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Extinct ancient Phoenician language
characters. The Punic language, also called Phoenicio-Punic or Carthaginian, is an extinct variety of the Phoenician language, a Canaanite language of the Northwest
Punic_language
People from Ancient Carthage
Peninsula, Malta, and Ibiza. Their language, Punic, was a variety of Phoenician, one of the Northwest Semitic languages originating in the Levant. Literary
Punic_people
Ancient Semitic language of the Mediterranean, specifically present-day Lebanon
Phoenician to the western Mediterranean, where the distinct Punic language developed. Punic also died out, but it seems to have survived far longer than
Phoenician_language
Large dialect continuum from the Levant and Mesopotamia
(including the Punics/Carthaginians), Moabites, and sometimes the ethno-linguistically closely related Ugarites and Amorites. The Canaanite languages continued
Canaanite_languages
Wars between Rome and Carthage (264–146 BC)
The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian Empire during the period 264 to 146 BC. Three such wars took
Punic_Wars
War between Rome and Carthage (149–146 BC)
The Third Punic War (149–146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome. The war was fought entirely within Carthaginian
Third_Punic_War
Semitic language spoken mostly in Malta
Vassalli both mistakenly hypothesised that Maltese originated from the Punic language. Later scholars like John L. Hayes considered it to be descended from
Maltese_language
Writing system used c. 1050 to 146 BC
Ancient Carthage until the 2nd century BC, where it was used to write the Punic language. Its direct descendant scripts include the Aramaic and Samaritan alphabets
Phoenician_alphabet
Carthage-Rome engagement, 149–146 BCE
The siege of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War fought between Carthage and Rome. It consisted of the nearly three-year siege of
Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)
Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)
Religion in Carthage
The Punic religion, Carthaginian religion, or Western Phoenician religion in the western Mediterranean was a direct continuation of the Phoenician variety
Punic_religion
Spanish autonomous city in northwestern Africa
the official language of Ceuta. Darija Arabic (Ceuta Arabic dialect) is also widely spoken. The name Abyla has been said to have been a Punic name ("Lofty
Ceuta
Phoenician–Punic literature is literature written in Phoenician, the language of the ancient civilization of Phoenicia, or in the Punic language that developed
Phoenician–Punic_literature
Romance language indigenous to the island of Sardinia
elements of Pre-Latin (mostly Paleo-Sardinian and, to a much lesser degree, Punic) substratum, as well as a Byzantine Greek, Catalan, Spanish, French, and
Sardinian_language
Coins of ancient Carthage
Carthaginian or Punic coins were produced from the late fifth century BC through 146 BC by ancient Carthage, a Punic empire known as Rome's biggest rival
Carthaginian_coinage
Extinct language of an indigenous western European people
systems of the two. In contrast, the Punic language of Carthaginian settlers was Semitic, while Indo-European languages of the peninsula during the Iron Age
Iberian_language
Phoenician city-state
Ancient Carthage (/ˈkɑːrθɪdʒ/ KAR-thij; Punic: 𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕, lit. 'New City') (Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵇⴻⵔⵟⴰⵊ) was an ancient civilization based in North Africa
Ancient_Carthage
Spanish autonomous city in northwestern Africa
discuss] Melilla was a Phoenician and later Punic trade establishment under variations of the name Rusadir (Punic: 𐤓𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓, ršʾdr), taken from the Phoenician
Melilla
Carthaginian general and statesman (247–183/181 BC)
Hannibal (/ˈhænɪbəl/; Punic: 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋; 247 – between 183 and 181 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in
Hannibal
1837 study of the Phoenician language
and Punic surviving inscriptions, published and explained with an excellent commentary on the letters and language of the Phoenicians and the Punics by
Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae
Scripturae_Linguaeque_Phoeniciae
Largest city in Sardinia, Italy
pottery Karalitan ship owners and traders, mosaic in Ostia Antica Karaly (Punic: 𐤊𐤓𐤋𐤉, krly) was established around the 8th/7th century BC as one of
Cagliari
Semitic title often used in reference to deities
turn derive from the vowel-less Northwest Semitic form bʿl (Phoenician and Punic: 𐤁𐤏𐤋). The word's biblical senses as a Phoenician deity and false gods
Baal
Military force of the Carthaginians
The army of Carthage (Punic: 𐤓𐤌 𐤐𐤕 𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤂𐤍) was one of the largest military forces in the ancient world. Although Carthage's navy was always its
Military_of_Carthage
Canaanite deity or form of human sacrifice
in spelling to a term that means "sacrifice" in the closely related Punic language. This second position has grown increasingly popular, but it remains
Moloch
Child sacrifice sites and cemeteries
evidence to connect such a deity to human sacrifice. Later Phoenician and Punic child-sacrifices called mlk in inscriptions or described by Greco-Roman
Tophet
Ancient city in Tunisia
reflected in English in some borrowings from Latin – notably the Punic Wars and the Punic language. The Modern Standard Arabic form Qarṭāj (قرطاج) is an adoption
Carthage
Carthaginian general (c. 275 – 228 BC)
Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (Punic: 𐤇𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤁𐤓𐤒, romanized: Ḥamilqart Barqā; c. 275 – 228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of
Hamilcar_Barca
War between Rome and Carthage (264–241 BC)
The First Punic War (264–241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the
First_Punic_War
Barcid Carthaginian who played an important role in the Second Punic War
Mago Barca (Punic: 𐤌𐤂𐤍 𐤁𐤓𐤒, romanized: Magon Barqa; died 202 BC) was a Carthaginian, member of the Barcid family, who played an important role
Mago_Barca
retained the Punic language for centuries after. Latin emerged on the island spoken by Roman administration however common speech remained Punic. At the end
History of the Maltese language
History_of_the_Maltese_language
War between Rome and Carthage (218–201 BC)
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in
Second_Punic_War
Writing system where each symbol stands for a consonant
a definition of what can be called a Punic script in relation to a Punic language. Conventionally, we call "Punic" the writing typical of Carthage, which
Abjad
People of Tunisia
known as the Punic people. From the 8th century BC, most Tunisians were Punic. Evidence from Sicily shows that some western Phoenicians (Punic people) used
Tunisians
Island of Italy
Venere lake is a soda lake. The Carthaginians knew the island as yrnm (Punic: 𐤉𐤓𐤍𐤌) or ʾyrnm (𐤀𐤉𐤓𐤍𐤌). The Greek geographers recorded it as Kossyra
Pantelleria
Chief god in ancient Carthaginian religion
Ba'al Hammon (Punic: 𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤇𐤌𐤍, romanized: Baʿl Ḥamōn), meaning "Lord Hammon", was a Punic-Berber syncretic deity and the chief god of ancient Carthage
Baal_Hammon
City in and capital of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco
Tanger-Med port. The Carthaginian name of the city is variously recorded as tng (Punic: 𐤕𐤍𐤂), tngʾ (𐤕𐤍𐤂𐤀), tyngʾ (𐤕𐤉𐤍𐤂𐤀), and ttgʾ (𐤕𐤕𐤂𐤀); these
Tangier
Carthaginian leader in the Third Punic War (149–146 BC)
Hasdrubal the Boetharch (Punic: 𐤏𐤆𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋, ʿAzrubaʿal) was a Carthaginian general during the Third Punic War (149–146 BC). Little is known about
Hasdrubal_the_Boetharch
Municipality in Andalusia, Spain
2007. Phoenicians from Tyre founded a colony named Malake about 770 BC (Punic: 𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀, mlkʾ). The town controlled access to the Guadalmedina and served
Málaga
Celtic languages Celtiberian language Gallaecian language Lusitanian language Punic language Guanche language Gothic language Vandalic language Frankish
Languages_of_Spain
3rd century BCE Carthaginian statesman and general
Hanno II the "Great" (Punic: 𐤇𐤍𐤀, ḥnʾ) was a wealthy Carthaginian aristocrat in the 3rd century BC. He is the most well-known political opponent of
Hanno_II_the_Great
Branch of the Indo-European language family
The Italic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken on the Italian Peninsula in the first
Italic_languages
5th-century BC Carthaginian explorer
Hanno the Navigator (sometimes "Hannon"; Punic: 𐤇𐤍𐤀, Ḥnʾ; Greek: Ἄννων, romanized: Annōn ) was a Carthaginian explorer (sometimes identified as
Hanno_the_Navigator
Northwest Semitic supreme deity
Heaven and Ancient Earth. In some inscriptions, the name ʾĒl qōne ʾarṣ (Punic: 𐤀𐤋 𐤒𐤍 𐤀𐤓𐤑 ʾl qn ʾrṣ) meaning 'El creator of Earth' appears, even
El_(deity)
or in references in Greek and Roman texts to other languages and the need for interpreters. For Punic, Coptic, and Aramaic or Syriac, a significant amount
Languages_of_the_Roman_Empire
7th or 6th century Punic language curse tablet
The Punic Tabella Defixionis is a 7th or 6th century Punic language curse tablet, inscribed on a lead scroll, found in Carthage by Paul Gauckler in 1899
Punic_Tabella_Defixionis
Island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea
Gozo. /ˈɡoʊzoʊ/ GOH-zoh, US also /ˈɡɔːdzoʊ, ˈɡɔːtsoʊ/ GAWD-zoh, GAWT-soh. Punic: 𐤂𐤅𐤋, romanized: gwl; Ancient Greek: Γαῦλος, romanized: Gaúlos. "Population"
Gozo
Middle Eastern goddess, worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity
Phoenician, and later Punic, colonies throughout the Mediterranean world, with her worship being recorded in Cyprus, as well as in Punic Africa and Sicily
Astarte
Ancient city in modern Libya
Libya at the mouth of the Wadi Lebda in the Mediterranean. Established as a Punic settlement prior to 500 BC, the city experienced significant expansion under
Leptis_Magna
Cape in northern Morocco
antiquity, the cape was known to the Phoenicians and Carthaginians as Rusadir (Punic: 𐤓𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓, ršʾdr), giving its name to a nearby port (now Melilla). The
Cape_Three_Forks
and language to diminish in importance west of Tripoli. The descendants of the Phoenician settlers in Ancient Carthage came to be known as the Punic people
Phoenician settlement of North Africa
Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa
Punic inscriptions found in Tripolitania, Libya
The Tripolitania Punic inscriptions are a number of Punic language inscriptions found in the region of Tripolitania – specifically its three classical
Tripolitania Punic inscriptions
Tripolitania_Punic_inscriptions
Community leader of significant civic status In several ancient Semitic-speaking cultures
Hebrew: שׁוֹפֵט, romanized: šōp̄ēṭ, Phoenician: 𐤔𐤐𐤈, romanized: šōfēṭ, Punic: 𐤔𐤐𐤈, romanized: šūfeṭ, the last loaned into Latin as sūfes; see also
Shophet
City in Sicily, Italy
settlement on the natural harbour of Palermo, which became known as Ziz (Punic: 𐤑𐤉𐤑, ṣyṣ). It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily
Palermo
Late 3rd century BC Carthaginian noblewoman
Sophonisba (Punic: 𐤑𐤐𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋, romanized: Ṣaponi-Baʿal, lit. 'May Baʿal watch over me!'; fl. 206 - 203 BC) was a Carthaginian noblewoman who lived
Sophonisba
Ancient name for the modern city of Annaba, Algeria
highly important in Western Christianity. Hippo is the latinization of ʿpwn (Punic: 𐤏𐤐𐤅𐤍), probably related to the word ūbōn 'harbor'. The town was first
Hippo_Regius
Ancient Semitic maritime civilization
written in the early 2nd century BC, appears to preserve a Punic term for the Phoenician/Punic language which may be reconstructed as Pōnnīm, a point disputed
Phoenicia
Unit of currency in various countries
Recently, it has been proposed that it may represent an early borrowing of Punic pn (Pane or Pene, "Face"), as the face of Carthaginian goddess Tanit was
Penny
Carthaginian general (245–207 BC)
latinization of the Punic ʿAzrubaʿal (Punic: 𐤏𐤆𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋, romanized: ʿAzrōbaʿl), son of Hamilcar Barca, was a Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War. He was
Hasdrubal_Barca
Comune in Sicily, Italy
[citation needed] Under Carthaginian rule, it was known as "Cape Melqart" (Punic: 𐤓𐤔 𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕, rš mlqrt), after the Tyrian god. Of Siculian foundation
Cefalù
Carthaginian general and statesman
Malchus (/ˈmælkəs/; Punic: 𐤌𐤋𐤒 mlq, or 𐤌𐤋𐤊 mlk; Ancient Greek: Μάλχος, Malkhōs) was a Carthaginian general and statesman in the 6th century BCE
Malchus_(general)
Notable family in the ancient city of Carthage
The Barcid (Punic: 𐤁𐤓𐤒, romanized: baraq) family was a notable Punic (Phoenician) family in the ancient city of Carthage; many of its members were
Barcids
Capital and most populous city of Libya
century BC by the Phoenicians, who gave it the Libyco-Berber name Oyat (Punic: 𐤅𐤉𐤏𐤕, romanized: Wyʿt), before passing into the hands of the Greek
Tripoli,_Libya
History of Italian city
needed] ("lodging" in Phoenician). The settlement itself was known as Ziz (Punic: 𐤑𐤉𐤑, ṣyṣ), meaning "Flower". It was the most important of the three
History_of_Palermo
Berber federation in eastern Numidia
The Massylii or Maesulians (Neo-Punic: 𐤌𐤔𐤋𐤉𐤉𐤌, mšlyym) were a Berber confederation in eastern Numidia (western Tunisia and eastern Algeria), which
Massylii
Town in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco
Phoenicians occupied a site called Silis, Zili, Zilis or Zilil (Punic: 𐤀𐤔𐤋𐤉𐤕, ʾšlyt, or Punic: 𐤔𐤋𐤉, šly) which is being excavated at Dchar Jdid, some
Asilah
Comune in Sicily, Italy
construction of renowned temples. Despite periods of dormancy during the Punic Wars, Agrigento emerged as one of Sicily's largest cities in the Republican
Agrigento
Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War
(Latin: Hasdrubal Calvus; Punic: 𐤏𐤆𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋, ʿAzrubaʿal, "Help of Baal") was a Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War. In 215 BCE, Hasdrubal
Hasdrubal_the_Bald
Major deity in the Phoenician and Punic pantheons
the Phoenician city-state of Tyre and a major deity in the Phoenician and Punic pantheons. He may have been central to the founding-myths of various Phoenician
Melqart
Magonid king of Carthage from 510 to 480 BC
Hamilcar I (Punic: 𐤇𐤌𐤋𐤊, ḥmlk) was a Magonid king of Carthage in present-day Tunisia from 510 to 480 BC. Carthage concluded treaties with several
Hamilcar_I_of_Carthage
Two important ancient inscriptions from Dougga, Tunisia
Numidian language (Old Libyan) was written. The language is however still not fully understood. The inscription was part of the Libyco-Punic Mausoleum
Punic-Libyan_bilinguals
Kingdom in North Africa, 202 to 25 BC
Libya Shawiya language Punic and Neo-Punic was especially dominant during the early era of the Numidian kingdom. Several official Punic inscriptions survive
Numidia
Name list
Bomilcar (Punic: 𐤁𐤃𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕, bdmlqrt, "Servant of Melqart" or "In Melqart's Hand") may refer to: Bomilcar (4th century BC), Carthaginian commander
Bomilcar
Ancient Phoenician and Carthaginian city
by the Phoenicians in North Africa. After Carthage's loss to Rome in the Punic Wars, Utica was an important Roman colony for seven centuries. Utica no
Utica,_Tunisia
Carthaginian writer
Mago (Punic: 𐤌𐤂𐤍, mgn) was a Carthaginian writer, author of an agricultural manual in Punic which was a record of the farming knowledge of Carthage
Mago_(agricultural_writer)
Latin greeting, meaning "hail" or "be well"
well' or 'farewell'. Ave is likely borrowed with an unspelled /h/ from Punic *ḥawe ('live!', 2SG. IMP.) The form might have been influenced by avē, the
Ave
Fourth Century BCE Carthaginian statesman
Hanno I the Great (Punic: 𐤇𐤍𐤀, ḥnʾ) was a Carthaginian politician and military leader of the 4th century BC. The Roman historian Justin calls him princeps
Hanno_I_the_Great
Ancient Punic and Roman town
Rusadir was an ancient Punic and Roman town at what is now Melilla, Spain, in the Maghreb. Under the Roman Empire, it was a colony in the province of
Rusadir
Ancient city of Sicily
and Roman sources as Eryx (Ancient Greek: Ἔρυξ). In Punic inscriptions it appears as ʾrk (Punic: 𐤀𐤓𐤊), representing a Semitic form of the name. The
Eryx_(city)
City in Tunisia
2014. The classical name of Bizerte, Hippo, is the latinization of a Punic name (Punic: 𐤏𐤐𐤅𐤍, ʿpwn), probably related to the word ûbôn, meaning "harbor"
Bizerte
Extinct Romance language of North Africa
penetration and survival of the Latin, Punic and Berber languages. These indicated regional differences: Neo-Punic had a revival in Tripolitania, around
African_Romance
Agellid
Syphax (Ancient Greek: Σύφαξ, Sýphax; Punic: 𐤎𐤐𐤒, spq; 250 BC – 202 BC) was a king of the Masaesyli tribe of western Numidia (present-day Algeria)
Syphax
Mountain in Tunisia
limestone. Its name, "the one with two horns", is originally from the Punic language. It owes its name to the two highlights of altitude 576 and 493 meters
Jebel_Boukornine
City in Libya
established, perhaps about 500 BCE, as the Phoenician trading-post of Tsabratan (Punic: 𐤑𐤁𐤓𐤕𐤍, ṣbrtn, or 𐤑𐤁𐤓𐤕𐤏𐤍, ṣbrtʿn). This seems to have been
Sabratha
Africa, Cyprus, Sicily, Malta and Iberia. One prominent colony, Carthage (Punic: 𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕, romanized: qrt-ḥdšt, lit. 'New City'), would eventually
History_of_the_ancient_Levant
Name list
the latinization or hellenization (Ancient Greek: Γέσκων, Géskōn) of the Punic masculine given name Gersakkun (𐤂𐤓𐤎𐤊𐤍, grskn). The name means "Client
Gisgo
Carthaginian military leader and politician (c. 270–221 BC)
Hasdrubal the Fair (Punic: 𐤏𐤆𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋, ʿAzrobaʿl; c. 270–221 BC) was a Carthaginian military leader and politician, governor in Iberia after Hamilcar
Hasdrubal_the_Fair
Carthaginian general (died 202 BC)
(died 202 BC), a latinization of the name ʿAzrubaʿal son of Gersakkun (Punic: 𐤏𐤆𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤁𐤍 𐤂𐤓𐤎𐤊𐤍), was a Carthaginian general who fought
Hasdrubal_Gisco
Name list
Greek: Ἀννίβας, Hanníbas) of the Carthaginian masculine given name ḥnbʿl (Punic: 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋), meaning "Baal is Gracious". Its continued use in later
Hannibal_(given_name)
commander in the First Punic War Bomilcar — suffete and commander in the Second Punic War Bomilcar — commander in the Second Punic War Bodo — senator and
List_of_Carthaginians
Topics referred to by the same term
China lpq (Punic: 𐤋𐤐𐤒), Carthage; also known as Leptis Magna, Roman Libya, Roman Empire; the modern city of Al-Khums, Libya lpq (Punic: 𐤋𐤐𐤒), Carthage;
LPQ
Language inscription found in the Champfleury area of Avignon in 1892
The Avignon Punic inscription is a Punic language inscription found in the Champfleury area of Quartier Ouest of Avignon in 1897, by a builder digging
Avignon_Punic_inscription
Carthaginian leader in the Second Punic War
Bomilcar (Punic: 𐤁𐤃𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕, bdmlqrt) was a Carthaginian commander in the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). He was the commander of the Carthaginian
Bomilcar_(3rd_century_BC)
Carthaginian commander during the First Punic War
Hannibal Gisco (Punic: 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋, ḥnbʿl; c. 295–258 BC) was a Carthaginian military commander in charge of both land armies and naval fleets during
Hannibal_Gisco
Carthaginian general (died 238 BCE)
Hannibal (Punic: 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋, ḥnbʿl; died 238 BCE) was a Carthaginian general who took part in the Mercenary War between Carthage and rebelling mercenaries
Hannibal_(Mercenary_War)
3rd century BC Carthaginian general
Hanno (Punic: 𐤇𐤍𐤀, ḥnʾ) was a Carthaginian general, prominent in the events leading to the start of the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC). In 265 BCE
Hanno (Messana garrison commander)
Hanno_(Messana_garrison_commander)
Archaeological site in Rabat, Morocco
first century BC the local inhabitants were still writing in the neo-Punic language but the region came under the influence of Rome. At this time the area
Chellah
One of the names of the god of Israel
Egypt from the Late Bronze Age until Achaemenid times, and even in the Punic language name ʿbdšd ("servant of Shadé/Shada"). In a theory popularized by W
El_Shaddai
Medieval migrations of Arabs to the Maghreb
the Punic language survived and facilitated Arabization can be dismissed. Medieval sources make no mention of the existence of a Punic language at the
Arab migrations to the Maghreb
Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb
Ancient city on San Pantaleo Island, Italy
island's Greek name, variously written Motýa (Μοτύα) or Motýē (Μοτύη). In Punic, the name is attested on coins as ʾmṭw (𐤀𐤌𐤈𐤅), mṭwʾ (𐤌𐤈𐤅𐤀), or hmṭwʾ
Motya
Carthaginian commander in the Second Punic War
Bomilcar (Punic: 𐤁𐤃𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕, bdmlqrt) was a Carthaginian nobleman and commander in the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). He was a son-in-law of Hamilcar
Bomilcar_(suffete)
King of Carthage from 550 BC to 530 BC
Mago I, also known as Magon (Punic: 𐤌𐤂𐤍, mgn), was the king of the Ancient Carthage from 550 BC to 530 BC and the founding monarch of the Magonid
Mago_I_of_Carthage
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