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Ocean around Antarctica
The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude
Southern_Ocean
Largest extant species of bony fish
sunfish (Mola alexandrini), also known as the Ramsay's sunfish, southern sunfish, southern ocean sunfish, short sunfish or bump-head sunfish, is a fish belonging
Giant_sunfish
Oceanic division
To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica, depending on the definition in use. The Indian Ocean has large marginal or regional seas
Indian_Ocean
Oceanic division
Ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean
Atlantic_Ocean
Largest ocean on Earth
Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending
Pacific_Ocean
Limits of Earth's oceanic waters
the five oceans are the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern (Antarctic) Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. Smaller regions of the oceans are called
Borders_of_the_oceans
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
as oceans (in descending order by area: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Antarctic/Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean), and
Ocean
Half of Earth that is south of the Equator
Asia) and four oceans (the whole Southern Ocean, the majority of the Indian Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean, and the South Pacific Ocean), as well as New
Southern_Hemisphere
Southern half of the global ocean current system
Southern Ocean overturning circulation (sometimes referred to as the Southern Meridional overturning circulation (SMOC) or Antarctic overturning circulation)
Southern Ocean overturning circulation
Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation
Geographic location
Inaccessibility. The southern pole of inaccessibility is the point on the Antarctic continent most distant from the Southern Ocean. A variety of coordinate
Pole_of_inaccessibility
This is a list of seas of the World Ocean, including marginal seas, areas of water, various gulfs, bights, bays, and straits. In many cases it is a matter
List_of_seas_on_Earth
Strait connecting the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans
southern extreme of the South American mainland and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It connects the southwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean
Drake_Passage
Overview of trans-oceanic countries
than one of the five named oceans: the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern. Countries bordering only one ocean are not listed here, no matter
List of countries bordering on two or more oceans
List_of_countries_bordering_on_two_or_more_oceans
Global climate phenomenon
from the Southern Ocean to the tropics in the East Pacific. The combination of the Humboldt Current and upwelling maintains an area of cooler ocean waters
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
The October 2022 Southern Ocean cyclone, also referred to as the Peter I storm or EC2022 was the most intense extratropical cyclone on record. Forming
October 2022 Southern Ocean cyclone
October_2022_Southern_Ocean_cyclone
Any large system of circulating ocean surface currents
Indian Ocean gyre North Pacific gyre South Pacific gyre South Atlantic gyre In oceanography, a gyre (/ˈdʒaɪər/) is a large system of ocean surface
Ocean_gyre
Subgroup of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family
The Southern Oceanic languages are a linkage (rather than family) of Oceanic languages spoken in Vanuatu and New Caledonia. It was proposed by John Lynch
Southern_Oceanic_languages
Directional mass flow of oceanic water
Hemisphere and counter-clockwise rotation in the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, the areas of surface ocean currents move somewhat with the seasons; this
Ocean_current
Earth's southernmost continent
south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica
Antarctica
Hierarchical outline list of articles related to oceanography
the Southern Ocean in the south. Southern Ocean – The ocean around Antarctica World Ocean – The interconnected system of Earth's oceanic waters Ocean zones
Outline_of_oceanography
Part of large-scale ocean circulation
the ocean basins. While the bulk of thermohaline water upwells in the Southern Ocean, the oldest waters (with a transit time of approximately 1000 years)
Thermohaline_circulation
Whale sanctuary in the Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary is an area of 50 million square kilometres surrounding the continent of Antarctica where the International Whaling Commission
Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
Southern_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary
Earth's southern polar ice cap
conducts heat poorly. The Southern Ocean surrounding the continent is far more effective at absorbing heat than any other ocean. The presence of extensive
Antarctic_ice_sheet
Physical quantity of hot and cold in ocean water
The ocean temperature plays a crucial role in the global climate system, ocean currents and for marine habitats. It varies depending on depth, geographical
Ocean_temperature
Polar region around Earth's South Pole
includes the ice shelves, waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately 32
Antarctic
Energy stored by oceans
Southern Ocean taking up a disproportionately large amount of heat. Deep-ocean warming below 2000 meters has also been largest in the Southern Ocean compared
Ocean_heat_content
Species of marine mammal
insights into Southern Ocean physical and biological processes revealed by instrumented elephant seals". Proceedings of OceanObs 09: Sustained Ocean Observations
Southern_elephant_seal
Type of biogenic mineral
are useful for tracing past climate changes in regions such as in the Southern Ocean, where few biogenic carbonates are preserved. The remains of diatoms
Biogenic_silica
topographical features, oceanic landforms and topographic elements. An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at
List of submarine topographical features
List_of_submarine_topographical_features
The islands of the Indian Ocean are part of either the eastern, western, or southern areas. Some prominently large islands include Madagascar, Sri Lanka
List of islands in the Indian Ocean
List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean
The Southern Ocean Surf Reef is an artificial surf reef located offshore of Middleton Beach, Western Australia in Albany, Western Australia. It was constructed
Southern_Ocean_Surf_Reef
Human-powered vessel adventurer goal
the Polar Circle in the Arctic or within the actual boundaries of the Southern Ocean, from land to land, excluding any use of sail, paddling on kayaks or
Ocean_Explorers_Grand_Slam
Water from a sea or an ocean
Seawater, or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM)
Seawater
Sport of rowing across oceans
Ocean rowing is the sport of rowing across oceans. Some ocean rowing boats can hold as many as fourteen rowers; however, the most common ocean rowboats
Ocean_rowing
Swirling and reverse current in a turbulent flow regime
water bodies can be predicted using Lagrangian transport models. Mesoscale ocean eddies play crucial roles in transferring heat poleward, as well as maintaining
Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)
Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. Over 70 percent of the world catch from the sea comes from the Pacific Ocean.
Ocean_fisheries
Ecological concept
has been shown that reduction in the number of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean has resulted in a 200,000 tonnes/yr decrease in atmospheric carbon uptake
Iron_fertilization
Region with higher atmospheric pressure
subtropical ridge and cooler wetter winter weather as cold fronts from the southern oceans take over. The term cyclone was coined by Henry Piddington of the British
High-pressure_area
Small, shrimp-like crustaceans; order of crustaceans
and are also the main source of food for many larger animals. In the Southern Ocean, one species, the Antarctic krill, makes up an estimated biomass of
Krill
Division of the globe into equal halves
possible area of water, including most of the Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Earth's geographical centre Global North and Global South Land and
Hemispheres_of_Earth
First period of the Cenozoic Era
and Australia and South America rifted from Antarctica, opening the Southern Ocean. Africa and India collided with Eurasia forming the Alpine-Himalayan
Paleogene
Latitudes 30–35 degrees north and south of the Equator
colonies in the West Indies and Americas. Ships often became becalmed in mid-ocean in this latitude, thus severely prolonging the voyage; the resulting water
Horse_latitudes
Physical oceanographer
Institution of Oceanography known for her research on the role of the Southern Ocean in the global climate system. The daughter of John Gille and Ellen Fetter
Sarah_Gille
Species of squid
suckers, and tentacles. It is known to inhabit the circumantarctic Southern Ocean. It is presumed to be an ambush predator, with a diet including various
Colossal_squid
Type of cyclone
other extratropical cyclones in the Southern Ocean with a pressure under 915 mbar (27.0 inHg). In the North Atlantic Ocean, the most intense extratropical
Extratropical_cyclone
Coalition of non-governmental organizations
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) is a global coalition of environmental non-governmental organizations with more than 20 members in 15
Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
Antarctic_and_Southern_Ocean_Coalition
Geologic basin under the sea
mi2), Indian Ocean (68 million km2/ 26 million mi2) and Arctic Ocean (14 million km2/ 5.4 million mi2). Also recognized is the Southern Ocean (20 million
Oceanic_basin
2020 documentary film
Passage, the first to row to the Antarctic, and the first to row in the Southern Ocean. The six crew members were Fiann Paul, Colin O'Brady, Andrew Towne,
The_Impossible_Row
Impacts of climate change on Antarctica
warming until the 2000s. Around Antarctica, the Southern Ocean has absorbed more oceanic heat than any other ocean, and has seen strong warming at depths below
Climate_change_in_Antarctica
This is a list of Seamounts in the Southern Ocean. A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea
List of seamounts in the Southern Ocean
List_of_seamounts_in_the_Southern_Ocean
Critical thresholds in climate science
points for ocean current changes include the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the North Subpolar Gyre and the Southern Ocean overturning
Tipping points in the climate system
Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system
Regional tropical cyclone
world's tropical cyclones. For organizational purposes, the northern Pacific Ocean is divided into three regions: the eastern (North America to 140°W), central
Typhoon
Circles of latitude
Island slightly closer). The parallel marks the northern limit of the Southern Ocean (though some organisations and countries, notably Australia, have other
Antarctic_circles_of_latitude
State of Australia
westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east
Western_Australia
Ecoregion of several subantarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean
The Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra is a tundra ecoregion that includes several subantarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean. The ecoregion stretches
Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra
Southern_Indian_Ocean_Islands_tundra
System of surface and deep currents in the Atlantic Ocean
thermohaline circulation that includes the flow of major ocean currents, the other half being the Southern Ocean overturning circulation. The AMOC is composed of
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation
Australian research organization
The Southern Oceans Seabird Study Association (SOSSA) is an Australian natural history research and conservation organisation. It is based in Wollongong
Southern Oceans Seabird Study Association
Southern_Oceans_Seabird_Study_Association
Family of fishes
comprise a family (Channichthyidae) of notothenioid fish found in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. They are the only known vertebrates to lack hemoglobin
Channichthyidae
Distribution of an organism across all or most of the world
species between the Atlantic and Indian/Pacific oceans. Conversely, the Northern marine regions and Southern Ocean are separated by the tropics, too warm for
Cosmopolitan_distribution
Oceanic division
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceanic divisions. It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km2 (5,430,000 sq mi)
Arctic_Ocean
Ocean regions with little phytoplankton
other oceanic regions and led to the naming of three major HNLC zones: the North Pacific Ocean, the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, and the Southern Ocean. The
High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions
High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_regions
Cold, dense, water mass originating in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica
The Antarctic bottom water (AABW) is a type of water mass in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica with temperatures ranging from −0.8 to 2 °C (35 °F)
Antarctic_bottom_water
Australian territorial claim on East Antarctica
2013. The Court ruled in 2014 that Japan's whaling activities in the Southern Ocean were not carried out for scientific purposes and that it must cease
Australian Antarctic Territory
Australian_Antarctic_Territory
Island group in the South Sandwich Islands
Southern Thule is a group of the three southernmost islands in the South Sandwich Islands in the southern Atlantic Ocean: Bellingshausen, Cook, and Thule
Southern_Thule
Family of fishes
the Merlucciidae family of the northern and southern oceans and the Phycidae family of the northern oceans. Hake is a commercially important fish in the
Hake
The Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean (MEASO) is a collaborative initiative launched in 2018, involving more than 200 scientists from
Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean
Marine_Ecosystem_Assessment_for_the_Southern_Ocean
Species of whale
throughout the Southern Hemisphere, it inhabits oceans between the latitudes of 20° and 60° south. Like its northern relatives, the southern right whale
Southern_right_whale
Species of fish
Indian Ocean, it has been collected from Durban in South Africa and the Arabian Sea. This species appear to be absent from the Southern Ocean. In the
Krøyer's_deep_sea_angler_fish
Drainage divide on a continent
the Southern Ocean. The Transantarctic Mountains divide the ice streams draining West Antarctica into the Ronne Ice Shelf, toward the Pacific Ocean and
Continental_divide
Species of bird
between 30° S and 45° S. They range along the southern oceans concentrating on the west and east coast of southern South America, and also in the waters surrounding
Southern_royal_albatross
Television series
Shepherd Conservation Society's campaign against Japanese whaling in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary off the coast of Antarctica. The Japanese claim that
Whale_Wars
Antarctic wildlife
offshore islands. They share these areas with seven pinniped species. The Southern Ocean around Antarctica is home to 10 cetaceans, many of them migratory. There
Wildlife_of_Antarctica
The Southern Ocean Expedition (1830–1833) was an expedition to Antarctica. In 1830, the English whaling company Samuel Enderby & Sons appointed John Biscoe
Southern_Ocean_Expedition
Circle of latitude
Island slightly closer). The parallel marks the northern limit of the Southern Ocean (though some organisations and countries, notably Australia, have other
60th_parallel_south
Family of birds
Milk-Stealing, Grudge-Holding Seabirds". Boston NPR. 2016. "Our Oceans - Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition". Retrieved 2025-08-25. "Scottish Wildlife Trust
Skua
Area with air pressures lower than adjacent areas
low-pressure systems that occur over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They are part of the larger
Low-pressure_area
Small-boat journey by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions
(700 nmi) from Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands through the Southern Ocean to South Georgia, undertaken by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions
Voyage_of_the_James_Caird
Ship built in 1989
Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2021. ODEN SOUTHERN OCEAN 2009/10 (SO2010) Archived 20 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Wotkyns
Oden_(1988_icebreaker)
Ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica
the Southern Ocean and has a mean transport estimated at 137 ± 7 sverdrups (Sv, million m3/s), or possibly even higher, making it the largest ocean current
Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current
Direct action marine conservation operations
departed the Southern Ocean. However, on 5 March 2013, Sea Shepherd reported the Japanese whaling fleet had turned back to the Southern Ocean to resume its
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations
Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society_operations
External territory of Australia
and McDonald Islands is an Australian external territory in the southern Indian Ocean. Discovered in the mid-19th century, the territory is a group of
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands
Organisms living in water or air that drift in the current or wind
is one potential drawback. The Great Calcite Belt is a region in the Southern Ocean characterized by high concentrations of coccolithophores, a type of
Plankton
Violently rotating column of air
central and southern plains during El Niño, and more occur during La Niña, than in years when temperatures in the Pacific are relatively stable. Ocean conditions
Tornado
Vessel used by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Yūshin Maru No. 3 (Japanese: 第3勇新丸) while they were whaling in the Southern Ocean. The Japanese-based Institute of Cetacean Research claimed that MY Steve
MY_Steve_Irwin
Tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean
tropical cyclone, forming in the southern Atlantic Ocean in March 2004. Soon after becoming a hurricane, it hit the southern coast of Brazil in the state
South Atlantic tropical cyclone
South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone
Network of ocean observatories
Change: 2015-2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences, the Argentine Basin Array was descoped and the Southern Ocean Array was reduced in scope to the surface
Ocean Observatories Initiative
Ocean_Observatories_Initiative
Genus of sponges
undescribed species of Chondrocladia was observed off Montagu Island in the Southern Ocean; it has been dubbed the "death-ball sponge" by the media. C. alaskensis
Chondrocladia
Russian Navy officer, cartographer, and explorer (1778–1852)
circumnavigation of the globe in 1819–1821, intended to explore the Southern Ocean and to find land in the proximity of the South Pole. Mikhail Lazarev
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen
Indonesian goddess of the sea
the southern ocean after being cursed by a shaman at the behest of a rival in the palace, which disfigured the princess. She jumped into the ocean, attempting
Nyai_Roro_Kidul
American ocean drone company
challenging ocean conditions in the Southern Ocean. The data collected by the saildrone was used to reduce uncertainty about Southern Ocean CO2 uptake:
Saildrone_(company)
Icelandic explorer, athlete and artist
first human-powered expedition on the Southern Ocean. As of 2020, he is the first and only person to achieve the Ocean Explorers Grand Slam, performing open-water
Fiann_Paul
Road in Victoria, Australia
Shipwreck Coast. It provides extensive views over Bass Strait and the Southern Ocean. The road runs through rainforests, as well as alongside beaches and
Great_Ocean_Road
High-calcite region of the Southern Ocean
ocean where there are high concentrations of calcite, a mineral form of calcium carbonate. The belt extends over a large area of the Southern Ocean surrounding
Great_Calcite_Belt
Large scale rotating air mass
(depression) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Polar lows were first identified
Cyclone
Line of longitude
extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 100th
100th_meridian_west
Line of longitude
from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The
58th_meridian_west
Commercial hunting of whales in Japan
Justice ruled that the Japanese whaling program called "JARPA II" in the Southern Ocean, including inside the Australian Whale Sanctuary, was not in accordance
Whaling_in_Japan
Chinese name for the region of Southeast Asia, literally meaning "southern ocean"
pinyin: nán yáng; lit. 'Southern Ocean') is the Chinese term for the warmer and fertile geographical region along the southern coastal regions of China
Nanyang_(region)
Species of crustacean
three expeditions to the Southern Ocean by the UK led research consortium, ChEsSo (Chemosynthetic Ecosystems of the Southern Ocean). This species – the only
Kiwa_tyleri
Family of fishes
placed within the order Perciformes. They are largely found in the Southern Ocean. Nototheniidae was described as a family in 1861 by the German-born
Nototheniidae
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