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Period of feminist activity, 1960s–1980s
Second-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity that began in the early 1960s and lasted roughly two decades, ending with the feminist sex wars
Second-wave_feminism
This is a Timeline of second-wave feminism, from its beginning in the mid-twentieth century, to the start of Third-wave feminism in the early 1990s. Enovid
Timeline of second-wave feminism
Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism
Feminist movement, 2010s–present
Fourth-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began around 2012 and is characterized by a focus on the empowerment of women, the use of internet tools
Fourth-wave_feminism
Feminist movement, 1990s–2010s
Third-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began in the early 1990s; it was prominent in the decades prior to the fourth wave. Grounded in the civil-rights
Third-wave_feminism
Period of feminist activity, 19th and early 20th centuries
First-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity and thought that occurred during the 19th and early 20th century throughout the Western world. It
First-wave_feminism
politics. Feminism in the United States is often divided chronologically into first-wave, second-wave, third-wave, and fourth-wave feminism. As of 2025
Feminism_in_the_United_States
Chronological narrative of the movements and ideologies aimed at equal rights for women
suffrage Second-wave feminism (1960s–1980s) broadened debate to include cultural inequalities, gender norms, and the role of women in society Third-wave feminism
History_of_feminism
The emergence of second-wave feminism was a key component of feminism in Germany. The second wave (emerging during the first half of the 20th century)
Second-wave feminism in Germany
Second-wave_feminism_in_Germany
Branch of feminism
people were excluded from first-wave feminism, as were lesbians and all other people considered "queer." Second-wave feminism saw a greater level of queer
Transfeminism
Range of socio-political movements and ideologies
wing of second-wave feminism and that calls for a radical reordering of society to eliminate patriarchy. Liberal, socialist, and radical feminism are sometimes
Feminism
Form of feminism limited to white women
waves of feminism which were seen as centered around the empowerment of white middle-class women in Western societies. While the term white feminism is
White_feminism
Political slogan and argument of second-wave feminism
argument used as a rallying slogan by student activist movements and second-wave feminism from the late 1960s. In the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s
The_personal_is_political
their own communities as well as for larger social change. The first wave of feminism in Canada occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This
Feminism_in_Canada
Girl who behaves boyishly
Civil War encouraged tomboyism. While first wave feminism mainly focused on women's suffrage, second wave feminism expanded the discussion of gender inequality
Tomboy
Campaigns for reforms on feminist issues
marital freedoms. Second-wave feminism attempted to further combat social and cultural inequalities. Although the first wave of feminism involved mainly
Feminist_movement
Feminism that maintains femininity and sexuality of women
second-wave feminism, lipstick feminism originated from third-wave feminism's tendency to celebrate "the trappings of femininity." Where second-wave feminism
Lipstick_feminism
1949 book by Simone de Beauvoir
Vatican. The Second Sex is regarded as a groundbreaking work of feminist philosophy, and as the starting inspiration point of second-wave feminism. Beauvoir
The_Second_Sex
widely credited with starting the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States. Second-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity and thought
Timeline_of_feminism
Visual art representing female genitalia
3D digital file of her vulva. Works created since the advent of second-wave feminism circa 1965 range from large walk-through installations (Niki de Saint
Vagina_and_vulva_in_art
“Sisterhood is Powerful!”, and the phrase later became a slogan for second-wave feminism. At this time, the notion of sisterhood expanded to consciousness-raising
Sisterhood_(feminism)
View of feminism as outdated
continuation of what first and second wave feminisms want. In Feminism: A Beginner’s Guide (2010), Sally Scholz referred to the fourth wave as postfeminism. In her
Postfeminism
Topics referred to by the same term
1960s through the 1980s The Second Wave: A Magazine of The New Feminism Second European colonization wave, starting in the second half of the 19th century
Second_wave
Feminism in France is the history of feminist thought and movements in France. Feminism in France can be roughly divided into three waves: First-wave
Feminism_in_France
economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for Latin American women. Feminism in Latin America is wide-ranging and refers to feminist movements across
Feminism_in_Latin_America
Branch of feminism that emphasizes sexual freedoms
Sex-positive feminism, also known as pro-sex feminism, sex-radical feminism, or sexually liberal feminism, is a feminist movement centering on the idea
Sex-positive_feminism
us 'girdle burners,' every woman in America would have run to join us." Feminism and "bra-burning" became linked in popular culture. The analogous term
History_of_bras
Religion that focuses on a goddess or goddesses
Jane Ellen Harrison, and Marija Gimbutas, and later popularized by second-wave feminism. These scholars speculated that early human societies may have been
Matriarchal_religion
Theory of discrimination
and heteronormativity. It broadens the scope of the first and second waves of feminism, which largely focused on the experiences of women who were white
Intersectionality
Black feminist identity practices
the role of Black women in Black nationalism, gay liberation, and second-wave feminism. Alice Walker, bell hooks, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Angela Davis, and Patricia
Black_feminism
Feminism in Japan began with women's rights movements that date back to antiquity. The movement started to gain momentum after Western thinking was brought
Feminism_in_Japan
Fourth-wave feminism in Spain is about digital participation in virtual spaces, encouraging debates and using collective force to enact change. It is
Fourth-wave_feminism_in_Spain
Branch of anarchism that puts a particular emphasis on feminism
Anarcha-feminism, also known as anarchist feminism or anarcho-feminism, is a system of analysis which combines the principles and power analysis of anarchist
Anarcha-feminism
Netherlands, feminism began as part of the first-wave feminism movement during the 19th century. Later, the struggles of second-wave feminism in the Netherlands
Feminism_in_the_Netherlands
Branch of feminism centered in non-Western cultures
changing laws relating to divorce and care and maintenance of children. Second-wave feminism began in the early 1960s and inspired women to look at the sexist
Postcolonial_feminism
Feminist and antiracist art collective
the History of Western Art "was so embedded in that second-wave feminist and even pre-second-wave essentialism" that it fulfilled some assumption that
Guerrilla_Girls
Music genre
revival and world music as influences for American neopagan music. Second-wave feminism created women's music which includes influences from feminist versions
Modern_pagan_music
Sociopolitical movement
the community. Chicana feminism encouraged women to reclaim their existence between and among the Chicano Movement and second-wave feminist movements from
Chicana_feminism
2025 play by Bess Wohl
Bess Wohl. Developed by the Roundabout Theatre Company, it explores second-wave feminism, memory, and the complexities of social change across generations
Liberation_(play)
first-wave liberal feminism of the 19th and early-20th centuries. Liberal feminism in this broad traditional sense is also called "mainstream feminism", "reformist
Feminist movements and ideologies
Feminist_movements_and_ideologies
Separatist feminism Second-wave feminism Sex-positive feminism Sikh feminism Socialist feminism Standpoint feminism State feminism Structuralist feminism Third-wave
Feminist_theory
Women role-related cinema
second-wave feminism in films involved women's oppression and the difficulty in identifying with the idea of femininity. During this time, feminism in
Women's_cinema
Women bases intertwined concepts
group. Feminism of the 99% Femonationalism Homonationalism Intersectionality Multiracial feminist theory Misogynoir Second wave feminism White feminism Asian
Feminism_and_racism
Perspective within feminism
systems (as in liberal feminism) or class conflict (as in Marxist feminism). Early radical feminism, arising within second-wave feminism in the 1960s, typically
Radical_feminism
Movement originating within radical feminism
from fringe movements within second-wave radical feminism mainly in the United States, trans-exclusionary radical feminism has achieved increasing global
Trans-exclusionary radical feminism
Trans-exclusionary_radical_feminism
Prejudice against, or hatred of, women
gunē 'woman'. The word was rarely used until it was popularised by second-wave feminism in the 1970s. English and American dictionaries define misogyny as
Misogyny
Western feminism. Polish feminism can be tied to ideals of the second and third waves of feminism, but it paradoxically exists between the waves. Polish
Feminism_in_Poland
Type of feminism
Materialist feminism is a theoretical current of radical feminism that was formed around the French magazine Questions féministes. It is characterized
Materialist_feminism
Subgenre of science fiction
political and technological critiques of society. With the advent of second-wave feminism, women's roles were questioned in this "subversive, mind expanding
Feminist_science_fiction
1981 book by Betty Friedan
earlier book The Feminine Mystique, widely credited with having begun second-wave feminism in the United States. Regarded as an influential author and intellectual
The_Second_Stage
Term developed during second-wave feminism
Womyn-born womyn (WBW) is a term developed during second-wave feminism to designate women who were assigned female at birth, were raised as girls, and
Womyn-born_womyn
Theory in anthropology
fixedness that feminists have been fighting against for decades. Within second wave feminism, there were different approaches to the body, with some advocating
Embodiment theory in anthropology
Embodiment_theory_in_anthropology
American feminist activist (1945–2012)
was a prominent figure in the early development of radical feminism and second-wave feminism and a founding member of three radical feminist organizations:
Shulamith_Firestone
widely credited with starting the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States. Second-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity and thought
Timeline of feminism in the United States
Timeline_of_feminism_in_the_United_States
movement associated with a brand of feminism that combined the ethics and politics of the Chicano movement, second-wave feminism, the LGBT community, and punk
Women in the early East L. A. punk scene
Women_in_the_early_East_L._A._punk_scene
Dissenting views within the feminist movement regarding sexuality
ISBN 978-0-87722-630-7. Gerhard, Jane F. (2001). Desiring revolution: second-wave feminism and the rewriting of American sexual thought, 1920 to 1982. New York:
Feminist_sex_wars
Painting by Monica Sjöö
birth canal. Sjöö was an exponent of second-wave feminism and the Goddess movement. During the birth of her second son, she had inner visions that made
God_Giving_Birth
several waves in the Francoist period. Broadly speaking, they are first-wave feminism taking place from the mid-nineteenth century to 1965, second-wave feminism
Feminism in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition period
Feminism_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition_period
Monthly women's magazine in Turkey (1978–1998)
on a monthly basis was modeled on British second-wave feminist magazine Spare Rib and American second-wave feminist magazine Ms. The target audience of
Kadınca
1974 book by Marc Fasteau
The Male Machine is a book by Marc Fasteau written during the second-wave of feminism in the United States. It was published on September 1, 1974, by
The_Male_Machine
1970 book by Kate Millett
regarded as a classic of feminism and one of radical feminism's key texts, a formative piece in shaping the intentions of the second-wave feminist movement.
Sexual_Politics
Feminist alternative spellings of "women"
renderings of Black American English, without any feminist significance. Second-wave feminism developed several alternative political spellings of the word woman
Alternative spellings of woman
Alternative_spellings_of_woman
2000 book by Cynthia Eller
developed in 19th century scholarship and was taken up by 1970s second-wave feminism following Marija Gimbutas. Eller, a retired professor of religious
The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory
The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory
2016 single by Jennifer Lopez
2016. It has Lopez playing women throughout the decades to show the second wave feminism movement. In March 2016, six years following her departure from the
Ain't_Your_Mama
had joined the military e.g. Australian Women's Land Army. The second-wave of Feminism in Australia began during the 1960s with the confrontation of legal
Feminism_in_Australia
Attribution of intrinsic qualities to genders
gender essentialism were proposed in the mid-20th century. During second-wave feminism, Simone de Beauvoir and other feminists in the 1960s and '70s theorized
Gender_essentialism
Use of media by feminist movements
of feminism dates back to the 19th century and continues through present day. Feminism can be broken down into three distinct sections: first-wave, second-wave
Feminism_and_media
Title of address for a noble woman
which had previously been male preserves fell out of favour with second-wave feminism (lady doctor, lady engineer, lady judge), though lady doctor is sometimes
Lady
Demonstration held at the Miss America 1968
Beaufort, believes that bra-burning has become negatively associated with feminism. When people say, 'Are you one of those bra-burning feminists?' — and yes
Miss_America_protest
American feminist and lesbian activist
American feminist and lesbian activist active in the early years of second-wave feminism. Her political involvement began in student government as a student
Dolores_Bargowski
American television sitcom (1970–1977)
Tyler Moore Show proved to be a groundbreaking series in the era of second-wave feminism; portraying a central female character who was neither married nor
The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show
Feminism that embraces reactionary politics
identity Conservative variants of feminism Difference feminism – Opposition to equality feminism Fourth-wave feminism – Feminist movement, 2010s–present
Reactionary_feminism
Gender identity differing from sex assigned at birth
grotesque. Drag queens have been considered caricatures of women by second-wave feminism. Drag artists have a long tradition in LGBTQ culture. Generally the
Transgender
Turkish feminist and academician
academician, translator, writer, activist and one of the pioneers of second wave feminism in Turkey. In 1967, she returned to Turkey and became the first female
Şirin_Tekeli
newspaper," although that distinction may only be accurate within second-wave feminism in the United States. The newspaper debuted with an issue dated January
It_Ain't_Me,_Babe_(newspaper)
Book by Helen Gurley Brown
and the Single Girl Brown became "not only one of the founders of second wave feminism but stands as a key antecedent for the third." Scanlon also argues
Sex_and_the_Single_Girl
Series of dark comedy jokes
theorizes that the origin of the dead baby joke lies in the rise of second-wave feminism in the U.S. during that decade and its rejection of the traditional
Dead_baby_jokes
Academic book
(the "second-wave"), and to better understand if and how Jewishness played a role in how these women approached their work. Jewish Radical Feminism was
Jewish_Radical_Feminism
American novelist and poet (born 1942)
towards female sexuality and figured prominently in the development of second-wave feminism. The Washington Post said in 2013 that it had sold more than 20 million
Erica_Jong
Influence of feminism on culture
category of scholarly interest relatively recently. In the West, second-wave feminism prompted a general reevaluation of women's historical contributions
Feminism_in_culture
Social system with female rule
The hypothesis has since continued in the context of feminism and especially second-wave feminism. Bamberger (1974) examines several matriarchal myths
Matriarchy
Marvel Comics superhero
grappled with the conflict between traditional gender roles and second-wave feminism. The character has been heavily sexualized both by artists and by
Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)
Black_Widow_(Natasha_Romanova)
Feminist movements and ideology
people of the first world, this wave was exclusionary of Third world feminist and developing countries. Second wave feminism rejected critic of inequalities
Transnational_feminism
American fashion editor (1942–2026)
covered many changes in women's dress, particularly with the rise of second-wave feminism and more women entering the workforce. She covered the work of many
Bobbi_Queen
1970 feminist anthology by Robin Morgan
Radical Women. It is one of the first widely available anthologies of second-wave feminism. It is both a consciousness-raising analysis and a call-to-action
Sisterhood_Is_Powerful
the women fugitives in camps. With new resurgence and insight to Second Wave feminism during the 1970s the Asian American/ Pacific Islander women reclaimed
Organization of Pan Asian American Women
Organization_of_Pan_Asian_American_Women
written for, by, or about women. Many of them started during the "second wave" of feminism. The focus of this list is not on publishers which market to women
List_of_women's_presses
Australian and American singer, actress, TV host, and activist (1941–2020)
played a significant role in popular culture, becoming an anthem for second-wave feminism. She came to be known as a "feminist poster girl" or a "feminist
Helen_Reddy
1971 book by Norman Mailer
Norman Mailer, first published in 1971, that responds to the rise of second-wave feminism and specifically critiques the arguments made by feminist writers
The_Prisoner_of_Sex
2014 documentary film by Mary Dore
Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com. Retrieved May 12, 2017. "Ride Feminism's Second Wave in New Documentary 'She's Beautiful When She's Angry'". Newsweek
She's Beautiful When She's Angry
She's_Beautiful_When_She's_Angry
Main branch of feminism
"Big Three" schools of feminist thought, liberal feminism has its roots in 19th century first-wave feminism seeking recognition of women as equal citizens
Liberal_feminism
Bookshops that sell material relating to women's issues, gender, and sexuality
during the women's liberation movement of second-wave feminism, when feminist separatism and lesbian feminism were growing in popularity. Beginning in
Feminist_bookstore
Radical feminist group
groups. However, they strongly rejected socialist feminism (which they referred to as "politico" feminism) as subordinating the issue of women's liberation
Redstockings
Sexual but not romantic relationship
film known as Friends with Benefits. As an evolution of second-wave feminism, third-wave feminism is the belief that "young women should not be inhibited
Friends_with_benefits
Canadian Feminist Archive Collection
unconventional archiving practices to represent the collective nature of second wave feminism in Canada, organizing series by individuals and organizations, rather
Canadian Women's Movement Archives
Canadian_Women's_Movement_Archives
Long period of worldwide economic growth following World War II
import substitution, counterculture of the 1960s, the beginning of second-wave feminism, and a nuclear arms race. In 2000, economist Roger Middleton wrote
Post–World War II economic expansion
Post–World_War_II_economic_expansion
Ideology that seeks liberation from economic and cultural sources of women's oppression
political.' This was also the time that second wave feminism started to surface which is really when socialist feminism kicked off. Socialist feminists argue
Socialist_feminism
meetings in Israel's major cities. Arab Israeli feminism emerged following Israel's second-wave feminism, criticizing the dominant discourse as ignoring
Feminism_in_Israel
Academic journal
providing contemporary and historical social critique through the lens of second-wave feminist theory. “Free women thinking, doing, being.” Content followed
Aphra: The Feminist Literary Magazine
Aphra:_The_Feminist_Literary_Magazine
Oppression viewed from a feminist angle
during the beginning of second-wave feminism finally addressed the voice of Black women and women of color in contrast to the first wave, where it initially
Violence and intersectionality
Violence_and_intersectionality
Movement in lesbian feminism
Political lesbianism is a phenomenon within feminism, primarily second-wave feminism and radical feminism; it includes, but is not limited to, lesbian
Political_lesbianism
SECOND WAVE-FEMINISM
SECOND WAVE-FEMINISM
SECOND WAVE-FEMINISM
SECOND WAVE-FEMINISM
SECOND WAVE-FEMINISM
SECOND WAVE-FEMINISM
SECOND WAVE-FEMINISM
SECOND WAVE-FEMINISM
SECOND WAVE-FEMINISM