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American mathematician and logician (1919–2017)
Raymond Merrill Smullyan (/ˈsmʌliən/; May 25, 1919 – February 6, 2017) was an American mathematician, magician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist, and
Raymond_Smullyan
Italian-American filmmaker (born 1975)
Film Needs No Title: A Portrait of Raymond Smullyan (2004) profiles the mathematician and logician Raymond Smullyan. El Cable (2004) and Behind the Wheel
Tao_Ruspoli
Name list
and inventor Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017), American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician Raymond Sudre (1870–1962)
Raymond
Variety of storylike logic puzzle of apparent antinomy
questions truthfully, and others only falsely. The name was coined by Raymond Smullyan in his 1978 work What Is the Name of This Book? The puzzles are set
Knights_and_Knaves
Book by Raymond Smullyan
mathematician and logician Raymond Smullyan. It contains many nontrivial recreational puzzles of the sort for which Smullyan is well known. It is also
To_Mock_a_Mockingbird
Apparent logical paradox
pub is drinking." It was popularised by the mathematical logician Raymond Smullyan, who called it the "drinking principle" in his 1978 book What Is the
Drinker_paradox
American mathematics and science writer (1914–2010)
Diaconis, and polymath Raymond Smullyan. Gardner considered fellow magician James Randi his closest friend. Diaconis and Smullyan like Gardner straddled
Martin_Gardner
Italian composer (1685–1757)
by Raymond Smullyan Sonata in F minor K. 466 Performed on a digital harpsichord Sonata in E major K. 531, Allegro Performed on a piano by Raymond Smullyan
Domenico_Scarlatti
1980 essay collection by Smullyan
1980 collection of essays about logic, paradoxes, and philosophy, by Raymond Smullyan. It was first published by Prentice-Hall. In 2023, it was reissued
This_Book_Needs_No_Title
Logic puzzle by Raymond Smullyan
heads, he speaks truly; if tails, falsely. Boolos credits the logician Raymond Smullyan as the originator of the puzzle and John McCarthy with adding the difficulty
The_Hardest_Logic_Puzzle_Ever
Form of logic
Coercive logic is a concept popularized by mathematician Raymond Smullyan, in which a person who has agreed to answer a question truthfully is forced to
Coercive_logic
Problem or enigma that tests a person's ingenuity
Kordemsky Will Shortz Oskar van Deventer Lloyd King Martin Gardner Raymond Smullyan The nine linked-rings puzzle, an advanced puzzle device that requires
Puzzle
Form of entertainment in mathematics
Gardner: The Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd. Dover. OCLC 5720955. Raymond M. Smullyan (1991). The Lady or the Tiger? And Other Logic Puzzles. Oxford University
Recreational_mathematics
American mathematician and computer scientist (1903–1995)
Nicholas Rescher, Hartley Rogers, Jr., J. Barkley Rosser, Dana Scott, Raymond Smullyan and Alan Turing. In addition to those he directly supervised, Church
Alonzo_Church
Collection of keyboard music by J.S. Bach
or in Werckmeister temperament. In addition to Martha Goldstein, Raymond Smullyan is another artist for whom several performances from Book 1 are freely
The_Well-Tempered_Clavier
1986 book by James P. Carse
March 2020. I read things like the Tao Te Ching, The Tao is Silent by Raymond Smullyan, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, philosophical novels by
Finite_and_Infinite_Games
2025 puzzle video game
Other puzzles in the game were inspired by those of Martin Gardner and Raymond Smullyan. Other "armchair mystery" books contributed to Ros' ideas for Blue
Blue_Prince
Mathematical logician and philosopher
Who Got Einstein's Office? Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Raymond Smullyan, 1992. Godel's Incompleteness Theorems. Oxford University Press. Olga
Kurt_Gödel
Statement in mathematical logic
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Zalta. Raymond Smullyan, 1991. Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems. Oxford Univ. Press. Raymond Smullyan, 1994. Diagonalization and Self-Reference
Diagonal_lemma
Neighborhood in New York City
1967 as Michael Berrin), former member of the hip hop group 3rd Bass Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017), mathematician; grew up in Far Rockaway Kalman Sporn (born
Far_Rockaway
Tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement
humorPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Wine humour Raymond Smullyan, "The Planet Without Laughter", This Book Needs No Title McGraw, A
Humour
Combinatory logic system
logic SKI combinator calculus Lambda calculus To Mock a Mockingbird Raymond Smullyan (1994) Diagonalization and Self-Reference. Oxford Univ. Press: 344
B,_C,_K,_W_system
Australian musician, composer
writing of his music and creativity at the source, it was the late Raymond Smullyan who heard a correlation between Wilcher's music and the religious or
Phillip_Wilcher
Oral puzzle guessing game
and magazines. Paul Sloane's Lateral Thinking Puzzlers series and Raymond Smullyan's collections helped popularize the format in print. In the 1990s, archives
Situation_puzzle
Puzzle in logic and mathematics
allow infinite expectation values in some situations. The logician Raymond Smullyan questioned if the paradox has anything to do with probabilities at
Two_envelopes_problem
British comedy panel game television quiz show
series, which also includes titles by Robert L. Wolke, Ian Stewart and Raymond Smullyan. In 2007, an Italian edition entitled Il libro dell'ignoranza ("The
QI
1989 book by Roger Penrose
thesis Mind–body dualism Orchestrated objective reduction Quantum mind Raymond Smullyan Shadows of the Mind "The Emperor's New Clothes" Turing test Landau
The_Emperor's_New_Mind
Limitative results in mathematical logic
Vol. 38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58533-3. Raymond Smullyan, 1987. Forever Undecided ISBN 0192801414 - puzzles based on undecidability
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's_incompleteness_theorems
Neighborhoods in New York City
1967 as Michael Berrin), former member of the hip hop group 3rd Bass Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017), mathematician; grew up in Far Rockaway Kalman Sporn (born
Rockaway,_Queens
1981 book edited by Douglas Hofstadter and Daniel Dennett
by authors such as Jorge Luis Borges, Alan Turing, Richard Dawkins, Raymond Smullyan, John Searle, Stanisław Lem, Thomas Nagel (as well as Hofstadter and
The_Mind's_I
Mathematician and magician
Ronald Graham Vi Hart Royal Vale Heath Colm Mulcahy W. W. Rouse Ball Raymond Smullyan "Mathemagic" by Royal Vale Heath and Jerome Sydney Meyer, Simon and
Mathemagician
Type of logic regarding reasoning about beliefs
terms of belief. To demonstrate the properties of sets of beliefs, Raymond Smullyan defines the following types of reasoners: Accurate reasoner: An accurate
Doxastic_logic
British Japanologist (1898–1964)
, NY, 1975, ISBN 1567312373 Raymond Smullyan, The Tao is Silent, Harper & Row, 1977, ISBN 0-06-067469-5 Raymond Smullyan, Planet without Laughter, 1980;
Reginald_Horace_Blyth
American philosopher and logician (1940–1996)
of Gödel's first incompleteness theorem", under the supervision of Raymond Smullyan. Oxford University awarded him the B.Phil. in 1963. In 1966, he obtained
George_Boolos
1931 paper by Kurt Gödel
Integers, Running Press, 2005:1097ff). The Meltzer version—described by Raymond Smullyan as a 'nice translation'—was adversely reviewed by Stefan Bauer-Mengelberg
On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems
On_Formally_Undecidable_Propositions_of_Principia_Mathematica_and_Related_Systems
Theological attempt to resolve the problem of evil
[full citation needed] published in his book The Tao Is Silent (1977), Raymond Smullyan claims to prove that it is logically impossible to have sentient beings
Theodicy
Public college in the Bronx, New York, US
communication, and theatre Rob Schneiderman, professor of mathematics Raymond Smullyan, distinguished professor emeritus of mathematics and philosophy (in
Lehman_College
Music theory
in A minor, BWV 543 composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, performed by Raymond Smullyan Problems playing these files? See media help. In music, a reduction
Reduction_(music)
Short story by Frank Stockton
musical comedy The Apple Tree. The story served as inspiration for Raymond Smullyan's puzzle book by the same title, The Lady, or the Tiger?. The first
The_Lady,_or_the_Tiger?
Belief that natural wholes are similar to machines
Using a different formulation of Gödel's theorems, namely, that of Raymond Smullyan and Emil Post, Webb shows one can derive convincing arguments for oneself
Mechanism_(philosophy)
American philosopher
from Yeshiva University, both in mathematics. His thesis advisor was Raymond Smullyan. In June 2012 Melvin Fitting was given the Herbrand Award by the Conference
Melvin_Fitting
Sims (1938–2017) George Seligman (1927–2024) Stephen Smale (b. 1930) Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017) Edwin Spanier (1921–1996) Norman Steenrod (1910–1971) Elias
List of American mathematicians
List_of_American_mathematicians
Tool for proving a logical formula
classical logic, by Raymond Smullyan (Smullyan 1968, 1995). Smullyan's simplification, "one-sided tableaux", is described here. Smullyan's method has been
Method_of_analytic_tableaux
Dimiter Skordev (Bulgaria, born 1936) Theodore Slaman (US, born 1954) Raymond Smullyan (US, 1919–2017) William of Soissons (France, 12th century) Robert M
List_of_logicians
Calendar year
23 – Betty Garrett, American actress and dancer (d. 2011) May 25 – Raymond Smullyan, American mathematician, logician and philosopher (d. 2017) May 30
1919
from the original on November 13, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011. "Raymond Smullyan". Indiana University Department of Philosophy. Retrieved October 26
List of Princeton University people
List_of_Princeton_University_people
operant conditioning model Carol Smith (1926–2021), voice teacher Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017), philosophy professor emeritus, logician, mathematician
List of Indiana University Bloomington people
List_of_Indiana_University_Bloomington_people
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
John Myhill's definition of linear bounded automata (Myhill 1960), Raymond Smullyan's study of rudimentary sets (1961), as well as Hisao Yamada's paper
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
Chess variant
Chess puzzle by Raymond Smullyan Monochromatic chess is a chess variant with unknown origin. The initial board position and all rules are the same as in
Monochromatic_chess
German-American philosopher (1891–1970)
G. Ossorio W. V. O. Quine Rose Rand Richard Rorty Herbert A. Simon Raymond Smullyan Main interests Logic · Epistemology Philosophy of science Semantics
Rudolf_Carnap
Jack the Ripper, whom Holmes suspects to be Professor James Moriarty. Raymond Smullyan wrote The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock Holmes (1979), in which Holmes
Sherlock_Holmes_pastiches
Nicholas J. J. Smith (born 1972) Tara Smith (born 1961) Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017) John Raymond Smythies (1922–2019) Yorick Smythies (1917–1980) Joseph
List of philosophers born in the 20th century
List_of_philosophers_born_in_the_20th_century
and the Holy Grail, Ghost Whisperer, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles). Raymond Smullyan, 97, American mathematician and philosopher. Deborah Lynn Steinberg
Deaths_in_February_2017
Public school in New York City
playwright Zachary "Skeeter" Reece (1950/1951-), professional clown Raymond Smullyan (1919-2017), American logician, mathematician, and puzzle creator Jimmie
Theodore Roosevelt High School (New York City)
Theodore_Roosevelt_High_School_(New_York_City)
Educational foundation in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Mosely Roger Penrose Dana Richards Doris Schattschneider Will Shortz Raymond Smullyan Activities typically include lectures, performance art, puzzle and
Gathering_4_Gardner
Slonimski (1810–1904), mathematician and astronomer; Demidov Prize (1844) Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017), mathematician and philosopher Alan Sokal (born 1955),
List_of_Jewish_mathematicians
American mathematician
André Weil. He received his Ph.D. from CUNY in 1969 under the advisor Raymond Smullyan; his dissertation was on "Goldbach Sentences in Some Abstract Arithmetics
Henry_Pogorzelski
Episodes in 1982
Williams Desk- "Little Known Laws" 4824 August 4, 1982 (1982-08-04) Raymond Smullyan, Jimmy Aleck N/A Sketch- "Reagan/Brezhnev Conference" 4825 August 5
List of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson episodes (1982)
List_of_The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson_episodes_(1982)
American logician (1937–2021)
McNaughton. At Yeshiva University in New York City Corcoran studied with Raymond Smullyan and Martin Davis. Corcoran's first tenure-track position was at the
John_Corcoran_(logician)
American learned society
Barry Moser, Joyce Carol Oates, Jon Scieszka, William Jay Smith, Raymond Smullyan, and Craig Yoe. Meetings sometimes feature premieres or performances
Lewis Carroll Society of North America
Lewis_Carroll_Society_of_North_America
American author, book editor and expert on Lewis Carroll
2011), with contributions from other Gardner aficionados including Raymond Smullyan, Douglas Hofstadter and David Singmaster. In 2015 he edited the aforementioned
Mark_Burstein_(editor)
Composition for organ by Johann Sebastian Bach
pianos or piano four-hands. Liszt's transcription of BWV 543 (9:58) Raymond Smullyan, piano Problems playing this file? See media help. Because of the piece's
Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 543
Prelude_and_Fugue_in_A_minor,_BWV_543
Gehrels, 64, astronomer (b. 1952) Stan Jones, politician (b. 1949) Raymond Smullyan, mathematician and philosopher (b. 1919) Christine Dolce, MySpace celebrity
2017_in_the_United_States
American philosopher and logician (1908–2000)
along with the article Quine (1946), became a launching point for Raymond Smullyan's later lucid exposition of these and related results. Quine's work
Willard_Van_Orman_Quine
American pianist
summer course in New Jersey, Among her students were mathematician Raymond Smullyan and music professor Morton Schoenfeld. Later in life, Hofheimer was
Grace_Hofheimer
January 2017), Argentine International Master and five-time Olympian. Raymond Smullyan (25 May 1919 – 6 February 2017), American logician and creator of retrograde
2017_in_chess
Puzzle deriving from the mathematical field of deduction
[citation needed] In the second half of the 20th century, mathematician Raymond M. Smullyan continued and expanded the branch of logic puzzles with books such
Logic_puzzle
Concept in computability theory
Mathematics, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90170-1 Smullyan, Raymond M. (1958), "Undecidability and recursive inseparability", Zeitschrift
Computably_inseparable
then S is satisfiable. Smullyan, Raymond (2014). A Beginner's Guide to Mathematical Logic. Dover. p. 91. ISBN 0486492370. Smullyan, R. M. (1971). First-Order
Hintikka_set
Symbol used in mathematics and logic
Journal of Symbolic Logic. Association for Symbolic Logic. p. 41. Smullyan, Raymond M. (1987). Forever undecided: a puzzle guide to Gödel (1 ed.). New
Up_tack
Variable that can either be true or false
Quantifiers | Set 1". GeeksforGeeks. 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2020-08-20. Smullyan, Raymond M. First-Order Logic. 1968. Dover edition, 1995. Chapter 1.1: Formulas
Propositional_variable
Collection of sets in mathematics that can be defined based on a property of its members
Levy, A. (1979), Basic Set Theory, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag Smullyan, Raymond M.; Fitting, Melvin (2010), Set Theory And The Continuum Problem,
Class_(set_theory)
Japanese writer
collection of 52 poems. American mathematician and philosopher, Raymond M. Smullyan refers to Tachibana's poem "Solitary Pleasures," in his book Who
Tachibana_Akemi
Theorem that arithmetical truth cannot be defined in arithmetic
2011-06-08. Smullyan, Raymond M. (1992). Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-504672-2. Smullyan, R. (2001)
Tarski's undefinability theorem
Tarski's_undefinability_theorem
Standard form of a boolean function
Mathematics. 43 (3): 163–185. doi:10.2307/2370324. JSTOR 2370324. Smullyan, Raymond M. (1968). First-Order Logic. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer
Disjunctive_normal_form
System of formal deduction in logic
Systems" (PDF). Stony Brook University. Retrieved 21 November 2025. Smullyan, Raymond M. (2014-07-23). A Beginner's Guide to Mathematical Logic. Courier
Hilbert_system
The Axiom of Choice. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-46624-8. Smullyan, Raymond M.; Fitting, Melvin (2010) [1996]. Set Theory and the Continuum Problem
Finite_character
Set theory concept
for the Mathematician. San Francisco: Holden-Day. ASIN B0006BQH7S. Smullyan, Raymond M.; Fitting, Melvin (2010) [revised and corrected republication of
Von_Neumann_universe
Type of Gödel numbering in mathematics
ISBN 9780387901701. Smullyan, Raymond Merrill (1992). Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504672-4. Smullyan, Raymond Merrill
Gödel_numbering_for_sequences
Method of deriving conclusions
Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 24 March 2025. Smullyan, Raymond M. (2014). A Beginner's Guide to Mathematical Logic. Dover Publications
Rule_of_inference
Binary operation that is true if and only if both operands are false
Science. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 22. ISBN 978-81-88237-49-4. Smullyan, Raymond M. (1995). First-order logic. New York: Dover. pp. 5, 11, 14. ISBN 978-0-486-68370-6
Logical_NOR
Provability logic
(2): 115–118. doi:10.2307/2266895. JSTOR 2266895. S2CID 250348262. Smullyan, Raymond M. (1986). "Logicians who reason about themselves". Proceedings of
Löb's_theorem
Style of formal logical argumentation
Guide" (PDF). User guide. SRI International. Retrieved 1 June 2025. Smullyan, Raymond Merrill (1995) [1968]. First-order logic. New York: Dover Publications
Sequent_calculus
(2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-138-85227-3. Smullyan, Raymond M. (1993). Recursion Theory for Metamathematics. Oxford University
Glossary_of_logic
Mathematical model for deduction or proof systems
Mathematical Logic Reprinted by Dover, 2002. ISBN 0-486-42533-9. Smullyan, Raymond M., 1961. Theory of Formal Systems: Annals of Mathematics Studies
Formal_system
Sentence, idea or formula that refers to itself
Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid. New York, Vintage Books. Smullyan, Raymond (1994), Diagonalization and Self-Reference, Oxford Science Publications
Self-reference
Simple Turing complete logic
Combinators in JavaScript". Bene Studio. Medium. Retrieved 2 August 2020. Smullyan, Raymond (1985). To Mock a Mockingbird. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-53491-3. A gentle
SKI_combinator_calculus
Logical formalism using combinators instead of variables
"The Logic of Curry and Church" (PDF). Retrieved 17 September 2023. Smullyan, Raymond (1985). To Mock a Mockingbird And Other Logic Puzzles Including an
Combinatory_logic
Paradoxical assertion
S2CID 2442524. A. N. Prior (1976). Papers in Logic and Ethics. Duckworth. Smullyan, Raymond (1986). What Is the Name of This Book? ISBN 0-671-62832-1. A collection
Liar_paradox
Logical proof involving antecedents and consequents
New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486446554. OCLC 61296001. Smullyan, Raymond Merrill (1995) [1968]. First-order logic. New York: Dover Publications
Sequent
Finnish and American philosopher and logician (1929–2015)
University, Sweden". www.uu.se. Retrieved 10 April 2018. Nerode, A.; Smullyan, Raymond M. (March 1962). "Reviewed Work: The Foundations of Mathematics, A
Jaakko_Hintikka
Axiomatic logical system
(Reprinted by Association for Symbolic Logic and A K Peters in 2000). Smullyan, Raymond (1991). Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems. Oxford University Press.
Robinson_arithmetic
Graduate-level textbooks in mathematics
Borel 1960-08-21 256 9780691080307 47 Theory of Formal Systems. Raymond M. Smullyan 1961 156 9780691080475 48 Lectures on Modular Forms. R. C. Gunning
Annals_of_Mathematics_Studies
Axioms for the natural numbers
Proof Theory. New York: Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-444-89840-1. Smullyan, Raymond M. (December 2013). The Gödelian Puzzle Book: Puzzles, Paradoxes and
Peano_axioms
Paradox about the perception of probability
Paradox of the Preface", Philosophy of Science, 53, pp. 246–258. Smullyan, Raymond (1978). What is the name of this book?. Prentice–Hall. p. 206. ISBN 0-13-955088-7
Lottery_paradox
Branch of mathematics that studies sets
Critical Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-191-55643-2 Smullyan, Raymond M.; Fitting, Melvin (2010), Set Theory and the Continuum Problem,
Set_theory
Modern Chess Analysis. Gambit Publications. ISBN 1-904600-08-5. Smullyan, Raymond M. (1985). The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock Holmes. Alfred A. Knopf
List_of_chess_books_(M–S)
Works of American writer (1914–2010)
Alice in Puzzle-Land: A Carrollian Tale for Children Under Eighty by Raymond M. Smullyan (1982). The Fourth Dimension: A Guided Tour of the Higher Universes
Martin_Gardner_bibliography
Genre of chess problem concerned with determining previously played moves
Krabbé, On Castling. In Chess Life & Review, May 1976, pp. 281–4. Raymond M. Smullyan wrote two well-received retrograde analysis riddle books: The Chess
Retrograde_analysis
Form of mathematical proof
Mathematical Reasoning, p. 190, Pearson, 2006, ISBN 978-0131877184 Smullyan, Raymond (2014). A Beginner's Guide to Mathematical Logic. Dover. p. 41. ISBN 978-0486492377
Mathematical_induction
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