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System to specify locations on Earth
A spatial reference system (SRS) or coordinate reference system (CRS) is a framework used to precisely measure locations on, or relative to, the surface
Spatial_reference_system
NAD 83 & NAVD 88 based National Geodetic Coordinate System
The National Spatial Reference System (NSRS), managed by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), is a coordinate system that includes latitude, longitude,
National Spatial Reference System
National_Spatial_Reference_System
NATO global coordinate reference system
The Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) is the geocoordinate standard used by NATO militaries for geo-referencing, position reporting, and situational
Military Grid Reference System
Military_Grid_Reference_System
Cartesian geographic coordinate system
coordinate system – also called a projected coordinate reference system, planar coordinate system, or grid reference system – is a type of spatial reference system
Projected_coordinate_system
3-D coordinate system centered on the Earth
Earth-fixed coordinate system (acronym ECEF), also known as the geocentric coordinate system, is a cartesian spatial reference system that represents locations
Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system
Earth-centered,_Earth-fixed_coordinate_system
System to specify locations on Earth
the simplest, oldest, and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although
Geographic_coordinate_system
Markup language for representing coordinate reference systems
reference systems (WKT or WKT-CRS) is a text markup language for representing spatial reference systems and transformations between spatial reference
Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems
Well-known_text_representation_of_coordinate_reference_systems
Map projection system
commentaries for their derivation have also been given. The WGS 84 spatial reference system describes Earth as an oblate spheroid along north-south axis with
Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system
Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system
Coordinate transformation of raster or vector dataset in geographic space
geographic space (usually a scanned map or aerial photograph) to a spatial reference system, thus locating the digital data in the real world. It is thus the
Georeferencing
Reference frame for measuring location
datum or geodetic system (also: geodetic reference datum, geodetic reference system, or geodetic reference frame, or terrestrial reference frame) is a global
Geodetic_datum
Ocean shape without winds and tides
satellite-based global positioning systems. The geoid is often expressed as a geoid undulation or geoidal height above a given reference ellipsoid, which is a slightly
Geoid
Geodetic reference system
webpage for WGS 84 Geodesy for the Layman, Chapter VIII, "The World Geodetic System" Spatial reference for EPSG:4326 ANTEX (.atx) files that define IGS20
World_Geodetic_System
Database of data representing objects in geometric space
spatial databases also support the storage of raster data. Because all geographic locations must be specified according to a spatial reference system
Spatial_database
Reference frame for geodesy on the continent
Spatial Reference System, NAD 83, along with North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88), are set to be replaced with a new geometric reference frame
North_American_Datum
Collection of data on Earth's gravity and shape
The Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) consists of a global reference ellipsoid and a normal gravity model. The GRS80 gravity model has been followed
Geodetic Reference System 1980
Geodetic_Reference_System_1980
Registry of geographic reference systems
Committee. Most geographic information systems (GIS) and GIS libraries use EPSG codes as Spatial Reference System Identifiers (SRIDs) and EPSG definition
EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
EPSG_Geodetic_Parameter_Dataset
Geometric figure which approximates the Earth's shape
geographic applications, a geodesic reference ellipsoid is the mathematical model used as foundation by spatial reference system or geodetic datum definitions
Earth_ellipsoid
Tendency of a processor to access nearby memory locations in space or time
a short period of time. There are two basic types of reference locality – temporal and spatial locality. Temporal locality refers to the reuse of specific
Locality_of_reference
Inability of a person to correctly determine their body position in space
conditions, aviators may determine aircraft attitude by reference to an attitude indicator. Spatial disorientation can occur in other situations where visibility
Spatial_disorientation
Size and shape used to model the Earth for geodesy
the figure of the Earth or other celestial body is called a reference ellipsoid. The reference ellipsoid for Earth is called an Earth ellipsoid. An ellipsoid
Figure_of_the_Earth
System of geographic grid references used in Great Britain
Survey National Grid reference system (OSGB), also known as British National Grid (BNG), is a system of geographic grid references, distinct from latitude
Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid
Geodetic reference frame fixed to the Eurasian Plate
The European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) is an ECEF (Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed) geodetic Cartesian reference frame, in which the Eurasian
European Terrestrial Reference System 1989
European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989
Vertical datum for orthometric heights
88 was affirmed as the official vertical datum in the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) for the Conterminous United States and Alaska. (see Federal
North American Vertical Datum of 1988
North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988
Set of geographic coordinate systems for regions of the United States
release the new spatial reference system and new zones in 2025. As with earlier systems, the name of the new system, State Plane Coordinate System of 2022, indicates
State_Plane_Coordinate_System
Standardized geospatial reference system
The Global Area Reference System (GARS) is a standardized geospatial reference system developed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) for
Global_Area_Reference_System
Restrictions on using GPS in China
coordinate system, BD-09, which seems to be based on GCJ-02. Technical spatial processing must be applied to electronic navigational maps prior to publication
Restrictions on geographic data in China
Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China
Chinese global navigation satellite system
BeiDou-3 system was fully operational in July 2020. In 2016, BeiDou-3 reached millimeter-level accuracy with post-processing from a nationwide reference station
BeiDou
Hellenic Geodetic Reference System 1987 or HGRS87 (Greek: Ελληνικό Γεωδαιτικό Σύστημα Αναφοράς 1987 or ΕΓΣΑ'87) is a geodetic system commonly used in Greece
Hellenic Geodetic Reference System 1987
Hellenic_Geodetic_Reference_System_1987
System of geographic location identifiers
identifies a physical location in a two- or three-dimensional coordinate reference system in a compact, simple, human-readable, and protocol-independent way
Geo_URI_scheme
World spatial reference system co-rotating with the Earth in its diurnal motion in space
The International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) describes procedures for creating reference frames suitable for use with measurements on or near
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
International_Terrestrial_Reference_System_and_Frame
Geographic local coordinate system
Local tangent plane coordinates (LTP) are part of a spatial reference system based on the tangent plane defined by the local vertical direction and the
Local tangent plane coordinates
Local_tangent_plane_coordinates
European global navigation satellite system
clocks also generate a worldwide time reference called Galileo System Time (GST), the standard for the Galileo system and are routinely compared to the local
Galileo (satellite navigation system)
Galileo_(satellite_navigation_system)
Coordinate system for Ireland
GRS80 Spatial reference system Ireland’s Surveying Infrastructure for the 21st Century by William Patrick Prendergast. A New Coordinate System for Ireland-OSi
Irish_Transverse_Mercator
Geographic coordinate specifying north-south position
geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification of the ISO 19111 standard. Since there are many different reference ellipsoids, the precise
Latitude
Computer markup language
Well-Known Text/Binary A PostGIS-specific format that includes the spatial reference system identifier (SRID) and up to 4 ordinate values (XYZM). For example:
Well-known text representation of geometry
Well-known_text_representation_of_geometry
Point of reference against which some others are calculated
along the x-axis. Datum (geodesy) Exact constraint Reference frame Surface plate Spatial reference system The plural of this sense of the word datum is datums
Datum_reference
System of geographic grid references used for mapping in Ireland
The Irish grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used for paper mapping in Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the Republic of
Irish_grid_reference_system
Satellite navigation system
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), with an operational name of NavIC (acronym for Navigation with Indian Constellation; also, nāvik 'sailor'
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System
Family of proprietary spatial database formats
software vendor) to represent, store, and organize spatial datasets within a geographic information system. A geodatabase is both a logical data model and
Geodatabase_(Esri)
vector which is normal to the reference ellipsoid. The vector is decomposed in an Earth centered earth fixed coordinate system. It behaves the same at all
Horizontal position representation
Horizontal_position_representation
System for georeferencing in Japan developed by Denso
MapCode system is a spatial reference system (not to be confused with the international mapcode system, a different spatial reference system). Denso MapCodes
Denso_mapcode
System that enhances the accuracy of GPS receivers
Augmentation System (WAAS) is an air navigation aid developed by the Federal Aviation Administration to augment the Global Positioning System (GPS), with
Wide_Area_Augmentation_System
Distance from the Earth surface to a point near its center
giving the best reference ellipsoid for the area under survey. As satellite remote sensing and especially the Global Positioning System gained importance
Earth_radius
Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth
is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D space. It is called planetary
Geodesy
Abstract coordinate system
In physics and astronomy, a frame of reference (or reference frame) is an abstract coordinate system, whose origin, orientation, and scale have been specified
Frame_of_reference
Measurement of the Earth using satellites
gravity vector on a real-time basis. A gravity gradient is simply the spatial derivative of the gravity vector. The gradient can be thought of as the
Satellite_geodesy
Memory about one's environment and spatial orientation
ISSN 0013-9165. Shelton, Amy L.; McNamara, Timothy P. (December 2001). "Systems of Spatial Reference in Human Memory". Cognitive Psychology. 43 (4): 274–310. doi:10
Spatial_memory
Customary unit of length
2022, was selected to accompany the modernization of the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) by NOAA's National Geodetic Survey (NGS). The reason for
Foot_(unit)
American satellite-based radio navigation service
Pokémon Go. Reference frames: realization and densification of the terrestrial reference frames in the framework of Global Geodetic Observing System. Co-location
Global_Positioning_System
Fixed surveying station used in geodetic surveying
Geodetic Survey (NGS) and predecessor agencies manages the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS), which includes permanent survey marks for horizontal position
Triangulation_station
Multi-purpose grid reference system used in the United States
coordinate system Grid reference Ordnance Survey National Grid (British National Grid) Irish national grid reference system Spatial Reference System List of
United_States_National_Grid
government agency charged with responsibility for the National Spatial Reference System. "National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Height Conversion Methodology"
VERTCON
East-West geographic coordinate
prime meridian defines 0° longitude; by convention the International Reference Meridian for the Earth passes near the Royal Observatory in Greenwich
Longitude
Signals broadcast by GPS satellites
GPS signals are broadcast by Global Positioning System satellites to enable satellite navigation. Using these signals, receivers on or near the Earth's
GPS_signals
Shortest paths on a bounded deformed sphere-like quadric surface
completed by F. H. A. Wangerin. PDF. Jekeli, C. (2012), Geometric Reference Systems in Geodesy, Ohio State Univ., hdl:1811/51274 Jordan, W.; Eggert, O
Geodesics_on_an_ellipsoid
Method of spatial referencing
Linear referencing, also called linear reference system or linear referencing system (LRS), is a method of spatial referencing over linear or curvilinear
Linear_referencing
Soviet satellite targeting system
Legenda, or the MKRC Legenda system, is a Soviet satellite targeting system mated to the SS-N-19 missile. It consisted of the US-P SIGINT satellites and
Legenda_(satellite_system)
Capacity to understand 3D relationships
Spatial ability or visuo-spatial ability is the capacity to understand, reason, and remember the visual and spatial relations among objects or space.
Spatial_ability
Vertical datum in the United States
American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88), based upon reference to a single benchmark (referenced to the new International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 local
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929
National_Geodetic_Vertical_Datum_of_1929
Study of the physical properties of the Earth's gravity field
level—sticks out as much as 100 m above the regular, rotationally symmetric reference ellipsoid of GRS80; in other places, like close to Sri Lanka, it dives
Physical_geodesy
Map projection for linear projects
is a continuous map projection typically used as the planar coordinate system for realizing low distortion throughout long linear engineering projects
Snake_Projection
Mercator variant map projection
identifier since 2009. The projected coordinate reference system originally lacked an official spatial reference identifier (SRID), and the Geodesy subcommittee
Web_Mercator_projection
Topics referred to by the same term
Retrieval System, an audio processing technology Space research service, a radiocommunication service using spacecraft or other objects in space Spatial reference
SRS
Network of points with known positions used in geodesy and surveying
U.S., there is a national control network called the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). Many organizations may contribute information to the geodetic
Geodetic_control_network
Point with known height used in surveying when levelling
the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Bench-mark". Canadian Spatial Reference System History of the Canadian Geodetic Survey Division UK benchmark database
Benchmark_(surveying)
Reference frame for European geodesy
eISSN 0007-4632. S2CID 119934421. Whitmore, Guy Matthew (1997). Coordinate reference systems for high-precision geodesy (PDF) (PhD). Nottingham University. pp
ED50
Current standard celestial reference system and frame
The International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is the current standard celestial reference system adopted by the International Astronomical Union
International Celestial Reference System and its realizations
International_Celestial_Reference_System_and_its_realizations
"Projections". CGRSC.ca. Canadian Geodetic Reference System Committee. Retrieved 16 October 2025. "Carte du Québec: Systèmes de projection" (PDF). Ministère des
Modified_transverse_Mercator
Geographic data file
parameters are expressed in the map units, which are described by the spatial reference system for the raster. When D or B are non-zero the pixel width is given
World_file
Linguistic descriptors of spatial positioning
terms of orientation, terms of location, or spatial words are common descriptors used to indicate the spatial positioning of objects in three-dimensional
Terms_of_orientation
Coordinate system for Israel
coordinate system is defined by the following parameters: Projection Transverse Mercator Reference ellipsoid Origin Point False Origin Reference ellipsoid
Israeli_Transverse_Mercator
Conic conformal map projection
equal-area projection Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection Spatial reference system Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1772). Tobler, Waldo (ed.). Notes and
Lambert conformal conic projection
Lambert_conformal_conic_projection
Specification for tiled web maps
providing simple urls to tiles while also supporting alternate spatial referencing system. TMS is most widely supported by web mapping clients and servers;
Tile_Map_Service
Convention for attaching reference frames to links of a kinematic chain
parameters associated with the DH convention for attaching reference frames to the links of a spatial kinematic chain, or robot manipulator. Jacques Denavit
Denavit–Hartenberg_parameters
United States government committee coordinating geospatial data
representative of the kinds of systems to which the circular applies: the National Mapping Program the National Spatial Reference System the National Geologic
Federal Geographic Data Committee
Federal_Geographic_Data_Committee
System to capture, manage, and present geographic data
within a spatial database; however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS. In a broader sense, one may consider such a system also to include
Geographic_information_system
Sensory system used for hearing
auditory cortex: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and mapping into a spatial reference system". NeuroImage. 13 (4): 684–701. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.420.7633. doi:10
Auditory_system
U.S. government agency
distribution, and various training programs. Spatial Reference Systems: maintains the Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network and plans, coordinates
National_Ocean_Service
Partition of Earth's surface into subdivided cells
Earth at multiple levels of granularity and provide a global spatial reference frame. The system must also include encoding methods to: address each cell;
Discrete_global_grid
American Institute of Geography and History. It uses as reference ellipsoid the Geodetic Reference System 1967 (GRS-67), recommended by the International Union
South_American_Datum
spread through space. spatial interaction Movement or exchange between locationally separate places. spatial reference system (SRS) A coordinate-based
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N–Z)
Process of turning a place name/address to coordinates
data sources that work together to produce a spatial representation for descriptive locational references. The geographic coordinates representing locations
Address_geocoding
Acquisition, organization, and use of knowledge about spatial environments
cognitive psychology, spatial cognition is the acquisition, organization, utilization, and revision of knowledge about spatial environments. It is most
Spatial_cognition
Standard for geographical data
Geography Markup Language support. The geometries are associated with spatial reference systems. The standard also specifies attributes, methods and assertions
Simple_Features
Used in a local coordinate system or a local coordinate space
Position refers to a numeric or symbolic description within a spatial reference system, whereas location refers to information about surrounding objects
Local_coordinates
International standard for representation of geographic location
coordinate, i.e. height or depth (optional) Identification of coordinate reference system (CRS) (optional) The first three items are numerical values called
ISO_6709
Geodetic datum
Параметры Земли 1990 года) is a geodetic datum defined for use in the GLONASS system. Creation date - 2005; Epoch - 2002.0; Absolute positional accuracy - from
PZ-90
Hill, highest elevation point in Nova Scotia, Canada
Scotia and Internal Services. Retrieved April 28, 2020. Canadian Spatial Reference System Station Report – North Barren, Natural Resources Canada, retrieved
White_Hill_(Nova_Scotia)
Computing paradigm emphasizing 3D spatial interaction with technology
Spatial computing refers to 3D human–computer interaction techniques that are perceived by users as taking place in the real world, in and around their
Spatial_computing
U.S. federal surveying and mapping agency
core function is to maintain the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS), "a consistent coordinate system that defines latitude, longitude, height, scale
U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey
Discrete phenomenon that exists at a location on Earth
complex process, such as requiring the invention of abstract spatial reference systems, and the necessary employment of cartographic generalization,
Geographical_feature
Ability to mentally manipulate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures
from the Kit of Factor-Reference cognitive tests produced by Educational Testing Service. Though the descriptions of spatial visualization and mental
Visuospatial_ability
Concept by Al Gore
a spatial reference system standard based on the DERM called a [Discrete Global Grid] System (DGGS). According to OGC "a DGGS is a spatial reference system
Digital_Earth
Method for specifying point positions
coordinate system represents a point in the plane by the logarithm of the distance from the origin and an angle measured from a reference line intersecting
Coordinate_system
Point where four distinct territories meet
original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010. Canadian Spatial Reference System Online Database Archived 19 November 2007 at Library and Archives
Quadripoint
been replaced with SWEREF 99 as the official Swedish spatial reference system. While the system could be used with negative numbers to represent all four
Swedish_grid
Techniques to study geometric data
Spatial analysis is any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties, primarily used in
Spatial_analysis
Place where a name-bearing type specimen was collected
(geographic coordinates in decimal degrees), dwc:geodeticDatum (the spatial reference system), and dwc:typeStatus (the nomenclatural status of the specimen
Type_locality_(biology)
System where changes of output are not proportional to changes of input
In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change
Nonlinear_system
Words requiring context to understand their meaning
described by Charles J. Fillmore: personal, spatial, and temporal. In some languages, these may overlap, such as spatial and personal deixis in many signed pronouns
Deixis
SPATIAL REFERENCE-SYSTEM
SPATIAL REFERENCE-SYSTEM
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Muslim
Royal
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Crystal; Pure
Girl/Female
Hindu
Crystal clear
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sikh, Telugu
Protector
Boy/Male
Muslim
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Royal
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Boy/Male
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Reverence; Esteem
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
First Preference
Girl/Female
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Preference
Boy/Male
Arabic
Arab River
Boy/Male
Indian
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
SPATIAL REFERENCE-SYSTEM
SPATIAL REFERENCE-SYSTEM
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Swift; Rapid
Boy/Male
Indian
The abaser
Girl/Female
Latin English
Abbreviation of Michaela; Micaela; Mikaela; Mikayla; Mychaela; Mikella. Feminine of Michael: gift...
Boy/Male
Teutonic
Spear strength.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Eternal
Surname or Lastname
English and French (Gérald)
English and French (Gérald) : from the personal name Gerald, Gérald, composed of the Germanic elements gÄ“ri, gÄri ‘spear’ + wald ‘rule’; it was introduced to Britain from France by the Normans.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Precious stone, Lord Murugan name
Girl/Female
Arabic, Modern
Moon
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Servant of the Powerful
Girl/Female
Arabic
Variant of Naaji'a; Beneficial; Useful
SPATIAL REFERENCE-SYSTEM
SPATIAL REFERENCE-SYSTEM
SPATIAL REFERENCE-SYSTEM
SPATIAL REFERENCE-SYSTEM
SPATIAL REFERENCE-SYSTEM
a.
See Spatial.
v. t.
To follow like a spaniel.
a.
Appropriate; designed for a particular purpose, occasion, or person; as, a special act of Parliament or of Congress; a special sermon.
v. t.
To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate.
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
n.
The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also, the power or opportunity of choosing; as, to give him his preference.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
a.
Limited in range; confined to a definite field of action, investigation, or discussion; as, a special dictionary of commercial terms; a special branch of study.
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
n.
Pertaining to a subordinate portion; as, a compound umbel is made up of a several partial umbels; a leaflet is often supported by a partial petiole.
pl.
of Spatha
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.
a.
Resting; acting by mere weight without motion; as, statical pressure; static objects.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or existing with reference to, a State of the American Union, as distinguished from the general government.
n.
One appointed for a special service or occasion.
a.
Furnished with a spathe; as, spathal flowers.
n.
A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance.
n.
A patrial noun. Thus Romanus, a Roman, and Troas, a woman of Troy, are patrial nouns, or patrials.