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Biological current
The persistent sodium current (INaP) (also called the "late sodium current" or "non/slow-inactivating sodium current") is a form of sub-threshold, biological
Persistent_sodium_current
Cluster of interneurons in the medulla oblongata
potentials during a burst. Unlike the fast and transient sodium current, the persistent sodium current (INaP) is activated at very low membrane potentials
Pre-Bötzinger_complex
Cardiac drug
by inhibiting the persistent sodium current. The drug, currently in phase II of clinical trials, targets the persistent sodium current with selectivity
F15845
Sustained depolarized membrane states produced by regenerative ionic currents
activation of persistent inward currents mediated by voltage-gated ion channels, including L-type calcium channels, persistent sodium channels, and calcium-activated
Plateau_potentials
Manifestation of epilepsy in neurons
(EPSPsl, IPSPs) and ionic conductances (persistent sodium current and high-threshold calcium current) This calcium current has been connected with the activation
Paroxysmal_depolarizing_shift
Anticonvulsant drug
voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blocker. It is a selective blocker of the inactivated state of VGSCs, preferentially inhibiting persistent sodium current while
Cenobamate
Model in neuroscience
This leads to persistent currents, caused by the continued influx of ions. The β3 subunit can increase persistent current in certain sodium channels. Differences
Ball-and-chain_inactivation
Neural oscillatory pattern
oscillations result from an interplay of dendritic excitation via a persistent sodium current (INaP) with perisomatic inhibition (Buzsáki, 2002). As a rule
Theta_wave
Medical condition
Rothrock, JF (January 1997). "Successful treatment of persistent migraine aura with divalproex sodium". Neurology. 48 (1): 261–2. doi:10.1212/WNL.48.1.261
Persistent aura without infarction
Persistent_aura_without_infarction
Antiarrhythmic medication
a combination of blocking the peak sodium current, but also contributing to an increased persistent sodium current. Amiodarone chemically resembles thyroxine
Amiodarone
"Mechanism of Action of Cenobamate: Preferential Inhibition of the Persistent Sodium Current (P5.278)". Neurology. 90 (15 Supplement). doi:10.1212/WNL.90.15_supplement
List of investigational analgesics
List_of_investigational_analgesics
Flavor enhancer (621 or E621)
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), also known as sodium glutamate, is a sodium salt of glutamic acid. MSG is found naturally in some foods including tomatoes
Monosodium_glutamate
Computational neuroscience model
are employed (like backpropagation) this is not a drawback. The persistent sodium current is an additional ion channel that can be incorporated to elicit
Synthetic_nervous_system
Transmembrane protein allowing sodium ions in and out
amplitude of the transient sodium current and increases in the fraction of non-inactivating channels that pass persistent currents. These effects are shared
Sodium_channel
Steroidal alkaloid found in plants of the lily family
Sylvester Vizi, E.; Zelles, Tibor (2009-08-31). "Mechanism of the persistent sodium current activator veratridine-evoked Ca2+elevation: implication for epilepsy"
Veratridine
Family of transport proteins
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), also known as voltage-dependent sodium channels (VDSCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the
Voltage-gated_sodium_channel
Class of chemical compounds
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBTs) are a class of compounds that have high resistance to degradation from abiotic and biotic factors
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances
Persistent,_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances
Heart conduction disease
by a mutation in SCN5A that reduces the peak sodium current but simultaneously leaves a persistent current leak. Brugada syndrome has been described as
Brugada_syndrome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Bryant SM, Linz KW, Noble D (November 2000). "Distribution of a persistent sodium current across the ventricular wall in guinea pigs". Circulation Research
SCN5A
(2005). "Breakdown of accommodation in nerve: A possible role for persistent sodium current". Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling. 2: 16. doi:10.1186/1742-4682-2-16
Neural_accommodation
Set of stealthy and continuous computer hacking processes
An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a stealthy cybersecurity threat, typically manipulated by a state or state-sponsored group, which gains unauthorized
Advanced_persistent_threat
Chemicals used to whiten or disinfect
disinfect after cleaning. It often refers specifically to a dilute solution of sodium hypochlorite, also called "liquid bleach". Many bleaches have broad-spectrum
Bleach
Pharmaceutical compound
International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code name PRAX-562) is a persistent neuronal sodium channel blocker which is under development for the treatment of
Relutrigine
Salt water for medical purposes
Saline (also known as saline solution) is a mixture of sodium chloride (salt) and water. It has several uses in medicine including cleaning wounds, removal
Saline_(medicine)
Sea anemone toxin
ATX-II Elicits A-Fiber-Dependent Pain and Enhances Resurgent and Persistent Sodium Currents in Large Sensory Neurons. Molecular Pain. 2012;8. Romey G, Abita
ATX-II
Pharmaceutical compound
are associated with a large range of neurological disorders. Persistent sodium currents are especially participating in some variants of epilepsy and
Pompilidotoxin
Sleep disorder of unknown cause
Xywav, which is an oral solution of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates; in addition to several off-label treatments (primarily FDA-approved
Idiopathic_hypersomnia
Organochloride known as an insecticide
in Africa, are still using DDT. In insects, DDT opens voltage-sensitive sodium ion channels in neurons, causing them to fire spontaneously, which leads
DDT
Chemical element with atomic number 19 (K)
otherwise persistent contaminant of niobium. The solubility of the K+ compound differs strikingly from that for the Na+ compound in the pairs sodium
Potassium
Mineral composed of sodium chloride
Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl). When used in food, especially in granulated form, it is more formally called table salt
Salt
Drug used to treat angina
inhibits persistent or late inward sodium current (INa) in heart muscle in a variety of voltage-gated sodium channels. Inhibiting that current leads to
Ranolazine
Chemical compound
premature failures. One persistent problem is that red phosphorus in epoxy molding compounds induces elevated leakage current in semiconductor devices
Red_phosphorus
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Nav1.6 is caused by a persistent and resurgent sodium current. This characteristic is caused by slow activation of the sodium channel following repolarization
SCN8A
In neuroscience, aspect of a cell membrane
with depolarization. Its voltage-dependence follows the behavior of persistent sodium channels that are active near threshold and have rapidly activating
Rheobase
Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl)
the heating of chloride salts like ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) and sodium chloride (common salt), producing various chemical substances containing
Chlorine
Food additives
(SO2), a bactericide. sodium bisulfite, NaHSO3: ill-defined, widely used source of bisulfite, which predominates below pH 7 sodium metabisulfite, Na2S2O5:
Sulfite food and beverage additives
Sulfite_food_and_beverage_additives
Bryant, Epstein, Fitzsimons, and Fluharty. Arousal of a specific and persistent sodium appetite in the rat with continuous intracerebroventricular infusion
Specific_appetite
Anion of sulfur with 3 oxygen atoms
oxide Potassium bisulfite or potassium metabisulfite Sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite or sodium sulfite Sulfites occur naturally in all wines to some
Sulfite
Electrical shock or medications to interrupt cardiac arrhythmia
has a different mechanism of action (acts to promote influx of sodium through slow-sodium channels). It has been shown to be effective in acute cardioversion
Cardioversion
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Nav1.8 is a sodium ion channel subtype that in humans is encoded by the SCN10A gene. Nav1.8-containing channels are tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant voltage-gated
Nav1.8
Chemical compound
Condensation with tert-butylamine gives the imine (3). Reduction with sodium borohydride completes the synthesis of tulobuterol. Horiguchi T, Kondo R
Tulobuterol
Local anesthetic
antiarrhythmic medication of the class Ib type. This means it works by blocking sodium channels thus decreasing the rate of contractions of the heart. When injected
Lidocaine
Chemical compound
are insoluble. EDTA is available as several salts, notably disodium EDTA, sodium calcium edetate, and tetrasodium EDTA, but these all function similarly
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid
Genus of single-celled organisms
involves watery diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis), sometimes with a persistent cough (respiratory cryptosporidiosis). Treatment of gastrointestinal infection
Cryptosporidium
clockwork-fed Carcel lamp. 1802 – Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov developed the first persistent electric arc. 1802 – William Murdoch illuminates the exterior of the Soho
Timeline of lighting technology
Timeline_of_lighting_technology
Neurological condition causing impairment in spatial perception and stability
(Warfarin Sodium) Drug Center – RxList". rxlist.com. Retrieved 17 April 2018. Chan Y (June 2009). "Differential diagnosis of dizziness". Current Opinion
Dizziness
Chemical compound
of the channel toward larger cations. Voltage-sensitive sodium channels become persistently active at the resting membrane potential. Batrachotoxin kills
Batrachotoxin
Inflammation of the eye
conjunctival sac. With some chemicals, above all with caustic alkalis such as sodium hydroxide, necrosis of the conjunctiva marked by a deceptively white eye
Conjunctivitis
Class of perfluorinated chemical compounds
chain, creating a perfluoroanion that mineralizes into sodium fluoride and other salts such as sodium trifluoroacetate, formate, carbonate, oxalate, and glycolate
PFAS
Aggressive type of brain cancer
investigations into the use of an oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound such as trans sodium crocetinate as radiosensitizers, and as of 2015[update] a clinical trial
Glioblastoma
Water from a sea or an ocean
seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions). The average density at the surface is 1
Seawater
Failure of muscles to relax after contraction, which is worsened by exercise
paralysis and the potassium-aggravated myotonias) is caused by mutations in a sodium channel, SCN4A. The phenotype of patients with these mutations is indicated
Paramyotonia_congenita
Sudden or unexpected loss of heartbeat
Apostolopoulou C, Karanikolas M (April 2016). "Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in Cardiac Arrest: Current Guidelines and Literature Review". Journal of Clinical
Cardiac_arrest
Combination medication
aldosterone then acting on the distal tubular cells of the kidney to promote sodium reabsorption which expands extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. Blockade of
Sacubitril/valsartan
Subtype of palinopsia
eye". Current Biology. 15 (14): R554-6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.007. PMID 16051164. Evans, RW; Aurora, SK (Mar 2012). "Migraine with persistent visual
Illusory_palinopsia
Long-term high blood pressure in the arteries
long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms itself
Hypertension
Ongoing armed conflict in West Asia
Iran's ballistic missile arsenal. The explosion was blamed on a shipment of sodium perchlorate from China used in ballistic missiles that arrived in March
2026_Iran_war
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Sodium channel, voltage-gated, type XI, alpha subunit also known as SCN11A or Nav1.9 is a voltage-gated sodium ion channel protein which is encoded by
Nav1.9
Active fire protection device
Sodium carbonate-based (Na-X) is used where stainless steel piping and equipment could be damaged by sodium chloride-based agents to control sodium,
Fire_extinguisher
Device for producing light from electricity
electric battery. Current from these batteries could heat copper wire to incandescence. Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov developed the first persistent electric arc
Electric_light
Virus of the herpes family
immune destruction of latently infected B cells by use of either TPA or sodium butyrate. Unlike lytic replication, latency does not result in production
Epstein–Barr_virus
Condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly
hemofiltration in more severe cases. Once urine output is established, sodium bicarbonate and mannitol are commonly used but they are poorly supported
Rhabdomyolysis
Nervous system disease affecting nerves beyond the brain and spinal cord
of the evidence. For sodium valproate the authors of a 2011 Cochrane review found that "three studies no more than hint that sodium valproate may reduce
Peripheral_neuropathy
Spider-derived neurotoxin
longipes. It acts as a sodium channel blocker: Cl6b significantly and persistently reduces currents through the tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels NaV1.2-1
Cl6b
Urinary antiseptic drug
formulation of methenamine with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sodium salicylate is available over-the-counter under brand names like Cystex for
Methenamine
Chemical compound
or IV and inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; or persistent or recurrent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after surgical
Treprostinil
Gene
"Alternative splicing in the voltage-gated sodium channel DmNav regulates activation, inactivation, and persistent current". Journal of Neurophysiology. 102 (3):
Paralytic_(gene)
Waste product of fires
oxide, and sodium oxide The pH of the ash is between 10 and 13, mostly due to the fact that the oxides of calcium, potassium, and sodium are strong bases
Ash
Light source using an electric arc through mercury vapor
lamp uses various compounds in the form of metal halides with the mercury. Sodium iodide and scandium iodide are commonly in use. These lamps can produce
Mercury-vapor_lamp
Episodes of muscular weakness due to low blood potassium levels
(attacks during exercise are rare), high carbohydrate meals, meals with high sodium content, sudden changes in temperature, and even excitement, noise, flashing
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Hypokalemic_periodic_paralysis
Neurotoxin produced by species of ant
long-lasting pain by targeting voltage-gated sodium channels in peripheral sensory neurons. Ta3a strongly reduces sodium channel inactivation, leading to heightened
Ta3a
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
susceptible subset of sodium channels known as TTX-sensitive (TTX-s), which also happens to be largely responsible for the sodium current that drives the depolarization
Neurotoxin
Medication and insecticide
permethrin acts on the cell membrane of neurons to disrupt the sodium channel current by which the polarization of the membrane is regulated. Delayed
Permethrin
Type of unpleasant bodily feeling
persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called "chronic" or "persistent", and pain that resolves quickly is called "acute". The International
Pain
Non-nutritive sweetener
sweet as both aspartame and acesulfame potassium, and 2 times as sweet as sodium saccharin. The commercial success of sucralose-based products stems from
Sucralose
Mood-stabilizing psychiatric medication
sodium through the proximal tubule. Its levels are therefore sensitive to water and electrolyte balance. Diuretics act by lowering water and sodium levels;
Lithium_(medication)
Physiological processes of hypertension
explanation, while others define its cause as being due to overconsumption of sodium and underconsumption of potassium. Secondary hypertension indicates that
Pathophysiology of hypertension
Pathophysiology_of_hypertension
Substance applied to the body to prevent or mask body odour
deodorants include sodium stearate, sodium chloride, and stearyl alcohol. Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent antimicrobials such
Deodorant
Chemical element with atomic number 9 (F)
been banned in many European countries. Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a mammalian poison in which one sodium acetate hydrogen is replaced with fluorine;
Fluorine
Autoimmune disease
molecular structure to endogenous thyroxine (T4). Levothyroxine sodium has a sodium salt added to increase its gastrointestinal absorption. Levothyroxine
Hashimoto's_thyroiditis
Chemical compound
marketed under many trade names. It can be found as pure PCP, or as the sodium salt of PCP, the latter of which dissolves easily in water. It can be biodegraded
Pentachlorophenol
Disorder of the inner ear
worsening hearing loss. People with MD are often advised to reduce their sodium intake. Reducing salt intake, however, has not been well studied. Based
Ménière's_disease
Symptom characterized by persistent sleepiness
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is characterized by persistent sleepiness and often a general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate
Excessive_daytime_sleepiness
Chemical process in paper making
Magnesium salts and sodium silicate are also added to improve bleaching with alkaline peroxide. Sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), also known as sodium hydrosulfite
Bleaching_of_wood_pulp
Rapid quivering of the ventricles of the heart
cellular transmembrane ion channels. For example, in Brugada Syndrome, sodium channels are affected. In certain forms of long QT syndrome, the potassium
Ventricular_fibrillation
Mental illness with multiple personality states
from Mason's problems having been caused by the therapeutic methods and sodium pentathol injections used by her psychiatrist, C. B. Wilbur, or an inadvertent
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative_identity_disorder
Species of worm
While S. stercoralis is attracted to chemicals such as carbon dioxide or sodium chloride, these chemicals are not specific. Larvae have been thought to
Strongyloides_stercoralis
Excess artificial light in an environment
operating sodium lights is another feature. In 1980, for example, San Jose, California, replaced all street lamps with low pressure sodium lamps, whose
Light_pollution
Medical condition
(PEG) or enemas containing active substances such sodium phosphate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, or sodium docusate can be used to induce fecal disimpaction
Functional_constipation
Organochlorine chemical and an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane
agricultural use of lindane was banned under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. A specific exemption to that ban allows it to continue
Lindane
Adjustment within a biological system
disease states such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, or persistent abnormally high CO2 levels. Homeometric autoregulation, in the context
Autoregulation
Physiological reaction or injury caused by electric current
Na+ and K+ pumps, possibly associated with transient and localized changes in sodium-potassium transport as well as their concentrations, resulting in changes
Electrical_injury
Family of polymers
The first step of the synthesis involves treatment of bisphenol A with sodium hydroxide, which deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of the bisphenol A. (HOC6H4)2CMe2
Polycarbonate
Organic compound containing at least one covalent carbon-bromine bond
methanol and hydrogen bromide. Bromide ions, as provided by salts like sodium bromide, function as a nucleophiles in the formation of organobromine compounds
Organobromine_chemistry
Skin product helping to prevent sunburn
acetate, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, ascorbyl palmitate, sodium ascorbyl phosphate, ubiquinone) and/or a mixture of certain botanical antioxidants
Sunscreen
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
Sodium is the most common cation in the extracellular space. The excess chloride within sweat ducts prevents sodium resorption by epithelial sodium channels
Cystic_fibrosis
Rare disorder of abnormal pain sensation
been shown to be allelic, both caused by mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 encoded by the gene SCN9A. A different mutation in the SCN9A
Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
Paroxysmal_extreme_pain_disorder
Chronic multi-symptomatic pain disorder
multifactorial, and vexing symptom that is highly prevalent (76%) and stubbornly persistent, as evidenced by longitudinal studies over 5 years. Fatigue does not improve
Fibromyalgia
Edible fruiting vine of the gourd family
Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1.
Chayote
Muscular tissue of heart in vertebrates
the action potential comprises an inward flow of both sodium and calcium ions. The flow of sodium ions is rapid but very short-lived, while the flow of
Cardiac_muscle
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
Female
Serbian
(Serbian Гордана): Croatian and Serbian form of Roman Latin Gordiana, GORDANA means "from Gordium."
Boy/Male
Hindu
The presence of divinity of each soul, I am him . every soul has a presence of God in it.god is within
Female
Bulgarian
, persistent, resolute.
Boy/Male
Biblical
My secret.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Muslim
Beautiful; Handsome
Biblical
their secret; their cement
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Cowdiy, SODI means "an acquaintance of God." In the bible, this is the name of the father of Gaddiel.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Assiduous; Persistent; Devoted
Girl/Female
Biblical
Their secret, their cement.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Sikh, Telugu
I am Him; Every Soul has a Presence of God in it; God is Within
Boy/Male
Indian
Medium
Girl/Female
Indian
Assiduous, Persistent
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
To Attack Violently and Persistently
Girl/Female
Muslim
Assiduous, Persistent
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Never Ending; Persistence; Continuity; Perpetuity; Eternity; Uninterrupted Duration; Diligence; Conscientiousness; Truthful; Straightforward; Honest
Biblical
my secret
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from northern Middle English gad ‘goad’, ‘spike’, ‘sting’ (Old Norse gaddr), hence a metonymic occupational name for a cattle driver or, more likely, a nickname for a persistent and irritating person. The Old Norse word is attested as a byname (see Gadsby).
Female
Croatian
, of Gordius, or, from Gordium.
Boy/Male
Tamil
The presence of divinity of each soul, I am him . every soul has a presence of God in it.god is within
Male
African
obstinate, persistent.
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English, Jamaican
Dweller at the Rocky Village
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.German : possibly a variant of Platow.
Girl/Female
Sikh
Adornment, Ornament, Delicate or honor
Girl/Female
Indian
Chief
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Handsome King
Male
Hebrew
(עַדְלַי) Hebrew name ADLAY means "justice of God." In the bible, this is the name of an ancestor of Shaphat, the overseer of David's herds.Â
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
The White Lotus
Girl/Female
Indian
Brilliant, Lustrous, Shining
Boy/Male
Scottish
Son of Dougal.
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English
He who is in Charge
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
PERSISTENT SODIUM-CURRENT
n.
Hatred; dislike; as, his conduct brought him into odium, or, brought odium upon him.
a.
Characterized by perseverance; persistent.
a.
Remaining beyond the period when parts of the same kind sometimes fall off or are absorbed; permanent; as, persistent teeth or gills; a persistent calyx; -- opposed to deciduous, and caducous.
n.
Alt. of Persistency
a.
Having a middle position or degree; mean; intermediate; medial; as, a horse of medium size; a decoction of medium strength.
adv.
In a persistent manner.
n.
The quality or state of being persistent; staying or continuing quality; hence, in an unfavorable sense, doggedness; obstinacy.
a.
Of or pertaining to sodium; containing sodium.
a.
See Persistent.
n.
Native sodium carbonate.
a.
Having a medium size; as, a medium-sized man.
n.
A common metallic element of the alkali group, in nature always occuring combined, as in common salt, in albite, etc. It is isolated as a soft, waxy, white, unstable metal, so readily oxidized that it combines violently with water, and to be preserved must be kept under petroleum or some similar liquid. Sodium is used combined in many salts, in the free state as a reducer, and as a means of obtaining other metals (as magnesium and aluminium) is an important commercial product. Symbol Na (Natrium). Atomic weight 23. Specific gravity 0.97.
a.
Persistently opposed.
n.
The persistence of motion.
n.
Visual persistence, or persistence of the visual impression; auditory persistence, etc.
a.
Inclined to persist; having staying qualities; tenacious of position or purpose.
a.
Insisting; persistent; persevering.
a.
Inclined to persist; tenacious of purpose; persistent.
a.
Persistent.