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Academic paper prior to journal publication
In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed
Preprint
Online archive of e-prints
the Greek letter chi ⟨χ⟩) is an open-access repository of electronic preprints and postprints (known as e-prints) approved for posting after moderation
ArXiv
Open-access repository
preprints on Preprints.org, including manuscripts from all fields of research. Preprints was established by MDPI in 2016. As of March 2026, Preprints
Preprints.org
which may include preprints, datasets, and journal publications with open content licenses. List of academic journals by preprint policy List of copyright
List_of_preprint_repositories
regarding the use of preprints prior to publication (example list). Publishers' policies on self-archiving (including of preprint versions) can also be
List of academic publishers by preprint policy
List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy
Preprint service
bioRxiv (pronounced "bio-archive") is an open access preprint repository for the biological sciences co-founded by John Inglis and Richard Sever in November
BioRxiv
Preprint service
(pronounced "med-archive") is an online disciplinary repository publishing preprints in all disciplines of the health sciences. It distributes papers in the
MedRxiv
Work that an author submits to a publisher or editor for publication
document, reviewed but not yet in a final format, distributed in advance as a preprint. This use of the term manuscript (from Latin for "hand written") originally
Manuscript_(publishing)
Psychology online preprint service
PsyArXiv is a preprint repository for the psychological sciences opened in September 2016 and officially launched in December 2016. It is hosted by the
PsyArXiv
Preprint server
archive"—the X represents the Greek letter chi [χ]) is an open access preprint archive for chemistry. It is operated by the American Chemical Society
ChemRxiv
Preprint server and scholar community
"Earth archive") is both a preprint server and a volunteer community devoted to open scholarly communication. As a preprint server, EarthArXiv publishes
EarthArXiv
Unrestricted availability of scholarly publications
journals, however the preprint always remains openly accessible. A list of preprint servers is maintained at ResearchPreprints. For articles that are
Open_access
Repository for preprints
platform that functions as a repository for sharing early-stage research and preprints. It facilitates the rapid dissemination of scholarly research in the social
Social Science Research Network
Social_Science_Research_Network
Preprint server
Research Square is an open-access platform of electronic preprints approved for posting after moderation, but not peer review. The predecessor of Research
Research_Square
Russian mathematician (born 1966)
being to avoid the most technical work in his second preprint.[P03b] Perelman's first preprint contained two primary results, both to do with Ricci flow
Grigori_Perelman
Pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection
Theoretical Astrophysics Center in Copenhagen, Denmark, and first published as a preprint in 1998. The HEALPix projection is a general class of spherical projections
HEALPix
Online collaborative writing tool and research publishing platform
Authorea is a preprint archive owned by Wiley that allows researchers to post multi-disciplinary early view research as preprints. It was originally founded
Authorea
is a list of funders of research by their open licensing policies for preprints. With the exception of some government employees and contractors, the
List of research funders by preprint licensing policy
List_of_research_funders_by_preprint_licensing_policy
Official version of an article, published by a publisher
a manuscript as published, in contrast with earlier versions such as preprints (unaccepted manuscripts) and postprints (accepted manuscripts). The terminology
Version_of_record
Open archive of the social sciences
non-profit Center for Open Science. It is an open archive based on the ArXiv preprint server model used for the natural sciences, mathematics, and computer science
SocArXiv
American nonprofit organization
subsequently opened its own preprint server in 2017, OSF Preprints. Its unified search function includes preprints from OSF Preprints, alongside those from
Center_for_Open_Science
Dutch publishing and analytics company
rise of alternate avenues for academic publication and access, such as preprint servers and shadow libraries. Elsevier was founded in 1880 and adopted
Elsevier
Method of cryptanalysis
published by Itai Dinur and Adi Shamir in a September 2008 preprint. A revised version of this preprint was placed online in January 2009, and the paper has
Cube_attack
Type of large language model
Language Models". arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08361. Hoffmann, Jordan (2022). "Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models". arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.15556
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Open scientific research
Google Scholar indexes many preprint servers and collects information about citations to preprints. The case for preprint servers is often made based
Open_science
Metadata reservation project for e-journals
demonstrate the feasibility of open access: the Open Journal Systems, the Open Preprint Systems the Open Monograph Press, the Open Conference Systems (archived)
Public_Knowledge_Project
Academic journal
'til They Perish". sciencemag.org. "PeerJ preprints". WorldCat. "PeerJ Preprints to stop accepting new preprints Sep 30th 2019 – PeerJ Blog". Retrieved 2020-01-22
PeerJ
Authorial deposit of documents to provide open access
to a publisher. Therefore it may only be possible to self-archive the preprint of the article. Whereas the right to self-archive postprints is often a
Self-archiving
Peer review scheme in which reviews are public
open peer review of preprints. Reviewers can review preprints from over 20 preprint servers on the platform. In 2019, the preprint server BioRxiv started
Open_peer_review
Bibliographic database for economics
The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers, preprints, journal articles, and software components. The project started in 1997
Research_Papers_in_Economics
Mathematical theory by Shinichi Mochizuki
with an elliptic curve". The theory was made public in a series of four preprints posted in 2012 to his website. The most striking claimed application of
Inter-universal Teichmüller theory
Inter-universal_Teichmüller_theory
Unsolved geometry question on moving a sofa through a 90° angle
approximately 2.2195. In November 2024, Jineon Baek posted a 119-page arXiv preprint claiming that Gerver's value is optimal, which if true would solve the
Moving_sofa_problem
a preprint server. Traditionally, academics have circulated pre-submission copies of their articles for informal feedback. However, open preprint servers
Copyright policies of academic publishers
Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers
Fake disease
scholarly-looking paper describing it was posted later in April 2024 on a preprint server with several fake authors. A second paper was posted in May. By
Bixonimania
Set of mathematical conjectures proposed by Douglas Ravenel
at the end of a paper published in 1984. It was earlier circulated in preprint. The problems involved have largely been resolved, with all but the "telescope
Ravenel's_conjectures
Type of pseudoprime
inspired by the quadratic Frobenius test described by Jon Grantham in a 1998 preprint and published in 2000. Frobenius pseudoprimes can be defined with respect
Frobenius_pseudoprime
Open-access repository for academic preprints
AfricArXiv is an open-access repository for preprints of academic publications which are either about Africa or by African scientists. The platform was
AfricArXiv
American biochemist
biology), a non-profit initiative promoting innovation and transparency via preprints and open peer review. She was one of the organizers of the many meetings
Jessica_Polka
Scientific search system
third with 149 million of publications agglomerated from Crossref, PubMed, preprint repositories and publishers. Web of Science Core Collection came in fourth
Scopus
Electronic version of a scholarly manuscript after peer review
formatted by the journal. A digital draft before peer review is called a preprint. Postprints are also sometimes called accepted author manuscripts (AAMs)
Postprint
Scientific organization
reviewing and recommending preprints in their field. Since 2021, a new journal, Peer Community Journal', publishes recommended preprints. This initiative offers
Peer_Community_in
Conference for researchers to present and discuss their work
their scholarly work. Together with academic or scientific journals and preprint archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information
Academic_conference
Ring-shaped large-scale structure near the constellation Boötes
Ring on the Sky". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (7) (Preprint ed.): 055. arXiv:2402.07591. Bibcode:2024JCAP...07..055L. doi:10
Big_Ring
Academic search service
academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including
Google_Scholar
Open archive of engineering preprints
engrXiv (Engineering Archive) is a preprint repository for engineering launched in July 2016. In 2019, it was announced that engrXiv was legally becoming
EngrXiv
Scientific journal
Starting from 2017, the journal offers a deposition service to authors for preprints of articles "under consideration" as part of the submission process. The
Nature_Communications
Concept in information theory
Jozefowicz, Rafal, et al. "Exploring the limits of language modeling". arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.02410 (2016). [1] Archived 2021-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
Perplexity
Subset of artificial intelligence
foundations: Delusions in sequence models for interaction and control (Preprint). arXiv:2110.10819. Maynez, Joshua; Narayan, Shashi; Bohnet, Bernd; McDonald
Machine_learning
Electronic e-print archive for unconventional publications
believed that their preprints had been unfairly rejected or reclassified by the arXiv moderators. As of 2013, it had over 4000 preprints, and by December
ViXra
Fringe theory of physics
"An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything" is a physics preprint proposing a basis for a unified field theory, often referred to as "E8 Theory", which
An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything
An_Exceptionally_Simple_Theory_of_Everything
American mathematician
were published in the preprint titled "A Counterexample to the Mizohata–Takeuchi Conjecture" and uploaded to the arXiv preprint server on February 10
Hannah_Cairo
Use of large language models as automated evaluators
"Adapting Vision-Language Models for Evaluating World Models". arXiv preprint. arXiv:2506.17967. Laura Dietz; Oleg Zendel; Peter Bailey; et al. (18 July
LLM-as-a-Judge
Protein claimed to be of extraterrestrial origin
iron and lithium, of extraterrestrial origin, according to an unpublished preprint. The result has not been published in any peer-reviewed scientific journal
Hemolithin
American solar geoengineering company
application. In May 2026, Stardust published two white papers and six preprint articles, in collaboration with research university scientists from Israel
Stardust_Solutions
Game-playing artificial intelligence
similar to AlphaGo Zero. On December 5, 2017, the DeepMind team released a preprint paper introducing AlphaZero, which would soon play three games by defeating
AlphaZero
AI that generates content
Trained on Code". arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.03374. van den Oord, Aaron (2016). "WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audio". arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.03499.
Generative_AI
Theory of the strong nuclear interactions
possess an additional quantum number was made as a short footnote in the preprint of Boris Struminsky in connection with the Ω− hyperon being composed of
Quantum_chromodynamics
Parameter controlling the machine learning process
and Bart De Moor. "Hyperparameter Search in Machine Learning." arXiv preprint arXiv:1502.02127 (2015)". arXiv:1502.02127. Bibcode:2015arXiv150202127C
Hyperparameter (machine learning)
Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)
Market in Wuhan, Hubei, China
traded at the Huanan market. Some Chinese researchers had published a preprint analysis of these samples in February 2022, concluding that the coronavirus
Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market
Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market
Astronomical research project
with Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) they reported in a preprint the first rogue BH while there have been others candidates this is the
Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics
Microlensing_Observations_in_Astrophysics
Largest living species of fish
first description of putative mating in this species. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1885v1. OCLC 8162956757. "Attempted Whale Shark Mating Caught on Camera
Whale_shark
Sexual relations between humans and donkeys
Characterization of Sex with Animals in Córdoba, Colombia. An Exploratory Study (Preprint). doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0484.v1.[unreliable source?] Ateş, Alper
Bestiality_with_a_donkey
Waterway connecting two bodies of water
Glasgow. "The Energetics of Large Tidal Turbine Arrays, Ross Vennell, 2012, preprint submitted to Royal Society, 2011." "Estimating the power potential of tidal
Strait
Genus of Late Cretaceous theropod
Hadrosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp. 540–571. ISBN 978-0-253-01390-3. preprint Archived July 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Siviero, ART V.; Brand, Leonard
Tyrannosaurus
On when an integer positive definite quadratic form represents all positive integers
the constant 15 replaced by 290. Bhargava and Jonathan Hanke have a 2011 preprint with a proof of this "290 conjecture", but as of 2026 it has not been published
15_and_290_theorems
Scholarly journal article
scientific community and met with wide skepticism. ArXiv declined to archive preprints of either paper, asserting they lacked "sufficient or substantive scholarly
Aligned, Multiple-transient Events in the First Palomar Sky Survey
Aligned,_Multiple-transient_Events_in_the_First_Palomar_Sky_Survey
Letter of the Latin alphabet
characters to the UCS" (PDF). Urua, Eno-Abasi; Moses Ekpenyong and Dafydd Gibbon. 2004. Uyo Ibibio Dictionary. Preprint draft. online copy v t e v t e
Turned_v
Method of interrogation using psychological manipulation
and Criminological Psychology. 15: 39–55. doi:10.1348/135532509X449361. (preprint) Drizin, S. A.; Leo, R. A. (2004). "The problem of false confessions in
Reid_technique
given by Pan (2020). In 2023 Bruè, Naber and Semola disproved in two preprints the conjecture for six or more dimensions by constructing counterexamples
Milnor conjecture (Ricci curvature)
Milnor_conjecture_(Ricci_curvature)
Philosophical problem-solving principle
64–72. JSTOR 29774559. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2005. (preprint available as "Sharpening Occam's Razor on a Bayesian Strop"). James, Gareth;
Occam's_razor
White pigment invented in the 20th century
Techniques, and Surface Effect". American Institute for Conservation: Preprints: 183–88. Branchick, T.; Braun, E. (1985). "The Restoration of 'America
Titanium_white
Chinese virologist
In April 2020, she fled to the United States. She co-authored several preprint research papers claiming that SARS-CoV-2 was "produced in a laboratory
Li-Meng_Yan
Mnemonic and concept-generative devices
Sarma, “The Art of Memory and the Growth of the Scientific Method,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.0254 (2013), https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.0254. Bruno, Giordano
Memory_wheels
Question about single-shape aperiodic tiling
Samuel Myers and Chaim Goodman-Strauss, and in March 2023 they posted a preprint proving that the "hat", when considered with its mirror image, forms an
Einstein_problem
Genetic study on ME/CFS
closed on 15 November 2023 and preliminary results were published in a preprint on 7 August 2025. ME/CFS is a chronic medical condition that often causes
DecodeME
Corticosteroid medication
A preprint containing the full dataset was published on 22 June 2020, and demand for dexamethasone surged after the publication of the preprint. The
Dexamethasone
American theoretical physicist (born 1968)
known for "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything," an unpublished preprint paper proposing a unified field theory based on the E8 Lie group, combining
Antony_Garrett_Lisi
Hot Jupiter orbiting SWEEPS J175902.67-291153.5
doi:10.1038/nature05158. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17024085. S2CID 4403395. (web Preprint) "HEC: Top 10 Exoplanets". Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo
SWEEPS-11
Academic journal
Nature Precedings was an open access electronic preprint repository of scholarly work in the fields of biomedical sciences, chemistry, and earth sciences
Nature_Precedings
Intelligence of machines
(2019). Artificial intelligence as the basis of future control networks (Preprint). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.30247.50087. Iraqi, Amjad (3 April 2024). "'Lavender':
Artificial_intelligence
Diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes
fever, as well as newly detected Keystone virus and Rift Valley fever. A preprint by Australian research group argues that Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative
Mosquito-borne_disease
Russian mathematician
Mathematica. 190 (2): 151–239. doi:10.1007/BF02392690. (over 450 citations) preprint Hytönen, Tuomas; Pérez, Carlos; Treil, Sergei; Volberg, Alexander (2014)
Sergei_Treil
1977 narrowband radio signal from SETI
credibility. In August 2024, the Planetary Habitability Laboratory published a preprint reporting observations made in 2020 at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto
Wow!_signal
Dynamical group of trans-Neptunian objects
Solar System Sciences , Springer-Praxis Ed., ISBN 3-540-26056-0 (2006). Preprint of the article (pdf) Bernstein G.M., Trilling D.E., Allen R.L., Brown K
Plutino
Hypothesized early universe process
In physical cosmology, baryogenesis (also known as baryosynthesis) is the physical process that is hypothesized to have taken place during the early universe
Baryogenesis
in sequenced cases from Northern California rose from 3% to 25%. In a preprint, CAL.20C is described as belonging to clade 20C and contributing approximately
Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2
available online. While many overlay journals derive their content from preprint servers, others, such as the Lund Medical Faculty Monthly, contain mainly
Overlay_journal
American documentary TV series
1101/2023.12.26.23300543. PMC 11285457. PMID 39069614., Non-peer-reviewed preprint LaMotte, Sandra (2023-11-30). "One identical twin went vegan while the
You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment
You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment
2024 AI LLM with enhanced reasoning
language models (LLMs). In October 2024, researchers at Apple submitted a preprint reporting that LLMs such as o1 may be replicating reasoning steps from
OpenAI_o1
Proposed superconducting material
this material as a potential superconductor, and in July 2023 published preprints claiming that it acted as a room-temperature superconductor at temperatures
LK-99
policy on open access and open science. It has now made operational Jxiv, preprints server in Japan. The Sakura Science Program is an international exchange
Japan Science and Technology Agency
Japan_Science_and_Technology_Agency
Book for writing, drawing, scrapbooking
A notebook (also known as a notepad, writing pad, drawing pad, or legal pad) is a book or stack of paper pages that are often ruled and used for purposes
Notebook
Purported interstellar meteor that hit Earth on 8 January 2014
Papua New Guinea. It was claimed to be an interstellar object in a 2019 preprint by astronomers Amir Siraj and Avi Loeb, and this was published in 2022
CNEOS_2014-01-08
Ancient Greek analogue astronomical computer
device? Reconstructing the lost parts of b1 gear and its Cover Disc", arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.15858, 2024 Weinberg, G. D.; Grace, V. R.; Edwards, G. R.; Robinson
Antikythera_mechanism
American mathematician
Preprint 2011 With Guffin, Katz, Sharpe: Physical aspects of quantum sheaf cohomology for deformation of tangent bundles of toric varieties, Preprint
Ron_Donagi
American businessman and programmer (born 1984)
staff scientists to publish submitted manuscripts and related data on preprints servers such as bioRxiv. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, Zuckerberg announced
Mark_Zuckerberg
English paleontologist (1988–2020)
high publication fees. He was a founder of the Open Science MOOC and the preprint service PaleorXiv. In 2018, Tennant was banned from open science conference
Jon_Tennant
French-American mathematician
mathematics, and published the 124-page proof on his website. That original preprint suffered a number of revisions until it was replaced in December 2007 by
Louis_de_Branges_de_Bourcia
Species of flowering plant
can cause skin irritation and burdock ophthalmia". PeerJ Preprints. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1871v1. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024)
Arctium_lappa
"bot-like behaviour" that spread the same content across social media. A preprint study in September 2023 showed Yes tweets dominating the Twitter platform
2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
2023_Australian_Indigenous_Voice_referendum
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Boy/Male
American, Australian, Basque, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Latin, Polish, Portuguese, Swedish, Swiss
Named for Saint Denys; Follower of Dionysus; Mountain of Zeus; Brown Warrior
Boy/Male
Swedish
Thunder bear.
Girl/Female
Australian, Latin
Pretty Rose
Boy/Male
Muslim Arabic
Bright.
Female
Italian
Feminine form of Italian Nerio, NERINA means "water."
Boy/Male
Buddhist, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord Buddha
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Ovett (see Oviatt).
Boy/Male
Sikh
The supporter of righteousness
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Siddons.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Danish, English, French, Hebrew, Irish
Who is Like God; Form of Michael; Diminutive Form of Michael Like God
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