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Faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Parcham (Pashto/Dari: پرچم, lit. 'banner' or 'flag') was the more moderate socialist faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) led
Parcham
national flag of Pakistan, also known as the Flag of the Star and Crescent (Parcham-e-Sitāra-o-Hilāl; پرچمِ ستارہ و ہلال), is made up of a green field with
Flag_of_Pakistan
Topics referred to by the same term
free dictionary. Parcham was one of the factions of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Parcham may also refer to: Parcham (magazine), Persian
Parcham_(disambiguation)
Afghan state from 1978 to 1992
also exiling most of the prominent Parcham leaders to the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. Following the Khalq–Parcham conflict, a power struggle arose
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan
Faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
1967 after the split of the party due to bitter resentment with the rival Parcham faction which had a differing revolutionary strategy. It was made up primarily
Khalq
Ruling party of Afghanistan from 1978 to 1992
existence, the party was split between the hardline Khalq and moderate Parcham factions, each of which claimed to represent the "true" PDPA. The party
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
People's_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan
Indian singer (born 1988)
"Ram Chahe Leela" from Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela (2013), and Husn Parcham from Zero (2018), which resulted in her getting several awards and nominations
Bhoomi_Trivedi
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
July 1925) is an Afghan former communist politician (belonging to the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA)) who was
Mohammad_Hasan_Sharq
Indian human rights activist
rights activist hailing from Muzaffarpur, Bihar. She is the founder of Parcham, an NGO that works towards the rehabilitation of sex workers and their
Naseema_Khatoon
Afghan communist politician (1929–1979)
and mistrusted Amin after he conducted a series of purges against the Parcham; they intervened in Afghanistan, invoking the 1978 Twenty-Year Treaty of
Hafizullah_Amin
Indian political party
The Parcham Party of India (Abbr : PPI) is an Indian political party based primarily in the Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It was founded by the Indian Muslim
Parcham_Party_of_India
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Parcham-e Qadim (Persian: پرچم قديم) is a village in Gilvan Rural District of Gilvan District in Tarom County, Zanjan province, Iran. At the time of the
Parcham-e_Qadim
Afghan politician (1917–1979)
factions. The largest of these included Khalq (Masses) led by Taraki, and Parcham (Banner) led by Karmal. The main differences between the factions were
Nur_Muhammad_Taraki
1979–1989 armed conflict in South Asia
factions, the Khalq (Masses) faction headed by Nur Muhammad Taraki and the Parcham (Flag) faction led by Babrak Karmal. The radical Khalq faction believed
Soviet–Afghan_War
Afghan military officer and politician (1944–2014)
political parties and other reforms. Parcham was offered four minister posts in Daoud's government. As a Parcham member, Qadir was nominated vice chief
Abdul Qadir (Afghan communist)
Abdul_Qadir_(Afghan_communist)
Leader of Afghanistan from 1987 to 1992
KHAD, the Afghan equivalent of the Soviet KGB. He was a member of the Parcham faction led by Karmal. During Najibullah's tenure as KHAD head, it became
Mohammad_Najibullah
1978 military coup in Afghanistan
with two main factions being the Parcham and Khalq factions. On 17 April 1978, a prominent member of the Parcham, Mir Akbar Khyber, was assassinated
Saur_Revolution
Kashmiri journalist (1968 – 2018)
Shujaat Bukhari (25 February 1968 – 14 June 2018) was an Indian journalist from the former state of Jammu & Kashmir, and was the founding editor of Rising
Shujaat_Bukhari
Political magazine in Iran (1942–1944)
Parcham (Persian: Flag) was a political magazine that was published in Pahlavi Iran by social and religious critic and historian Ahmad Kasravi in the
Parcham_(magazine)
Afghan communist politician (1929–1996)
Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and eventually became the leader of the Parcham faction when the PDPA split in 1967, with their ideological nemesis being
Babrak_Karmal
Afghan politician and military officer
Mohammad Aslam Watanjar (1946 – November 2000) was an Afghan military officer and politician. He played a significant role in the coup in 1978 that killed
Mohammad_Aslam_Watanjar
Flag anthem of Iran (1933–1979)
and Sun Flag Anthem (Persian: سرود پرچم شیر و خورشید, romanised: Sorud-e Parcham-e Shir o Khorshid) was the flag anthem of Iran from 1933 to 1979. It was
Lion_and_Sun_Flag_Anthem
Afghan socialist and Marxist-Leninist politician
the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) (belonging to the Parcham faction) and vice-president of the Revolutionary Council under the leadership
Anahita_Ratebzad
1947–1991 geopolitical rivalry between US and USSR
competing factions of the PDPA—the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham—resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of
Cold_War
Country in Central and South Asia
killing Amin. A Soviet-organized regime, led by Parcham's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions (Parcham and Khalq), filled the vacuum. Soviet troops
Afghanistan
Afghan politician and leftist intellectual (1925–1978)
became editor of the Parcham newspaper, Parcham, and oversaw a clandestine effort to recruit soldiers of Afghan Army into the Parcham faction, additionally
Mir_Akbar_Khyber
1984 Iranian film by Shahriar Bahrani
The Flag Bearer (Persian: Parcham-dar) is a 1984 film by the Iranian director Shahriar Bahrani. Bahrani also wrote the script for the film which was lensed
The_Flag_Bearer
Overthrow of King Mohammad Zahir Shah of Afghanistan
Daoud Khan was assisted by army officers and civil servants from the Parcham faction of the PDPA, including Air Force colonel Abdul Qadir. Daoud also
1973_Afghan_coup_d'état
2018 soundtrack album by Ajay–Atul and Tanishk Bagchi
it was sung by Sukhwinder Singh and Divya Kumar. The third song "Hushn Parcham" was released on 12 December 2018. A dance number picturized on Babita
Zero_(soundtrack)
Afghan state intelligence agency
we going to kill?”. AGSA was additionally involved in the hangings of Parcham members in 1978 and the executions of the following people: Colonel Hidayatullah
KHAD
1979 Soviet assassination of Afghan leader Hafizullah Amin
to secure and take control of Afghanistan with support from the PDPA's Parcham faction, which opposed the hardline ideology espoused by the rival Khalq
Operation_Storm-333
Book by Ahmad Kasravi
Linguistics Zabân-e Pâk Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan Publications Payman Parcham Related Topics Navvab Safavi "Mujahideen of Saturday" v t e
Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan
Azari_or_the_Ancient_Language_of_Azerbaijan
Afghan military officer (1935–1998)
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan along with the Khalq and some members of Parcham in a violent military coup referred to as the Saur Revolution. After the
Nazar Mohammad (Afghan communist)
Nazar_Mohammad_(Afghan_communist)
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
romanized as Māmālān; also known as Māhmalānlū, Makhmalanlu, Narcham, Parcham, and Purcham OpenStreetMap contributors (10 September 2024). "مامالان,
Mamalan
Primarily Uzbek political party in Afghanistan
joined. Most of the joining members were either defectors or from the Parcham wing of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). In 1992, the
National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
National_Islamic_Movement_of_Afghanistan
Afghan state from 1973 to 1978
alerted the Soviets, which coincided with the temporary reunification of Parcham and the Khalq factions of the PDPA in the summer of 1976. The reunification
Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)
Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973–1978)
Afghan politician (1935–2026)
as Kishtmand or Kashtmand, was an Afghan politician, belonging to the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). He served
Sultan_Ali_Keshtmand
Afghan politician, ideologue, and poet (1930–2020)
1930 – 31 July 2020) was an Afghan communist politician (belonging to the Parcham faction), ideologue and poet who held the positions of President of the
Sulaiman_Layeq
Afghan military officer and politician (1909–1978)
Soviet attempt to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq. Brezhnev described Afghanistan's non-alignment as important
Mohammad_Daoud_Khan
Political party in Afghanistan
National Revolutionary Party and called for the dissolution of the Khalq and Parcham factions. The party did not survive the Saur Revolution in April 1978,
National Revolutionary Party of Afghanistan
National_Revolutionary_Party_of_Afghanistan
Period of Afghan history from 1978 to 1992
victory was partially due to Daoud's miscalculation that Parcham was the more serious threat. Parcham's leaders had enjoyed widespread connections within the
History of Afghanistan (1978–1992)
History_of_Afghanistan_(1978–1992)
Afghan politician and military officer (born 1954)
jump wings. As a Parcham faction member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), he was exiled after the purge of Parcham by the party's
Abdul_Rashid_Dostum
rule of Karmal, there were 20 out of 24 ministers that belonged to the Parcham faction and the remaining belonged to the Khalq faction. All Afghan ministers
Council of Ministers of the Republic of Afghanistan
Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Republic_of_Afghanistan
Pakistani film score composer (1936 - 1997)
Akhtar A PTV, Karachi Centre production Hamara Parcham Yeh Pyara Parcham, Parchamon Mein Yeh Azeem Parcham Naheed Akhtar Saif Zulfi A PTV production Honton
Khalil_Ahmed
National legislature of Afghanistan (1978–1992)
conflict between the two biggest groups in the party, the Khalqs and the Parchams. After taking power, Nur Mohammad Taraki refused to reveal information
Revolutionary Council of the Republic of Afghanistan
Revolutionary_Council_of_the_Republic_of_Afghanistan
Foreign policy justifying intervention in the Soviet Bloc
into a factional struggle between factions known as the Khalq and Parcham. The Parcham was the more moderate of the two factions, arguing that Afghanistan
Brezhnev_Doctrine
Afghan communist leader (1946–1986)
forces in forming united fronts against the Soviet Union and the PDPA-Parcham government. He wrote Mash'al-i Rehayi (The Beacon of Emancipation), an
Faiz_Ahmad
Afghanistan. At one point, Kar was one of four PDPA factions, along with the Parcham, Khalqi, and Setam-e Milli. The group was headed by Dastagir Panjsheri
Guruh-i_Kar
Communism: Parcham and Khalq. Hoover Institution Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-8179-7792-9. Arnold, Anthony (1983). Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq
Political violence in Afghanistan
Political_violence_in_Afghanistan
Afghan military officer and politician (1939–1980)
group known as the Revolutionary Democratic Organization, linked to the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). Faiz Muhammad
Faiz Mohammed (Afghan communist)
Faiz_Mohammed_(Afghan_communist)
birds". The News International (newspaper). Retrieved 12 August 2021. Ik Parcham Ke Neechay Pak Fauj Ke Jawan - Single by Muhammad Ali Shaikhi on Apple
List_of_songs_about_Pakistan
Neighborhood of Kabul in Afghanistan
An Autobiography by Ehsan M. Entezar Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq by Anthony Arnold 34°51′N 69°14′E / 34.850°N 69.233°E / 34
Karte_Char
Polish-American diplomat and political scientist (1928–2017)
regime—divided between Taraki's extremist Khalq faction and the more moderate Parcham—signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in December of that
Zbigniew_Brzezinski
Rural district in Zanjan province, Iran
Anarestan Charazeh Deh Bahar Garehlu Hesarabad Jeyshabad Khorramabad Kahriz Parcham-e Qadim Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sowmaeh Bar Zehtarabad The rural district was
Gilvan_Rural_District
Political party in Afghanistan
throughout the late 1960s and into the 1970s, possibly eclipsing that of the Parcham and Khalq factions of the pro-Soviet People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Shola-e_Javid
Political party in Afghanistan
Settam-e-Melli Defunct organisations People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan Parcham Khalq Guruh-i Kar Shola-e Javid Progressive Youth Organization Liberation
Afghanistan Liberation Organization
Afghanistan_Liberation_Organization
the coup leaders systematically executed the leadership of the large Parcham clan, thus guaranteeing a civil war among the country's many feuding ethnic
Cold_War_in_Asia
Afghan politician and military officer (1946–2025)
Kingdom of Afghanistan Died 9 November 2025 (aged 79) Germany Party PDPA / Parcham (until 1990) Watan Party Military service Allegiance Kingdom of Afghanistan
Mohammed_Rafie
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Garehlu
Afghan National Army commander (b. 1953)
for which he launched the coup. President Najibuulah was a member of the Parcham faction of the Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA)
Zafar_Khan_(Afghan_general)
director and filmmaker. Sabah Khan – Social activist and co-founder of Parcham Collective (works with Marathi Muslim women). Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Zulekha
List_of_Marathi_Muslims
Non-fiction account by Ahmad Kasravi
Linguistics Zabân-e Pâk Azari or the Ancient Language of Azerbaijan Publications Payman Parcham Related Topics Navvab Safavi "Mujahideen of Saturday" v t e
The_Forgotten_Kings
Communist political party in Pakistan
women, and intellectuals. It continues to publish its party organ Surkh Parcham and participates in international communist networks like the International
Communist_Party_of_Pakistan
other wings of the government. One of the most striking evidences of Khalq-Parcham feuding comes when Karmal removes his deputy prime minister, Assadullah
1980_in_Afghanistan
U.S. presidential administration from 1977 to 1981
divided between Taraki's extremist Khalq faction and the more moderate Parcham—signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in December 1978. Taraki's
Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter
2018 film directed by Aanand L. Rai
Retrieved 4 December 2018. "Zero Song Husn Parcham Teaser | Katrina Kaif | Sharkhuh Khan | Husn Parcham Video Song from Zero". The Times of India. Retrieved
Zero_(2018_film)
Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941
"Country name calling: the case of Iran vs. Persia". Retrieved 4 May 2008 Parcham, 16 August 1942 Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran (2008), p. 96 Ahmad
Reza_Shah
Afghan politician and military officer (1951)
troops. During the invasion, Soviet forces killed Amin and installed PDPA Parcham faction's leader Babrak Karmal in power. Karmal was forced to come to terms
Sayed_Mohammad_Gulabzoy
Head of Afghanistan's armed forces
Yaqub served as Chief of the General Staff until being executed by Soviet-Parcham forces in December of 1979. In the late 1980s, during the communist regime
Chief of General Staff (Afghanistan)
Chief_of_General_Staff_(Afghanistan)
American rapper (born 1986)
Jonita Gandhi Sreeram Shabbir Ahmed Shloke Lal Raja Kumari Hindi "Husn Parcham" Zero Ajay–Atul Bhoomi Trivedi Irshad Kamil 2019 "The Wakhra Song" Judgementall
Raja_Kumari
Afghan politician
Afghanistan. Ulumi previously served in the Afghan Army as a member of the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan during the Afghan
Nur_ul-Haq_Ulumi
Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)
traditional internal divisions, namely the opposition between the Khalq and Parcham factions. The DRA defense minister, Shahnawaz Tanai, disagreed with Najibullah's
Afghan_Civil_War_(1989–1992)
Historical and opposition flag of Iran
Spain and Spanish republican symbol Persian: پرچم شیر و خورشید, romanised: Parcham-e Shir o Khorshid The above flag design was created in 2012, though it
Lion_and_Sun_flag
Political party in Afghanistan
Nur ul-Haq Ulumi, a former member of the Central Committee of the PDPA's Parcham faction, and is a member of the National Coalition of Afghanistan led by
National United Party of Afghanistan
National_United_Party_of_Afghanistan
Afghan political movement beginning in the late 1970s
Encyclopedia (2003), p. 37. Anthony Arnold, Afghanistan's Two-party Communism: Parcham and Khalq (Hoover Press, 1983), p. 39. Gilles Dorronsoro. Revolution unending:
Settam-e-Melli
Kurdish-Iranian musical artist (born 1979)
produced three. He released Greedy (his seventh album) in 2011. In 2012 Parcham-e Sefid (White Flag) was released by TDH Company as the fourth album of
Mohsen_Chavoshi
Former political party in Afghanistan
refused registration. The party does not identify with either the Khalq or Parcham (which they refer to as "Karmalist"). The Party has described itself as
Watan_Party_of_Afghanistan
Indian Urdu poet (1911–1955)
Lucknow and along with Jafri and Sibte Hassan founded the literary magazine, Parcham (Flag) which ran only for a single issue. In Lucknow, he also worked on
Majaz_Lakhnawi
Former political institution in Afghanistan
and alternate members of the Politburo were Parchamis: Members of the Parcham faction Babrak Karmal Sultan Ali Keshtmand Mohammad Najibullah Nur Ahmed
Politburo of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Politburo_of_the_People's_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Ich,_Zanjan
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Alarud
1970s–90s CIA program to fund Afghan militants
divided between Taraki's hardline Khalq faction and the more moderate Parcham—signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in December of that
Operation_Cyclone
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Sowmaeh_Bar
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Khorramabad_Kahriz
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Dastjerdeh,_Zanjan
engineering. Arnold, Anthony (1983). Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. ISBN 9780817977931
Pacha_Gul_Wafadar
District in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
the past. During Jihad people bravely stood against Communism and Khalq, Parcham. The result of no violence in area is current development of Rodat. As
Rodat_District
Pakistani tailor
Master Afzal Hussain, (ماسٹر افضال حسین) also known as Baba-e-Parcham (which means "Father of the Flag"), was a tailor from Delhi. Together with his younger
Master_Afzal_Hussain
Uprising and fatalities in Kabul
took part. Demonstrations were held across the whole city against the Parcham government and against the Soviet occupation. Many residents chanted Allahu
3_Hoot_uprising
Soviet military occupations (1939-1991)
With Amin's death at the palace, Babrak Karmal, exiled leader of the Parcham faction of the PDPA was installed by the Soviets as Afghanistan's new head
Military occupations by the Soviet Union
Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union
1943 book by Ruhollah Khomeini
1943, Hakimzada wrote The Thousand-Year Secrets which was published in Parcham, a periodical of Ahmad Kasravi. He invited Shia scholars to explain what
Kashf_al-Asrar
Attempted overthrow of President Mohammad Najibullah of Afghanistan
Muhammad Taraki. He was a Khalqist hardliner known as the assassin of a rival Parcham faction member. Gulabzoy was minister of interior before being exiled on
1990_Afghan_coup_attempt
Cross-border armed clashes
October 2019. Arnold, Anthony (1983). Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq. Hoover Institution Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-8179-7792-9. Byrne,
2023_Afghanistan–Iran_clash
Military unit
Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and a publication of newspaper "Parcham" which celebrated the centenary for Vladimir Lenin’s birth "Anti-religious"
Afghan_Commando_Forces
Pakistani playback singer
Wahi (Ghazal) Aati Hai Pawan Jaati hai Pawan (Ghazal) Hamara Parcham Ye Piyara Parcham (National Song) Tujh Sey Hum Mansoob Hain Aise Aasman Se Taare
Naheed_Akhtar
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Qarqoli_Cham
Royal and national anthem of Iran (1933–1979)
âsude Irân Irâniyân peyvaste shâdân Hamvâre Yazdân bovad u râ negahbân. Ey parcham-e khorshid-e Irân Partov afkan be ru-ye in jahân Yâd âvar az ân ruzegâri
Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Valis,_Iran
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Hezarrud-e_Sofla
Village in Zanjan province, Iran
Hesarabad Khorramabad Kahriz Lahneh Mamalan Mohammadabad-e Khvajeh Beyglu Parcham-e Qadim Parchineh Pesar Qarqoli Cham Sumeeh Bar Tashvir Taskin Zardeh Zehtarabad
Vazneh_Sar,_Zanjan
PARCHAM
PARCHAM
PARCHAM
PARCHAM
Girl/Female
Tamil
Giving pleasure
Boy/Male
Czechoslovakian
Searcher.
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English, Gaelic, Irish
Sea-bright
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Darling; Dearly Loved
Girl/Female
Slavic Spanish
Spanish abbreviation of Estanislao 'make famous' from the name borne by several Slavic kings and...
Girl/Female
Hebrew Swedish
Praised.
Boy/Male
Arabic, German, Muslim
Intended; Proposed
Biblical
joy; rejoicing
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Christian, French, Latin
Warlike; Form of Marcia; Martial; Female Version of Marcellus; From the God Mars; War Like; Defence; Of the Sea
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Happines; Lively
PARCHAM
PARCHAM
PARCHAM
PARCHAM
PARCHAM