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Theoretical legal structure
Polycentric law is a theoretical legal structure in which "providers" of legal systems compete or overlap in a given jurisdiction, as opposed to monopolistic
Polycentric_law
Topics referred to by the same term
kentrikós ("center"). Polycentricism (or polycentricity) is the abstract noun formed from polycentric. They may refer to: Polycentric law, a legal structure
Polycentric
Civil legal system involving relationships between individuals
the Unification of Private Law International Journal of Private Law Polycentric law Private law society Privatus Social law Mattei, Ugo; BussaVni, Mauro
Private_law
Norms in international relations
International law, also known as public international law and the law of nations, is the set of rules, norms, legal customs and standards that states
International_law
Customary law applied between nations
conventions. Customary law is also referred to as opinio juris ("opinion of law"), which is a term used in international law to signify state practices
Customary_international_law
Ability of courts to review actions by executive and legislatures
judicial review, a court may invalidate laws, acts, or governmental actions that are incompatible with other laws. For example, an executive decision may
Judicial_review
Legal theory within anarchist philosophy
of anarchism) Voluntary association Polycentric law "The Situationist International Text Library/Against the Law". library.nothingness.org. Retrieved
Anarchist_law
Theoretical enterprise in economics
pollution, and all other forms of aggression. This concept is similar to polycentric law. Within economics, discussion of the concept largely has been confined
Private_defense_agency
relationship between international law and domestic law. Monism and dualism both offer approaches to how international law comes into effect within states
Monism and dualism in international law
Monism_and_dualism_in_international_law
1973 nonfiction book by David D. Friedman
why he became a libertarian. Topics addressed in the book include polycentric law and the provision of public goods such as military defense in a stateless
The_Machinery_of_Freedom
Ukrainian-American writer and media personality
arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence
Michael_Malice
2001 book by Hans-Hermann Hoppe
"private property anarchism", "anarcho-capitalism", "autogovernment", "private law society", and "pure capitalism". The title of the work is an allusion to
Democracy: The God That Failed
Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed
Principle of international law from which no derogation is permitted
norm (also called jus cogens) is a fundamental principle of international law that is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from
Peremptory_norm
Rule established in an earlier legal case
serve as case law to guide future rulings, thus promoting consistency and predictability. Precedent is a defining feature that sets common law systems apart
Precedent
Type of jury verdict in criminal trials
has broken the law. The jury's reasons may include the belief that the law itself is unjust, that the prosecutor has misapplied the law in the defendant's
Jury_nullification
Legal concept of non-bonding principles
of traditional law. Soft law is often contrasted with hard law. The term soft law initially emerged in the context of international law, although more
Soft_law
Types of sources of international law and the scholarly theories about them
International law, also known as "law of nations", refers to the body of rules which regulate the conduct of sovereign states in their relations with
Sources_of_international_law
American scientist and author (born 1949)
libertarian law and economics perspectives on regulation, criminalization, commercial law, and Native American law (see also: private law, polycentric law). His
Bruce_L._Benson
Concepts in the philosophy of law
The letter of the law and the spirit of the law are two ways of interpreting rules or laws. To obey the "letter of the law" is to follow the literal reading
Letter_and_spirit_of_the_law
Views of the incumbent president of Argentina
He plans to hold a referendum on Argentina's 2020 abortion legalization law, and has indicated he would support its repeal. He has stated that his opposition
Political positions of Javier Milei
Political_positions_of_Javier_Milei
Political philosophy
de Bellis, who emphasized its compatibility with voluntaryism and polycentric law. Panarchism proposes that governance should be a matter of personal
Panarchism (political philosophy)
Panarchism_(political_philosophy)
Theoretical study of law
Jurisprudence, also known as theory of law or philosophy of law, is the examination, in a general perspective of what law is and what it ought to be. It investigates
Jurisprudence
Legal philosophy in which judges decide cases by applying logical principles
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., by contrast, believed that "The life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience". The formalist era is generally
Legal_formalism
Immunity of judges from the law
them, contributing to the impartiality of the judiciary and the rule of law. In modern times, the main purpose of "judicial immunity [is to shield] judges
Judicial_immunity
Core concept in libertarianism
activity is required. Ahimsa Harm principle Law of equal liberty Libertarian pledge Libertarian theories of law Negative liberty Nonviolent resistance Primum
Non-aggression_principle
American economist (1926–1995)
wrote: "[Y]ou introduced me to the whole field of natural rights and natural law philosophy," prompting him to learn "the glorious natural rights tradition
Murray_Rothbard
Series of civil wars in 19th-century Spain
Catalonia, etc.), given that the new order called into question region-specific law arrangements and customs kept for centuries. While some historians count
Carlist_Wars
Legal concept meaning powers are exceeded
Ultra vires is a Latin phrase used in law to describe an act that requires legal authority but is done without it. Its opposite, an act done under proper
Ultra_vires
Constitutional doctrine
intention of the law when passed, the problem it was intended to remedy, or questions regarding the justice or rectitude of the law. The textualist will
Textualism
activism Law and economics Outline of libertarianism Philosophy of law Polycentric law Rule according to higher law Hayek, Friedrich A. von (2013). Law, legislation
Libertarian_theories_of_law
American libertarian writer (born 1944)
Washington Post. "The Neo-Confederates". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Summer 2000. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved
Lew_Rockwell
Practice of taking advantage of discrepancies between legal jurisdictions
Seasteading Anarchy in international relations Counter-economics Panarchy Polycentric law The Machinery of Freedom — seminal anarcho-capitalist literature detailing
Jurisdictional_arbitrage
President of Argentina since 2023
economics in the early 1980s. Milei studied introductory economics and the law of supply and demand, which seemed to him at odds with the ongoing hyperinflation;
Javier_Milei
German-American anarcho-capitalist academic (born 1949)
Thiel spoke[verification needed]. Describing the PFS, the Southern Poverty Law Center said in 2016 that "in Hoppe one can see the connection between the
Hans-Hermann_Hoppe
Libertarian criticism of taxes
arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence
Taxation_as_slavery
Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning
Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution
Ijtihad
Controversial judicial practice
judicial philosophy holding that courts can and should go beyond the applicable law to consider broader societal implications of their decisions. It is sometimes
Judicial_activism
Government with minimal intervention
from aggression, theft, breach of contract, fraud, and enforcing property laws. In the United States, this form of government is mainly associated with
Night-watchman_state
Legal interpretation doctrine
some scholars argue that originalism has always been a part of American law, contemporary originalism emerged during the 1980s and greatly influenced
Originalism
American born Austrian School economist (born 1941)
approach to resolving the abortion controversy" (PDF). Appalachian Journal of Law. 4 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2022. Wisniewski
Walter_Block
Applicable, enforceable law
Hard law refers to actual binding legal instruments and laws. In contrast with soft law, hard law gives states and international actors actual binding
Hard_law
Rules for interpreting words
Regarding the canon law of the Catholic Church, canonists provide and obey rules for the interpretation and acceptation of words, in order that legislation
Interpretation (Catholic canon law)
Interpretation_(Catholic_canon_law)
Belief that universal principles of morality override unjust laws
The rule according to a higher law is a philosophical concept that no law may be enforced by the government unless it conforms with certain universal principles
Rule_according_to_higher_law
Canadian anarchist and feminist (born 1951)
arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence
Wendy_McElroy
Legal philosophy in which jurisprudence should rely on empirical evidence
Legal realism is a naturalistic approach to law; it is the view that jurisprudence should emulate the methods of natural science; that is, it should rely
Legal_realism
Canadian-American anarchist (1947–2004)
arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence
Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III
Political ideology and economic theory
anarcho-capitalists advocate, namely private land ownership, the wage system, law and contract enforcement and workplace hierarchy are inherently hierarchical
Anarcho-capitalism
Whether a court can or cannot rule upon something
rights before a court in a manner prescribed by law; that is, under the ordinary processes established by law and custom. Implicitly, this requires that the
Justiciability
American philosopher (born 1969)
Sense Guide to Philosophy (independently published, 2021) Justice Before the Law (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021) Understanding Knowledge (independently published
Michael_Huemer
Political power sharing among cultural groups
Minority groups Minority rights Negarchy Pillarisation Plural society Polycentric law Sui iuris O'Leary, Brendan (2005). "Debating consociational politics:
Consociationalism
Legislature with three or more chambers
political party, in the new unicameral Finnish parliament. Federalism Polycentric law Democratic constitutional design and public policy : analysis and evidence
Multicameralism
System of governance using consent-based decision-making
Libertarian socialism Mature minor doctrine Open-source governance Polycentric law Scientocracy Self-governance Strategy Markup Language Subsidiarity
Sociocracy
Theories explaining international law
International legal theory, or theories of international law, comprise a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches used to explain and analyse
International_legal_theories
Multiple legal systems in one area
Customary law International customary law Journal of Legal Pluralism Legal dualism List of national legal systems Polycentric law Sociology of law Prodi,
Legal_pluralism
Law enforcement bodies owned and/or controlled by non-governmental entities
Private police or special police are types of law enforcement agencies owned and/or controlled by non-government entities. Additionally, the term can
Private_police
Traditional rule of statutory interpretation in English law
the law says instead of what the law was intended to say. Larry Solum, Professor of Law at Georgetown University, expands on this premise: Some laws are
Plain_meaning_rule
Law as governed by persons' beliefs
Opinio juris sive necessitatis ("an opinion of law or necessity"), also simply opinio juris ("an opinion of law"), is the belief that an action was carried
Opinio juris sive necessitatis
Opinio_juris_sive_necessitatis
English rule of statutory interpretation
The golden rule in English law is one of the rules of statutory construction traditionally applied by the English courts. The rule can be used to avoid
Golden_rule_(law)
Judge's written explanation of case judgment
usually indicating the facts which led to the dispute and an analysis of the law used to arrive at the decision. An opinion may be released in several stages
Judicial_opinion
Legal theory of property rights
proprietarianism, is a political philosophy that reduces all questions of law to the right to own property. On property rights, it advocates private property
Propertarianism
School of thought advocating free access to lawmaking for the people
strictly designed to balance libel and free speech laws for a local jurisdiction (following laws strictly is part of the open politics ideal). Open party
Open-source_governance
Movement in American law
school (sometimes "legal process theory") was a movement within American law that attempted to chart a third way between legal formalism and legal realism
Legal_process_(jurisprudence)
Legal principle regarding unclaimed natural resources
constitutes homesteading were not specified by common law but by the local statutory law. Common law also recognizes the concept of adverse possession ("squatters'
Homestead_principle
American libertarian writer and advocate (born 1963)
[self-published source?] According to a 2000 report by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), Tucker wrote for publications of the League of the South,
Jeffrey_Tucker
Judicial interpretation ideology advocating hesitance to set precedent
of judicial review, this may mean refusing to overturn an existing law unless the law is flagrantly unconstitutional (though what counts as "flagrantly
Judicial_restraint
Concept in international relations theory
hierarchically superior, coercive power that can resolve disputes, enforce law, or order the system of international politics. In international relations
Anarchy (international relations)
Anarchy_(international_relations)
English rule of statutory interpretation
covered by a literal reading of the statute's wording. For example, if a law prohibits a specific behaviour "in the street", the legislators might – or
Mischief_rule
American scientist, libertarian activist, and politician (born 1949)
arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence
Mary_Ruwart
Principle of statutory interpretation
also called the rule of strict construction, is a principle in criminal law that requires a court to interpret an ambiguous or unclear criminal statute
Rule_of_lenity
Libertarian conception of a society entirely of private/cooperative ownership
arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence
Voluntary_society
Spanish political movement
rule consisted of male-preference primogeniture, Philip's new law instituted semi-Salic law, under which accession of a female or her descendants is possible
Carlism
Judicial interpretation of statutory law
first became significant in common law systems, of which historically England is the exemplar. In Roman and civil law, a statute (or code) guides the magistrate
Statutory_interpretation
American Austrian School economist (born 1950)
arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence
Joseph_T._Salerno
Constitutional legal theory by Adrian Vermeule
Common good constitutionalism is a legal theory formulated by Harvard law professor Adrian Vermeule that asserts that "the central aim of the constitutional
Common_good_constitutionalism
Problem-solving technique
optimization Network science Organizational studies Outcome (game theory) Polycentric law Problem solving Systems theory Telos Funke 2001, p.72. Funke 2001,
Polytely
Legal systems in Africa's 56 sovereign states
translating cultural customs into a more contemporary form. Alternatively, a polycentric legal system, called Xeer developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa
Law_in_Africa
Anti-globalization social movement
Meritocracy Multicameralism Panarchism Participatory Economics Pillarisation Polycentric law Popular assembly Responsible autonomy Social Ecology Socialism Symbolic
Horizontalidad
Someone who attempts to sit on a jury in order to influence the outcome of the legal case
argument has been raised that stealth jurors can serve as a defense against bad laws. Clay Conrad has stated that libertarian-minded voir dire members can and
Stealth_juror
Intention of a law passed by a legislature
In law, the legislative intent of the legislature in enacting legislation may sometimes be considered by the judiciary to interpret the law (see judicial
Legislative_intent
Legal procedure on constitutional matters
called fundamental law, supreme law, law of the laws, and basic law, they have more formal procedures to updating them than other laws, which are sub-constitutional
Constitutional_review
indeterminacy debate in legal theory can be summed up as follows: Can the law constrain the results reached by adjudicators in legal disputes? Some members
Indeterminacy debate in legal theory
Indeterminacy_debate_in_legal_theory
In the law, a close case is generally defined as a ruling that could conceivably be decided in more than one way. Various scholars have attempted to articulate
Close_case
U.S. Constitutional interpretation
interpretation of phrases. The Constitution is referred to as the living law of the land as it is transformed according to necessities of the time and
Living_Constitution
American journalist, writer and libertarian (1923–1994)
arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence
Karl_Hess
Rule of statutory interpretation
which common law courts interpret an enactment (a statute, part of a statute, or a clause of a constitution) within the context of the law's purpose. Purposive
Purposive_approach
chivalry Honour Conservatism Traditionalist Medievalism Legal pluralism Polycentric law Corporatism Consociationalism Illiberal democracy Imperative mandate
March_of_Oriamendi
Ways courts interpret laws, especially Constitutional laws
construes the law, particularly constitutional documents, legislation and frequently used vocabulary. This is an important issue in some common law jurisdictions
Judicial_interpretation
Legal doctrine
Original intent is a theory in law concerning constitutional and statutory interpretation. It is frequently used as a synonym for originalism; while original
Original_intent
European Court of Human Rights interpretation
be necessary or appropriate" to criminalize homosexuality. According to law scholar George Letsas, these cases have a pattern: a case involving a moral
Living_instrument_doctrine
United States legal philosophy in which judges must interpret laws exactly as written
This can contradict the commonly-understood meaning of a law. For example, consider a law that specifies "the use of a knife when committing a crime
Strict_constructionism
Philosophy supporting all forms of human association being voluntary
Panarchism Personal jurisdiction Pluralism (political philosophy) Polycentric law Privatism Propertarianism Refusal of work Right-libertarianism Self-ownership
Voluntaryism
1970 book by Linda and Morris Tannehill
Liberty via the Market in 1969. The work challenges statutory law and advocates natural law as the basis for society. It also argues that society would
The_Market_for_Liberty
Legal doctrine in the United States
In 2016, the Delaware Supreme Court declared the state's death penalty law unconstitutional due to the override. Researchers who analyzed survey data
Judicial_override
1982 book by Murray Rothbard
libertarian political position. Rothbard's argument is based on a form of natural law ethics, and makes a case for anarcho-capitalism. The Ethics of Liberty is
The_Ethics_of_Liberty
Concept promoting private roads
arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence
Free-market_roads
American academic (born 1945)
career, he never took a class for credit in either economics or law. He was a professor of law at Santa Clara University from 2005 to 2017, and a contributing
David_D._Friedman
Spanish Paramilitary organization
chivalry Honour Conservatism Traditionalist Medievalism Legal pluralism Polycentric law Corporatism Consociationalism Illiberal democracy Imperative mandate
Requeté
Legal concept
The concept of reasonableness has two related meanings in law and political theory: As a legal norm, it is used "for the assessment of such matters as
Reasonableness
Choice of lawsuit location based on plaintiff-friendly environment
Other examples include the United Kingdom, which offers stricter defamation laws and generous divorce settlements. The term "forum shopping" has taken on
Forum_shopping
Concept of property in one's own person
Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Harm principle Individualist anarchism Law of equal liberty Negative liberty Mind–body dualism Non-aggression principle
Self-ownership
POLYCENTRIC LAW
POLYCENTRIC LAW
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Laurence, LAWRENCE means "of Laurentum."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Lawrence.Americanized form of any of various like-sounding Jewish surnames, as for example Levenson.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Celebrity, Chinese, Christian, Dutch, English, French, German, Indian, Irish, Jamaican, Latin, Portuguese
Crowned with Laurels; Form of Lawrence
Female
Thai/Siamese
Thai name LAWAN means "beautiful."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Lawrence.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English
Son of Law or Lawrence
Boy/Male
Australian, British, Christian, English, Latin
Of Laurentium; From the Place of the Laurel Leaves; Diminutive of Lawrence
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : topographic name for someone who lived near a tumulus, mound or hill, Middle English lowe, from Old English hlÄw (see Law 2).Scottish and English : nickname for a short man, from Middle English lah, lowe (Old Norse lágr; the word was adopted first into the northern dialects of Middle English, where Scandinavian influence was strong, and then spread south, with regular alteration of the vowel quality).English and Scottish (of Norman origin) : nickname for a violent or dangerous person, from Anglo-Norman French lou, leu ‘wolf’ (Latin lupus). Wolves were relatively common in Britain at the time when most surnames were formed, as there still existed large tracts of uncleared forest.Scottish : from a pet form of Lawrence. Compare Lowry 1.Americanized spelling of Jewish Lowe.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name, common in Lancashire and Yorkshire, from Buglawton or Church Lawton in Cheshire, or Lawton in Herefordshire, named in Old English as ‘settlement on or near a hill’, or ‘settlement by a burial mound’, from hlÄw ‘hill’, ‘burial mound’ + tÅ«n ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’.English : variant spelling of Laughton.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : name for someone who was related to an important local personality, from Middle English maugh, maw ‘relative’, especially by marriage (from Old English mÄge ‘female relative’). In the north of England this term was used more specifically to mean ‘brother-in-law’.English : topographic name from Middle English mawe ‘meadow’. Some early forms, such as Sibilla de la Mawe (Suffolk 1275), clearly indicate a topographic origin, by reason of the preposition and article.English : probably also from a Middle English personal name, Mawe, Old English MÄ“awa, perhaps originally a byname from Old English mÇ£w ‘sea mew’, ‘seagull’ (compare Mew).
Male
English
Pet form of English Lawrence, LAWRIE means "of Laurentum."
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, LAWSON means "son of Law."Â
Female
English
Modern English elaborated form of German Wanda, LAWANDA means "a Wend; a wanderer." A Wend was a term used to refer to migrant Slavs in the sixth century.Â
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : variant of Lawrence.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Lawrence.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly southern)
English (chiefly southern) : patronymic from Law 1.
Male
English
Middle English short form of English Lawrence, LAW means "of Laurentum."
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly southern)
English (chiefly southern) : patronymic from the personal name Law (pet form of Lawrence).Perhaps a reduced form of Scottish or Irish McLeish. Compare McLaws.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly West Midlands)
English (chiefly West Midlands) : habitational name from Lawley in Shropshire, named in Old English as ‘Lafa’s wood’, from a personal name LÄfa (from lÄf ‘remnant’, ‘survivor’) + lÄ“ah ‘wood’, ‘glade’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Lawrence.
POLYCENTRIC LAW
POLYCENTRIC LAW
Girl/Female
Arabic
Wife of Hajrat Ibraheem Khalillullah
Girl/Female
Native American
Sweet gum tree.
Female
Italian
Italian and Spanish form of French Noëlle, NOELIA means "day of birth."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Supersoul
Girl/Female
Irish
orlaith means “golden princess.†The name was shared by both a sister and a daughter of the most famous of the high kings, Brian Boru (read the legend).
Girl/Female
Indian
Wine
Boy/Male
Assamese, Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Bhoomivallabh King of the Earth
Girl/Female
Tamil
Rejoicing
Boy/Male
Irish
Comes from an old Irish word and means “â€born of the yew tree.â€â€ In Northern Ireland the name Eoghan is found in Tir Eoghan, County Tyrone or “â€The Land of Eoghanâ€â€ and is often accompanied by Roe in memory of the Irish patriot Eoghan Roe (“â€Red Eoghanâ€â€) Oâ€â€Neill who won a great battle over the British at Benburb in 1646.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prince, The Moon
POLYCENTRIC LAW
POLYCENTRIC LAW
POLYCENTRIC LAW
POLYCENTRIC LAW
POLYCENTRIC LAW
a.
Made of lawn or fine linen.
a.
Having a lawn; characterized by a lawn or by lawns; like a lawn.
n.
One versed in the laws, or a practitioner of law; one whose profession is to conduct lawsuits for clients, or to advise as to prosecution or defence of lawsuits, or as to legal rights and obligations in other matters. It is a general term, comprehending attorneys, counselors, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, and advocates.
a.
Alt. of Lawyerly
pl.
of Son-in-law
n.
An action at law; a suit in equity or admiralty; any legal proceeding before a court for the enforcement of a claim.
n.
A very fine linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric with a rather open texture. Lawn is used for the sleeves of a bishop's official dress in the English Church, and, figuratively, stands for the office itself.
n.
A legislator; a lawgiver.
a.
Enacting laws; legislative.
n.
A trader in law; one who practices law as if it were a trade.
n.
An Asiatic and North African shrub (Lawsonia inermis), with smooth oval leaves, and fragrant white flowers. Henna is prepared from the leaves and twigs. In England the shrub is called Egyptian privet, and in the West Indies, Jamaica mignonette.
n.
One who makes or enacts a law or system of laws; a legislator.
a.
Like, or becoming, a lawyer; as, lawyerlike sagacity.
a.
Contrary to, or unauthorized by, law; illegal; as, a lawless claim.
a.
Not subject to the laws of nature; uncontrolled.
a.
Not subject to, or restrained by, the law of morality or of society; as, lawless men or behavior.
pl.
of Sister-in-law
n.
Going to law; litigation.