sir James" "Rip van Winkle" "The Wonderful
The_Langs'_Fairy_Books
Type of information retrieval using LLMs
scoring the generated response's perplexity, and minimizing KL divergence between the retriever's selections and the model's likelihoods to refine retrieval
Retrieval-augmented generation
Retrieval-augmented_generation
Instrument of physical penance in some Christian denominations
the state of her soul, sought spiritual guidance in the midst of her perplexities, and created a written forum for her continued self-examination. She
Discipline (instrument of penance)
Discipline_(instrument_of_penance)
Judaism's views on the central figure of Christianity
by God to clarify perplexities in the Torah, and that he was the Messiah that was predicted by each and every seer. He interpreted the Torah and its precepts
Jewish_views_on_Jesus
Italian political party
Beppe Grillo, founder of the M5S, described Renzi's actions as "an act of narcissism". Prime Minister Conte declared his perplexity too, saying that Renzi
Italia_Viva
11th-century survey of landholding in England
great wealth of data is examined more closely, perplexities and difficulties arise." One problem is that the clerks who compiled this document "were but
Domesday_Book
Online database of companies and start-ups
growth, with the platform's user base surpassing 80 million by the mid-2020s.[citation needed] In 2025, Crunchbase partnered with Perplexity, making Crunchbase's
Crunchbase
Frieze, a series of murals created by Klimt for a 1905–'11 commission in the Stoclet Palace, Brussels Sometime after her celestial visitation Danaë gave
List of paintings by Gustav Klimt
List_of_paintings_by_Gustav_Klimt
Venture capital firm
Products & Open-Source Framework". Laravel. September 5, 2024. Who Owns Perplexity AI Company?, Canvas Business Model, July 12, 2025. Miller, Ron (November
Accel_(company)
Copyright law in the use of AI
model from a portion of the Pile dataset that included unlicensed copies of their work. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. sued Perplexity AI search engine in
Artificial intelligence and copyright
Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright
English writer (1810–1900)
small expense. A young wife's perplexities: with hints on the training and instruction of young servants. Cookery Cards for the Kitchen, etc. Cookery for
Eliza_Warren
Vice President of the United States from 1989 to 1993
defended Trump on many key issues. Most recently, Quayle has expressed deep perplexity regarding Trump's approach to foreign affairs, publicly criticizing Trump's
Dan_Quayle
Field of study
Computer Games". Archived from the original on 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2008-07-04. Horgan, J. (1995). "From Complexity to Perplexity". Scientific American. p
Artificial_life
Ethnic group in the United States
ISBN 9780739117576. Mostofi, Nilou (2003). "Who We Are: The Perplexity of Iranian-American Identity". The Sociological Quarterly. 44 (4): 681–703. CiteSeerX 10
Iranian_Americans
Singapore-based technology company
prescription lenses. The glasses were enabled for audio with a voice assistant called Noa and featured an AI search engine called Perplexity. They came at a
Brilliant_Labs
Aboriginal Australian nation of New South Wales
sailor dropped his pants to clarify their perplexity. There were 17 encounters in the first month, as the Eora sought to defend their territorial and
Eora
American semiconductor company
record. Also in February 2025, Cerebras announced a partnership with Perplexity AI's Sonar model, which runs on Cerebras chips at 1,200 tokens per second
Cerebras_Systems
Meta AI Microsoft AI Midjourney, Inc. Nuro NVIDIA OpenAI OpenEvidence Perplexity AI Preamble Project Prometheus RAIC Labs Runway Safe Superintelligence
List of artificial intelligence companies
List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies
British philosopher (1904–1993)
philosophy the discourse on the meaning of life and on problems of philosophy of religion. Wisdom's 1936 essay "Philosophical Perplexity" was described
John_Wisdom
Spanish-Argentine model (born 1994)
to Spain, and the family relocated to the northern Spanish city of Jaca, in the province of Huesca. Rodríguez studied ballet from the age of four but
Georgina_Rodríguez
Artificial intelligence division of Meta Platforms
Sutskever refused the acquisition. Additionally, Zuckerberg privately discussed acquiring Thinking Machines Lab and Perplexity AI, though the deals fell through
Meta_Superintelligence_Labs
2014 British television drama
astute narrative and intense perplexity allow for more thrills and exciting guesswork in season 2." On Metacritic, the series has a score of 76 out of
The Missing (British TV series)
The_Missing_(British_TV_series)
Overview of and topical guide to machine learning
Path dependence Pattern language (formal languages) Peltarion Synapse Perplexity Persian Speech Corpus Pietro Perona Pipeline Pilot Piranha (software)
Outline_of_machine_learning
1948 French film
When the film was shown in New York in 1948 and in London in 1949, the reviewers of both The New York Times and The Times shared a similar perplexity about
The_Eagle_with_Two_Heads
Artificial intelligence detection software
terms perplexity and burstiness to attempt determining if a passage was written by an AI. According to the company, perplexity is how random the text in
GPTZero
Alternate reality game created by Mind Candy
(wordplay on the term "perplexity") was an alternate reality game (ARG) created by Mind Candy, a London-based developer in 2005. Adrian Hon was the producer
Perplex_City
Tendency to misexecute routinized tasks if one tries to execute them consciously
centipede'". Lankester finished the article on a fanciful note by imagining the "disastrous results in the way of perplexity" that could result from such
The_Centipede's_Dilemma
American computer scientist and software engineer
dozens of AI startups including Perplexity, Roboflow, Sakana AI and World Labs. Dean and his wife, Heidi Hopper, started the Hopper-Dean Foundation and began
Jeff_Dean
Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1909)
(1994). "Perplexities of the Tunguska Meteorite". The Observatory. 114: 227–231. Bibcode:1994Obs...114..227T. Duggan, Christopher (2007). The Force of
1900s
2025 assassination in Orem, Utah, U.S.
tools such as Grok, Perplexity AI, and AI Overviews also disseminated misinformation. Political consultant Roger Stone said the attack appeared to have
Assassination_of_Charlie_Kirk
1981 memoir by Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka
rather, he captures the world as it must have seemed, in all its enchantment and perplexity, to the boy who was there. Aké: The Years of Childhood was
Aké:_The_Years_of_Childhood
Technique for dimensionality reduction
{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}} are used in denser parts of the data space. The entropy increases with the perplexity of this distribution P i {\displaystyle P_{i}}
T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding
T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
predicting what the masked-out tokens are based on the context. The loss function for the task is typically sum of log-perplexities for the masked-out tokens:
Transformer_(deep_learning)
American professor of philosophy
Conception of Political Community", in: Idealistic Studies III, 3 . "Some Perplexities in Nietzsche", in: Dialogues in Phenomenology, Hague 1975. "Theory and
Peter_Fuss
Statistical law in machine learning
the output given some input data. Common metrics for evaluating model performance include: Negative log-likelihood per token (logarithm of perplexity)
Neural_scaling_law
English chemist and polymath (1733–1804)
writes, "whatever he knows or thinks he tells: doubts, perplexities, blunders are set down with the most refreshing candour." Priestley also described his
Joseph_Priestley
Comparison of chatbots – ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Google Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, Perplexity AI. Comparison of online source code playgrounds – JDoodle, Replit, CodePen
List of online educational resources
List_of_online_educational_resources
Private startup companies valued at over US$1 billion
IPO". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2025-12-30. Temkin, Marina (2025-09-11). "Perplexity reportedly raised $200M at $20B valuation". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2025-09-11
List of unicorn startup companies
List_of_unicorn_startup_companies
with the perplexity (or near-equivalently, negative log-likelihood and bits per character, as in the original Shannon's test of the entropy of the English
Language_model_benchmark
2024 video game
2023, the game was released to the public on consoles only on 5 December 2024, with the early access PC version started on 7 November 2025, and the full
UFL_(video_game)
Practitioner of a form of mortification of the flesh
the state of her soul, sought spiritual guidance in the midst of her perplexities, and created a written forum for her continued self-examination. She
Flagellant
papal perplexities; Pope Martin V welcomed him in Rome" Barbara Aiello, American-born rabbi active in Italy Benjamin Artom (1835–1879), Haham of the Spanish
List_of_South_European_Jews
Computer language processing metric
of this issue is seen through a theory called the power law that states the correlation between perplexity and word error rate. Word error rate can then
Word_error_rate
Philosophical work by Maimonides (c. 1190 AD)
their perplexity when we explain the figure, or merely suggest that the terms are figurative. For this reason I have called this book Guide for the Perplexed
The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed
Canadian philosopher and logician
2005 book), Springer, 2019. Oppositions and Paradoxes: Philosophical Perplexities in Science and Mathematics. Broadview Press, 2016. Intuitionistic Set
John_Lane_Bell
Religious icon in the Roman Catholic Church, especially in South America
distant to the west, for the perplexity of the people, causing great confusion among the monks. The Superior nun of the convent that was hosting the image
Our_Lady_of_the_Mountain
2015 film directed by Tom McCarthy
critic Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com expressed perplexity over critics' muted praise for the latter film, writing that in terms of direction, Spotlight
Spotlight_(film)
Foundational text of the Vedānta school of Hindu philosophy
of knowledge. Setting the context. Vishaya (विषय): subject, issue or topic Vismaya (विस्मय): doubt, uncertainty or perplexity. Also called Sandeha (संदेह)
Brahma_Sutras
Emoticon denoting cuteness, smiling or happiness
/ˈoʊwoʊ/ ; also associated with the furry fandom) that may also denote cuteness, as well as curiosity and perplexity (often the response "what's this?"). owo
Uwu
French highwire artist (born 1949)
lives. Disbelief preceded sorrow for the obliteration of the buildings, perplexity descended before rage at the unbearable loss of life." Petit paid tribute
Philippe_Petit
Battle of the American Civil War
set fire to the Carlisle Barracks. Stuart's cavalry withdrew and arrived at Gettysburg on the second day of the battle, to the perplexity and annoyance
Battle_of_Carlisle
maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often
List_of_chatbots
1611 book by John Donne
even to possesse the Divell, apprehended this perplexity in Lucifer. Ignatius is subsequently ejected from Hell and ordered to colonize the moon where he
Ignatius_His_Conclave
Galaxy in the constellation Sextans
galaxy. At a redshift z = 6.6, the galaxy is observed as it was about 800 million years after the Big Bang, during the epoch of reionisation. With a light
Cosmos_Redshift_7
Spanish film made in 2014
Cristiano Ronaldo: The World at His Feet is a 2014 Spanish documentary film directed by Tara Pirnia. It follows the life and career of Portuguese footballer
Cristiano Ronaldo: The World at His Feet
Cristiano_Ronaldo:_The_World_at_His_Feet
Kind of greeting
and Hospitality (2006), p. 4. William Desmond, Perplexity and Ultimacy: Metaphysical Thoughts from the Middle (1995), p. 146. "Discussion Documents -
Welcome
Medical condition
illogical bizarre ideas. Confusion between reality and fantasy life. Perplexity and easy confusability (trouble with understanding ongoing social processes
Multiple complex developmental disorder
Multiple_complex_developmental_disorder
Canadian computer scientist (born 1974)
it 'a new beginning'". Fortune. Sullivan, Mark (June 23, 2025). "This Perplexity cofounder wants to help AI breakthroughs graduate from university labs"
Joëlle_Pineau
THE PERPLEXITIES
THE PERPLEXITIES
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : variant of Tye.
Male
English
Short form of English Theodore, THEO means "gift of God," and other names beginning with Theo-.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Modern, Tamil
Nil
Female
English
 Pet form of English Theodora, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Girl/Female
Greek American
Goddess; godly. Also as abbreviation of names like Althea and Dorothea. The mythological Thea was...
Female
Greek
 Short form of Greek and Latin Dorothea, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Male
Native American
Native American Navajo name TSE means "rock."
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend American Hebrew Spanish
Arthur's brother.
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THU means "autumn."
Boy/Male
Native American
Rock.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : topographic name for someone who lived by a common pasture, Middle English tye (Old English tēag).North German : from a short form, Tide, of the personal name Dietrich.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Gift of God
Boy/Male
Greek American German
God given.
Female
German
Pet form of German Kätharina, KÄTHE means "pure."
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THI means "poem."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English thewe ‘thrall’, ‘slave’ (Old English þēow).
Girl/Female
Finnish, German, Greek
Gift of God
Girl/Female
Greek
Untamed.
Boy/Male
English
From the enclosure.
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Middle English word tye, TYE means "pasture."
THE PERPLEXITIES
THE PERPLEXITIES
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a lost or unidentified place.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
King of Poetry
Female
Egyptian
, the wife of Ankh-pis-khe.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Service.
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Woman
Girl/Female
Scottish
From the castle.
Boy/Male
Australian, Christian, Hebrew
May God Complete; May Jehovah Complete
Girl/Female
Muslim
Omen, Luck, Fortunate, Auspicious moment
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Prosperous Light
Surname or Lastname
English (southern)
English (southern) : variant spelling of Hazel.
THE PERPLEXITIES
THE PERPLEXITIES
THE PERPLEXITIES
THE PERPLEXITIES
THE PERPLEXITIES
n.
The nodule of earth from which the ball is struck in golf.
pron.
The objective case of thou. See Thou.
pron.
The objective case of they. See They.
pron.
Of thee, or belonging to thee; the more common form of thine, possessive case of thou; -- used always attributively, and chiefly in the solemn or grave style, and in poetry. Thine is used in the predicate; as, the knife is thine. See Thine.
n.
Anything, or any part, corresponding to the toe of the foot; as, the toe of a boot; the toe of a skate.
obj.
This or that female; the woman understood or referred to; the animal of the female sex, or object personified as feminine, which was spoken of.
v. i.
See Thee.
obj.
The plural of he, she, or it. They is never used adjectively, but always as a pronoun proper, and sometimes refers to persons without an antecedent expressed.
n.
One of the terminal members, or digits, of the foot of a man or an animal.
def. art.
The.
v. t.
To touch or reach with the toes; to come fully up to; as, to toe the mark.
adv.
By that; by how much; by so much; on that account; -- used before comparatives; as, the longer we continue in sin, the more difficult it is to reform.
n.
The fore part of the hoof or foot of an animal.
n.
The point of intersection of a vertical line through the center of gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating body which is tipped through a small angle from its position of equilibrium, and the inclined line which was vertical through the center of gravity of the body when in equilibrium.
n.
The parson bird.
definite article.
A word placed before nouns to limit or individualize their meaning.
v. t.
A line, usually straight, drawn across the stems of notes, or a curved line written over or under the notes, signifying that they are to be slurred, or closely united in the performance, or that two notes of the same pitch are to be sounded as one; a bind; a ligature.
n.
A chain or rope, one end of which passes through the mast, and is made fast to the center of a yard; the other end is attached to a tackle, by means of which the yard is hoisted or lowered.
v. t.
See Tie, the proper orthography.