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A language model benchmark is a standardized test designed to evaluate the performance of language models on various natural language processing tasks
Language_model_benchmark
Type of machine learning model
follow instructions and to behave as assistants. Benchmark evaluations for LLMs attempt to measure model reasoning, factual accuracy, alignment, and safety
Large_language_model
Statistical model of language
A language model is a computational model that predicts sequences in natural language. Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, including speech
Language_model
Language model benchmark
Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) is a language model benchmark consisting of 2,500 questions across a broad range of subjects. It was created jointly by the
Humanity's_Last_Exam
Language model benchmark
Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) is a popular benchmark for evaluating the capabilities of large language models. It inspired several
MMLU
Large language model developed by Google
variety of industry benchmarks, while Gemini Pro was said to have outperformed GPT-3.5. Gemini Ultra was also the first language model to outperform human
Gemini_(language_model)
Large language model and AI chatbot by Anthropic
Claude is a series of large language models developed by American software company Anthropic. Claude was released as an AI-based chatbot in March 2023
Claude_(language_model)
Large language model by Meta AI
Llama ("Large Language Model Meta AI" serving as a backronym) is a family of large language models (LLMs) released by Meta AI starting in February 2023
Llama_(language_model)
Topics referred to by the same term
finding surveying benchmarks Benchmark (computing), the result of running a computer program to assess performance Language model benchmark, a particular
Benchmark
List of chatbots List of language model benchmarks In many cases, researchers release or report on multiple versions of a model having different sizes.
List_of_large_language_models
Language models designed for reasoning tasks
A reasoning model, also known as a reasoning language model (RLM) or large reasoning model (LRM), is a type of large language model (LLM) that has been
Reasoning_model
Artificial intelligence chatbot by Moonshot AI
of context. Kimi K2, an open-weight model released in July 2025, showed strong performances on coding benchmarks. Moonshot AI was founded in March 2023
Kimi_(chatbot)
Type of large language model
A generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) is a type of large language model (LLM) that is widely used in generative artificial intelligence chatbots.
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Language model by DeepMind
average accuracy of 67.5% on the Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark, which is 7% higher than Gopher's performance. Chinchilla
Chinchilla_(language_model)
Series of language models developed by Google AI
Bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) is a language model introduced in October 2018 by researchers at Google. It learns to represent
BERT_(language_model)
Internal representation of world by AI
model benchmarks test physical understanding, long-term consistency, planning, and generalization from sensor data. Meta introduced three benchmarks for
World model (artificial intelligence)
World_model_(artificial_intelligence)
Term used in machine learning
learning, the term stochastic parrot is a metaphor that frames large language models as systems that statistically mimic text without real understanding
Stochastic_parrot
Artificial intelligence model paradigm
for Transformer-based Masked Language-models, arXiv:2106.10199 "Papers with Code – MMLU Benchmark (Multi-task Language Understanding)". paperswithcode
Foundation_model
American machine learning researcher
in 2016, and of the paper that introduced the language model benchmark MMLU (Massive Multitask Language Understanding) in 2020. In February 2022, Hendrycks
Dan_Hendrycks
2026 large language model by OpenAI
improved deep research capabilities. In the benchmark OSWorld-Verified, which scores large language models' ability to use desktop environments, GPT-5
GPT-5.4
Website comparing AI chatbots based on votes
platform that evaluates large language models (LLMs). Users enter prompts for two anonymous models to respond to and vote on the model that gave the better response
LMArena
Open-source large language model
most powerful Arabic-language AI model". ZDNET. Retrieved 2025-07-31. "Core42 Sets New Benchmark for Arabic Large Language Models with the Release of Jais
Jais_(language_model)
Standardized performance evaluation
In computing, a benchmark is the act of running a computer program, a set of programs, or other operations, in order to assess the relative performance
Benchmark_(computing)
Topics referred to by the same term
Sweden (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3-code) Swedish language (ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code) SWE-Bench, a language model benchmark This disambiguation page lists articles
SWE
Informal benchmark for text-to-video models
Spaghetti Benchmark is an informal benchmark within the artificial intelligence community, used to assess the capabilities of generative video models in rendering
Will Smith Eating Spaghetti test
Will_Smith_Eating_Spaghetti_test
American semiconductor company
Blackwell, on the 400B-parameter Llama 4 Maverick model in testing by an independent benchmarking firm. In July 2025, Cerebras unveiled Qwen3-235B, an
Cerebras_Systems
Concept in information theory
when q = ~p. In natural language processing (NLP), a corpus is a structured collection of texts or documents, and a language model is a probability distribution
Perplexity
Artificial Intelligence Act Ethics of artificial intelligence Language model benchmark Runtime verification sometimes falls under either formal or informal
Agent_verification
American software company
builds tools and models that allow users to edit code, search codebases, run commands, and complete programming tasks using natural-language instructions
Cursor_(company)
2026 large language model by OpenAI
large language model (LLM) released by OpenAI on April 23, 2026. The model is also known by its codename "Spud". OpenAI reported GPT-5.5 benchmark scores
GPT-5.5
Structuring text as input to generative artificial intelligence
Allemang, Dean; Jacob, Bryon (2023). "A Benchmark to Understand the Role of Knowledge Graphs on Large Language Model's Accuracy for Question Answering on Enterprise
Prompt_engineering
Chinese artificial intelligence company
a Chinese artificial intelligence (AI) company that develops large language models (LLMs). Based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, DeepSeek is owned and funded by
DeepSeek
Large language model developed by Google
PaLM (Pathways Language Model) is a 540 billion-parameter dense decoder-only transformer-based large language model (LLM) developed by Google AI. Researchers
PaLM
Language model application development framework
announcing a $10 million seed investment from Benchmark. In the third quarter of 2023, the LangChain Expression Language (LCEL) was introduced, which provides
LangChain
Autonomous artificial intelligence agent
ChatGPT-powered browser extension that aggregated multiple commercial large language models behind a single interface for translation, summarization, and writing
Manus_(AI_agent)
AI research laboratory
large language models) and other generative AI tools, such as the text-to-image model Imagen, the text-to-video model Veo, and the text-to-music model Lyria
Google_DeepMind
Point with known height used in surveying when levelling
The term benchmark, bench mark, or survey benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made in stone structures, into which an
Benchmark_(surveying)
Large language model
Verified. Reasoning model List of large language models Knight, Will (December 20, 2024). "OpenAI Upgrades Its Smartest AI Model With Improved Reasoning
OpenAI_o3
Type of attack in machine learning
behavior in machine learning models, particularly large language models (LLMs). The attack takes advantage of the model's inability to distinguish between
Prompt_injection
2018 text-generating language model
underlying task-agnostic model architecture. Despite this, GPT-1 still improved on previous benchmarks in several language processing tasks, outperforming
GPT-1
American data annotation company
focused on data annotation, the company also offers RLHF services, large language model (LLM) evaluation, and enterprise software suites to build and deploy
Scale_AI
3D computer graphics software
platform to collect, display, and query benchmark data produced by the Blender community with related Blender Benchmark software. The Blender Network was an
Blender_(software)
2024 AI LLM with enhanced reasoning
with rumors suggesting that this experimental model had shown promising results on mathematical benchmarks. In July 2024, Reuters reported that OpenAI was
OpenAI_o1
Chatbot developed by Google
assistant developed by Google. It is powered by the family of large language models (LLMs) of the same name, after previously being based on LaMDA and
Google_Gemini
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
variations have been widely adopted for training large language models (LLMs) on large (language) datasets. Modern transformer designs are commonly grouped
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Language assessment rubric
credible benchmark for English standards in Malaysia." An intergovernmental symposium in 1991 titled "Transparency and Coherence in Language Learning
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages
Query language for property graphs
Data Benchmark Council (LDBC) agreed to become the umbrella organization for the efforts of community technical working groups. The Existing Languages and
Graph_Query_Language
French artificial intelligence company
release blog post that the model outperforms LLaMA 2 13B on all benchmarks tested, and is on par with LLaMA 34B on many benchmarks tested, despite having
Mistral_AI
Programming language with hardware abstraction
programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In contrast to low-level programming languages, it may
High-level programming language
High-level_programming_language
Benchmark used to compare the performance of OLTP systems
In 2006, a newer OLTP benchmark was added to the suite, TPC-E, but TPC-C remains in widespread use. The TPC-C system models a multi-warehouse wholesale
TPC-C
Declarative graph query language
October 2015. The language was designed with the power and capability of SQL (standard query language for the relational database model) in mind, but Cypher
Cypher_(query_language)
Computer benchmark specification for CPU integer processing power
SPEC INT is a computer benchmark specification for CPU integer processing power. It is maintained by the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC)
SPECint
2025 multimodal model by OpenAI
multimodal large language model developed by OpenAI and the fifth in its series of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) foundation models. Preceded in
GPT-5
Text-to-video model
benchmark, behind Kling 3.5 and Veo 3.1, while its text-to-video option ranked seventh. As of early 2026, it was the highest-ranked open-source model
LTX_(text-to-video_model)
Chinese artificial intelligence company
"AI Tiger" companies by investors with its focus on developing large language models. Moonshot was founded in March 2023 by Yang Zhilin, Zhou Xinyu and
Moonshot_AI
Logic puzzle
a benchmark in the evaluation of computer algorithms for solving constraint satisfaction problems. More recently, it has been used as a benchmark for
Zebra_Puzzle
Activity of representing processes of an enterprise
modern methods are Unified Modeling Language and Business Process Model and Notation. The term business process modeling was coined in the 1960s in the
Business_process_modeling
American businessman and entrepreneur
venture capitalist. He is a general partner with the venture capital firm, Benchmark. Previously, he was the founder and managing partner of Alt Capital, Hydrazine
Jack_Altman_(investor)
Type of computer benchmarking tool
applications are written in different programming languages, C, C++ and Fortran. Many SPECfp benchmark applications are derived from applications that are
SPECfp
Finding information for an information need
retrieval model that balances lexical and semantic features using masked language modeling and sparsity regularization. 2022: The BEIR benchmark is released
Information_retrieval
Word embedding method
Robinson, Tony (2014-03-04). "One Billion Word Benchmark for Measuring Progress in Statistical Language Modeling". arXiv:1312.3005 [cs.CL]. Melamud, Oren;
ELMo
AI that generates content
possible by improvements in deep neural networks, particularly large language models (LLMs), which are based on the transformer architecture. Generative
Generative_AI
General-purpose programming language
Python's performance relative to other programming languages is benchmarked by The Computer Language Benchmarks Game. There are several approaches to optimizing
Python_(programming_language)
Type of database that uses vectors to represent other data
automatically added into the context window of the large language model, and the large language model proceeds to create a response to the prompt given this
Vector_database
Nvidia family of AI foundation models
Nemotron is a family of foundation models developed by Nvidia, chiefly large language models and related reasoning models. Nvidia has also used the name more
Nemotron
Open-source database management system
company was initially funded with US$50 million from Index Ventures and Benchmark Capital, with participation from Yandex N.V. and others. On 28 October
ClickHouse
Overview of and topical guide to deep learning
Retrieved 17 April 2026. "GLUE Benchmark". GLUE Benchmark. Retrieved 17 April 2026. "LibriSpeech ASR corpus". Open Speech and Language Resources. Retrieved 17
Outline_of_deep_learning
Image-generating machine learning model
2024, TechCrunch reported that Recraft's third major model, V3, had topped a crowdsourced benchmark, surpassing Midjourney and OpenAI's DALL-E in overall
Recraft
probabilistic, stochastic, hybrid, and timed systems Common benchmarks MCC (models of the Model Checking Contest): a collection of hundreds of Petri nets
List_of_model_checking_tools
American artificial intelligence company
headquartered in San Francisco, California. It has developed a series of large language models (LLMs) named Claude and has a focus on AI safety. Anthropic was founded
Anthropic
Family of large language models by Alibaba
pinyin: Tōngyì Qiānwèn) is a family of large language models developed by Alibaba Cloud. Many Qwen models are distributed under the free and open-source
Qwen
Machine learning model
A text-to-video model is a form of generative artificial intelligence that uses a natural language description as input to produce a video relevant to
Text-to-video_model
several benchmark tasks, particularly in games and structured problem domains. Systems such as AlphaGo, AlphaZero, and later large language models achieved
Progress in artificial intelligence
Progress_in_artificial_intelligence
Database management system
more platforms are proposed to deal with multi-model data, there are a few works on benchmarking multi-model databases. For instance, Pluciennik, Oliveira
Multi-model_database
2023 text-generating language model
Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a large language model developed by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models. GPT-4 is preceded by GPT-3.5 and
GPT-4
Industrial automation organization
systems, as used for instance by AutomationML Benchmarking projects in order to have a good sophisticated benchmark standard. And in the field of communication
PLCopen
Japanese supercomputer
also achieved 1.42 exaFLOPS using the mixed fp16/fp64 precision HPL-AI benchmark. It started regular operations in 2021. Fugaku was superseded as the fastest
Fugaku_(supercomputer)
Representation in natural language processing
Iryna (2021-08-29). "BEIR: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires
Sentence_embedding
French computer programmer
Bellard released ts_zip, a lossless text compressor using a large language model. He updated it in March 2024, making the algorithm considerably faster
Fabrice_Bellard
Software
more practical. Several benchmarks have been developed to evaluate the capabilities of AI coding agents and large language models in software engineering
Agent-oriented software engineering
Agent-oriented_software_engineering
Tel Aviv-based company
enterprise deployment, claiming it outperformed other open models across multiple benchmarks. The same month, AI21 Labs launched Maestro, an AI planning
AI21_Labs
Low-level programming language family
In computing, assembly language (alternatively assembler language or symbolic machine code), often referred to simply as assembly and commonly abbreviated
Assembly_language
Apple Inc. Archive Artificial Intelligence ATX Automaton Backup Bandwidth Benchmark Barcode Booting or Boot loader BIOS Bitmap Bitcoin BitTorrent Blacklist
List_of_technology_terms
Database management system
Database". Retrieved 31 May 2023. "Poleposition, the open source database benchmark",polepos.org. Retrieved 24 February 2011. "Accelerating IBM WebSphere
Actian_NoSQL_Object_Database
Electric mid-size luxury crossover SUV since 2015
Lambert, Fred (April 19, 2016). "Audi is reverse-engineering/benchmarking a Tesla Model X but doesn't know how to charge it". Electrek. Retrieved December
Tesla_Model_X
Subset of artificial intelligence
equivalence has been used as a justification for using data compression as a benchmark for "general intelligence". An alternative view can show compression algorithms
Machine_learning
Knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a network
Dutch, whereas multiple languages share the same concepts. Other Gellish networks consist of knowledge models and information models that are expressed in
Semantic_network
Reading method
recognition of words, which reading researchers have long understood as a benchmark of a strong reader. Balanced literacy approaches, which incorporate both
Three_cueing
Programming language
handwritten JavaScript on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine for the DeltaBlue benchmark. Prior to Dart 2.18, both dart2js and dartdevc could be called from the
Dart_(programming_language)
Chatbot developed by xAI
launched in November 2023 by Elon Musk as an initiative based on the large language model (LLM) of the same name. Grok has apps for iOS and Android and is integrated
Grok_(chatbot)
proficiency in Arabic according to the CEFR benchmark. Eton Institute in Dubai offers its own "Arabic Language Competency Test" (ALCT), a 4-skills (reading
List of language proficiency tests
List_of_language_proficiency_tests
Technology made by American organization
German. GPT-3 dramatically improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language models could be approaching or encountering
Products and applications of OpenAI
Products_and_applications_of_OpenAI
Token limit for LLM context
context window of a large language model (LLM) is the maximum amount of text or other tokenized input available to the model at one time when generating
Context_window
Indian actress
1993) is an Indian actress, dancer, model and television personality who appears in Marathi, Hindi and Kannada language films. She started her career as
Madhuri_Pawar
Conformance of AI to intended objectives
distributions. Empirical research showed in 2024 that advanced large language models (LLMs) such as OpenAI o1 or Claude 3 sometimes engage in strategic
AI_alignment
Large language model
Llama 2, Mistral AI's Mixtral, and xAI's Grok-1, in several benchmarks ranging from language understanding, programming ability and mathematics. It was
DBRX
Erroneous AI-generated content
computers. Symbolic artificial intelligence models generally do not produce hallucinations, unlike large language models. Since the 1980s, the term "hallucination"
Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)
2019 text-generating language model
Transformer 2 (GPT-2) is a large language model (LLM) by OpenAI and the second in their foundational series of GPT models. GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset
GPT-2
Software library for LLM inference
open-source software library that performs inference on various large language models such as Llama. It is co-developed alongside the GGML project, a general-purpose
Llama.cpp
Google large language models family
LaMDA (Language Model for Dialogue Applications) is a family of conversational large language models developed by Google. Originally developed and introduced
LaMDA
LANGUAGE MODEL-BENCHMARK
LANGUAGE MODEL-BENCHMARK
Boy/Male
Latin
Swarthy.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Model; Idea
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Model or Pattern
Girl/Female
Hebrew
From the tower.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Example; Model; Demo
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sample; Model; Paragon
Boy/Male
Muslim
Model, Example
Boy/Male
Australian, French
Famous Ruler
Female
Yiddish
(×”Ö¸×דֶעל) Pet form of Yiddish Hode, HODEL means "myrtle tree."
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Wealthy.
Boy/Male
Egyptian
To model.
Male
Yiddish
Pet form of Yiddish Mordche, MOTEL means "devotee of Marduk."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Langdale, Cumbria, named in Old Norse as ‘long valley’, from lang ‘long’ + dalr ‘valley’.Possibly an Americanized form of Norwegian Langdal, Langdalen, Langdahl, habitational names from any of numerous farmsteads named Langdal(en), having the same etymology as 1.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi
Enjoyment
Girl/Female
British, English, German, Russian
Supper
Surname or Lastname
English (Surrey)
English (Surrey) : unexplained. Compare Moad.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sample, Model, Paragon
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Model; Example
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Language
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old German personal name, Godilo, Godila.German (Gödel) : from a pet form of a compound personal name beginning with the element gÅd ‘good’ or god, got ‘god’.Variant of Godl or Gödl, South German variants of Gote, from Middle High German got(t)e, gö(t)te ‘godfather’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from the Yiddish male personal name Godl, a pet form of God, a variant of biblical Gad.
LANGUAGE MODEL-BENCHMARK
LANGUAGE MODEL-BENCHMARK
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Delighting; Agreeable
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pond
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old English personal name Heard or a Norman cognate Hard(on), also of Germanic origin. This was a byname meaning ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, but it also seems to have been used as a short form of the various compound names containing this as a first element. Occasionally this may also be a variant of Hardy.English, German, Dutch, and Swedish (Hård) : nickname for a stern or severe man, from Middle English, Middle Low German hard, Middle Dutch hart, hert, Swedish hård ‘hard’, ‘inflexible’. The Swedish name was probably originally a soldier’s name.English : topographic name for someone who lived on a patch of particularly hard ground or one that was difficult to farm. Compare Hardacre.Dutch : occupational name from Middle Dutch harde, herde ‘herder’.
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, English, Indian, Latin
From Britain; From England
Girl/Female
British, English, German
Pleasant
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Manse; A Manse is a House Occupied by a Clergyman
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Latin, Swiss
Patrician; Nobleman; Abbreviation of Patrick
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pramitha | பà¯à®°à®®à®¿à®¤à®¾
Best friend, Wisdom
Boy/Male
Tamil
Thirumalai | திரூமாலாஈÂ
Abode of Lord venkateswara, Holy place
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Hebrew Yishmael, ISMO means "God will hear."
LANGUAGE MODEL-BENCHMARK
LANGUAGE MODEL-BENCHMARK
LANGUAGE MODEL-BENCHMARK
LANGUAGE MODEL-BENCHMARK
LANGUAGE MODEL-BENCHMARK
n.
Anything which serves, or may serve, as an example for imitation; as, a government formed on the model of the American constitution; a model of eloquence, virtue, or behavior.
n.
The language of the ancient Germans; the Teutonic languages, collectively.
n.
A Latin idiom; a mode of speech peculiar to Latin; also, a mode of speech in another language, as English, formed on a Latin model.
a.
Having a language; skilled in language; -- chiefly used in composition.
n.
The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers.
n.
The scale as affected by the various positions in it of the minor intervals; as, the Dorian mode, the Ionic mode, etc., of ancient Greek music.
n.
The Provencal language. See Langue d'oc.
n.
Manner of doing or being; method; form; fashion; custom; way; style; as, the mode of speaking; the mode of dressing.
n.
Something intended to serve, or that may serve, as a pattern of something to be made; a material representation or embodiment of an ideal; sometimes, a drawing; a plan; as, the clay model of a sculpture; the inventor's model of a machine.
v. t.
To communicate by language; to express in language.
a.
Suitable to be taken as a model or pattern; as, a model house; a model husband.
n.
The characteristic mode of arranging words, peculiar to an individual speaker or writer; manner of expression; style.
v. t.
To plan or form after a pattern; to form in model; to form a model or pattern for; to shape; to mold; to fashion; as, to model a house or a government; to model an edifice according to the plan delineated.
n.
Prevailing popular custom; fashion, especially in the phrase the mode.
n.
The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or department of knowledge; as, medical language; the language of chemistry or theology.
v. i.
To make a copy or a pattern; to design or imitate forms; as, to model in wax.
a.
Of or pertaining to a mode or mood; consisting in mode or form only; relating to form; having the form without the essence or reality.
imp. & p. p.
of Language
a.
Indicating, or pertaining to, some mode of conceiving existence, or of expressing thought.