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Dutch drug law
The Opium Law (Opiumwet in Dutch) is the section of the Dutch law which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs. In 1912, the First International Opium Conference
Opium_Law
Dried latex of the opium poppy containing narcotic compounds
Opium (also known as poppy tears, or Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Approximately
Opium
Establishment where opium is sold and smoked
An opium den was an establishment in which opium was sold and smoked. Opium dens were prevalent in many parts of the world in the 19th century, most notably
Opium_den
Opium industry in Afghanistan
Afghanistan has long had a history of opium poppy cultivation and harvest. Prior to the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, Afghanistan's harvest produced
Opium production in Afghanistan
Opium_production_in_Afghanistan
Opium-producing region in Southeast Asia
opium trade. Today, the Thai side of the river confluence, Sop Ruak, has become a tourist attraction, with the House of Opium Museum, a Hall of Opium
Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)
Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)
1839–1842 war between the United Kingdom and China
The First Opium War (Chinese: 第一次鴉片戰爭; pinyin: Dìyīcì yāpiàn zhànzhēng), also known as the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought
First_Opium_War
19th-century conflicts between China and European powers
The Opium Wars (simplified Chinese: 鸦片战争; traditional Chinese: 鴉片戰爭; pinyin: Yāpiàn zhànzhēng) were two conflicts waged between the Qing dynasty and the
Opium_Wars
Species of flowering plant in the poppy family
the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy
Papaver_somniferum
Prohibition of drugs through law
The laws targeted opium smoking, but not other methods of ingestion. Britain passed the All-India Opium Act of 1878, which limited recreational opium sales
Drug_prohibition
Tincture of opium
Laudanum is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight (the equivalent of 1% morphine). Laudanum is prepared by dissolving
Laudanum
Plant in the Erythroxylaceae family
the same category as cocaine, as both are List I drugs of the Opium Law. The Opium Law specifically mentions the leaves of the plants of the genus Erythroxylon
Coca
Opium in Iran is widely available, and the country was estimated to have the highest per capita number of opioid addicts in the world at a rate of 2.8%
Opium_in_Iran
and trade of non-medicinal drugs described by the Opium Law are all technically illegal under Dutch law, official policy since the late 20th century has
Drug policy of the Netherlands
Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands
The history of opium in China began with the use of opium for medicinal purposes during the Tang dynasty in the 7th century. In the 17th century the practice
History_of_opium_in_China
Metaphorical expression for religion
"Opium of the people" or "opium of the masses" (German: Opium des Volkes) is a dictum used in reference to religion, derived from a frequently paraphrased
Opium_of_the_people
Historic 1925 drug control treaty
The Second International Opium Convention (also known as the Geneva Opium Convention or 1925 Opium Convention) is an international treaty signed at Geneva
Second International Opium Convention
Second_International_Opium_Convention
First international opium control treaty
The First International Opium Convention (also called 1912 Opium Convention or Hague Opium Convention) is a former international treaty signed at The Hague
First International Opium Convention
First_International_Opium_Convention
United States federal law
Anti-Heroin Act of 1924 is a United States federal law prohibiting the importation and possession of opium for the chemical synthesis of an addictive narcotic
Anti-Heroin_Act_of_1924
U.S. federal law regulating and taxing narcotics
forty-six states had regulations on cocaine and twenty-nine states had laws against opium, morphine, and heroin. In the 1800s opiates were mostly unregulated
Harrison_Narcotics_Tax_Act
German controlled substances law
Psychotropic Substances and other treaties. The BtMG updated the German Opium Law 1929 and mirrors the Swiss BtMG and Austrian Suchtmittelgesetz. The German
Narcotic_Drugs_Act
Benzodiazepine used for severe insomnia
of the Opium Law, while formulations containing 20 mg or more of the drug (along with the gel-capsules) are a List 1 substance of the Opium Law, thus subject
Temazepam
U.S. law
The Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942, also known as the Poppy Control Act, was an act of the United States Congress signed into law by President Franklin
Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942
Opium_Poppy_Control_Act_of_1942
Form of the drug cocaine
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. In the Netherlands it is a List 1 drug of the Opium Law. Marion Barry, Mayor of Washington D.C., was filmed smoking crack in 1990
Crack_cocaine
Class of CNS depressant drugs
containing less than 20 mg of temazepam, are all placed on List 2 of the Opium Law. A prescription is needed for possession of all benzodiazepines. Temazepam
Benzodiazepine
Herbal tea made out of poppy straw or poppy seeds
is Papaver somniferum, which produces opium as a natural defense against predators. In the live flower, opium is released when the surface of the bulb
Poppy_tea
Benzodiazepine medication
Act (1968). In the Netherlands, alprazolam is a List 2 substance of the Opium Law and is available for prescription.[citation needed] In Germany, alprazolam
Alprazolam
Opioid analgesic and recreational drug
is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the opium poppy; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects
Heroin
https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/law-on-narcotic-drugs-and-psychotropic-substances_html/Law_on_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances
Legal_status_of_cocaine
Dutch pharmaceutical company
Hague (1912) laid foundations for control of narcotics. In the Dutch Opium Law of 1919 cocaine became a controlled substance. For the NCF this meant
Nederlandsche_Cocaïnefabriek
Traditional patent medicine
Paregoric, or camphorated tincture of opium, also known as tinctura opii camphorata, is a patent medicine known for its antidiarrheal, antitussive, and
Paregoric
Benzodiazepine used for anesthesia and procedural sedation
buccally, or orally. In the Netherlands, midazolam is a List II drug of the Opium Law. Midazolam is a Schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic
Midazolam
1909 international meeting in Shanghai to regulate the global drug trade
International Opium Convention held in 1912. Hampden Coit DuBose, American missionary Reinsch, Paul S. (1910). "Diplomatic Affairs and International Law, 19091"
International Opium Commission
International_Opium_Commission
Semi-synthetic opioid
first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather the related plants Papaver orientale and Papaver
Etorphine
Colonial state opium monopoly in French Indochina (1881–1945)
The Opium Regie (incorrectly translated as the Opium Regime) was the French colonial state government monopoly over opium, first developed as the Régie
Opium_Regie
Class of depressant drugs derived from barbituric acid
scheduling of barbiturates as controlled drugs. In the Netherlands, the Opium Law classifies all barbiturates as List II drugs, with the exception of secobarbital
Barbiturate
Law in the United States
smoke opium outside of opium dens. It did not ban the sale, import or use otherwise. In the next 25 years, different states enacted opium laws ranging
Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act
Uniform_State_Narcotic_Drug_Act
Pain medication of the opiate family
morphium, is an opiate found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly
Morphine
State monopoly over Opium in the Dutch East Indies (1898–1942)
opium, and the enforcement of laws related to opium, in the Dutch East Indies. In simplest terms, as a monopoly, the Opiumregie made and sold opium,
Opiumregie
1922 act of the United States Congress
preparation of opium into the United States. The statutory law authorizes the importation of the psychoactive drug provided any opium derivatives and
Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act
Narcotic_Drugs_Import_and_Export_Act
Opioid used to treat pain and opioid use disorder
September 2006. In the Netherlands, buprenorphine is a list II drug of the Opium Law, though special rules and guidelines apply to its prescription and dispensation
Buprenorphine
Chinese scholar-official (1785–1850)
First Opium War of 1839–42. He was from Fuzhou, Fujian Province. Lin's forceful opposition to the opium trade was a primary catalyst for the First Opium War
Lin_Zexu
Dissociative hallucinogenic drug, mostly used recreationally
the Controlled Drugs and Substances act in Canada, a List I drug of the Opium Law in the Netherlands, and a Class A substance in the UK. PCP began to emerge
Phencyclidine
1916 film
an opium den in Chinatown where he discovers his wife and learns of her addiction. Jansen's investigation ultimately reveals that his father-in-law is
Hop,_the_Devil's_Brew
Amendments of 1965, a product of a bill sponsored by Senator Thomas J. Dodd. The law—passed in July 1965 and effected on 1 February 1966—was an amendment to the
Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms
Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms
Japanese legislation regulating cannabis
hemp were restricted. In 1948 (Showa 23), the drug control law that unified the opium method (Law No. 123 in 1947) was enacted, hemp cultivation is mainly
Cannabis_Control_Law
was fueled by revenues from the sale of morphine, an alkaloid found in opium, first identified by the German chemist and pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner
Drug_policy_of_Nazi_Germany
Opioid medication
Drugs Act 1971. In the Netherlands, fentanyl is a List I substance of the Opium Law. In the US, fentanyl is a Schedule II controlled substance per the Controlled
Fentanyl
Substituted cathinone designer drug
Effective 28 October 2021, 3-MMC has been scheduled under the Dutch Opium Law and is therefore illegal in the Netherlands. 3-MMC was given narcotic
3-Methylmethcathinone
Legal cultivation of opium for medicinal purposes is carried out in India, only in selected areas, under free licensing conditions. India is the world's
Legal opium production in India
Legal_opium_production_in_India
1839 Chinese diplomatic appeal
influential letters prior to the eventual outbreak of the First Opium War. By the 1830s, Opium addiction had become a widespread issue in China, especially
Letter_to_Queen_Victoria
2011 book by Fariba Nawa
Opium Nation: Child Brides, Drug Lords, and One Woman's Journey Through Afghanistan is a 2011 book by Fariba Nawa. The author travels throughout Afghanistan
Opium_Nation
Law enforcement agency
for example described in the Police Law, the Arms and Munitions Law, the Opium Law, the Road Traffic Law 1994, the Law on Entry and the Code of Criminal
National Police Corps (Netherlands)
National_Police_Corps_(Netherlands)
2008 novel by Amitav Ghosh
the Ghazipur Opium Factory, the unfortunate Deeti figures out that on her wedding night, she was drugged with opium by her mother-in-law, so that her
Sea_of_Poppies
Psychoactive stimulant
the Netherlands, methcathinone is listed as a Level I substance of the Opium Law, for which there is no clinical use. Methcathinone is illegal in Finland
Methcathinone
The Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, was an act of the Parliament of Queensland. It was the first instrument of separate
Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
Aboriginals_Protection_and_Restriction_of_the_Sale_of_Opium_Act_1897
was restricted by the Wehrmacht and Nazi Germany as a whole under the Opium Law, which required the drug be obtained through a physician's prescription
History and culture of substituted amphetamines
History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines
Stimulant analog of methylphenidate
Psychotropic Substances. Ethylphenidate is illegal in the Netherlands, as the Opium Law List I covers it, as of April 27, 2018 In the United States, effective
Ethylphenidate
In 1994, Laos was the world's third largest producer of opium, primarily in the northern provinces. Narcotics trafficking in Laos is difficult to control
Drug_policy_of_Laos
Entactogen drug
been sold. In the Netherlands, methylone is not yet listed under the Opium Law, but is covered under the medicine act. Because methylone is not registered
Methylone
Substituted cathinone stimulant drug
Drugs Act since Dec 2017. In the Netherlands it has been added to the Opium Law on July 1 2025. Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine 5-Methylethylone
N-Ethylpentylone
1967 conflict in Laos
The 1967 Opium War took place in northwestern Laos between February and August 1967; actual fighting took place from 29 July to 1 August 1967. A mule
1967_Opium_War
Chemical compound
almost all benzodiazepines in Germany. Ketazolam is a List II drugs of the Opium Law in the Netherlands. Ketazolam is a Schedule IV drug under the Controlled
Ketazolam
Global black market
and the Russian Empire passing laws against smoking tobacco; the government of the Qing dynasty issued edicts banning opium smoking in 1730, 1796 and 1800
Illegal_drug_trade
Italian historical drama television series (2023–present)
The Law According to Lidia Poët (Italian: La legge di Lidia Poët) is an Italian historical crime drama television series created by Guido Iuculano [it]
The Law According to Lidia Poët
The_Law_According_to_Lidia_Poët
Practice of inhaling a burnt substance for psychoactive effects
via smoking include tetrahydrocannabinol (from cannabis), morphine (from opium), cocaine (from crack), and methamphetamine. Designer drugs, or "research
Smoking
Japanese law to control narcotics and drugs
(麻向法). Japan has four separate laws to regulate drugs. There is one for marijuana, one for stimulants, and one for opium; the remainder of all drugs fall
Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Law
Narcotics_and_Psychotropics_Control_Law
One of Asia's two principal areas of illicit drug production
Crescent is the name given to one of Asia's two principal areas of illicit opium production, with the other being the Golden Triangle. Located at the crossroads
Golden_Crescent
2021 book by Michael Pollan
cultural significance of drugs in society. It examines three drugs in detail: opium, caffeine and mescaline, each of which, he argues, has had a significant
This_Is_Your_Mind_On_Plants
Hong Kong businessman
involved in the opium trade and refinery, as well as land development in British Hong Kong during the early 1900s. He was nicknamed the Opium King in Hong
Lee_Hysan
Chinese general, warlord, and politician (1883–1960)
Suppression Division within his Village Governance Office to enforce anti-opium laws through house-to-house investigations. Yan's economic strategy focused
Yan_Xishan
of terrorism Distribution of some controlled substances like cocaine and opium Second-degree murder is defined as either the killing of another human being
Murder_in_Florida_law
allowed the opium trade to continue. Under the ban, opium poppy cultivation was reduced to 185 metric tons. This little production of opium continued in
Crime_in_Afghanistan
Malaysian law which was enacted to make further and better provision for the regulation of the importation, exportation, manufacture, sale, and use of opium and
Dangerous_Drugs_Act_1952
person or disabled adult; aircraft piracy; unlawful distribution of cocaine, opium, or other controlled substances when such drug is proven to be the proximate
Murder_in_United_States_law
CIA crime
"Opium prices are especially high in Iran, where law enforcement is strict and where a large share of the opiate consumption market is still for opium
CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities
CIA_transnational_anti-crime_and_anti-drug_activities
Voluntary territorial transfer by treaty
a process known as "retrocession". Following the First Opium War (1839–1842) and Second Opium War (1856–1860), Hong Kong (Treaty of Nanking) and Kowloon
Cession
British colony in East Asia (1841–1997)
of the Treaty of Nanking of 1842, signed in the aftermath of the First Opium War, the island of Hong Kong was ceded in perpetuity to Great Britain. It
British_Hong_Kong
Chemical substance with psychoactive properties
legal perspective, narcotics refer to opium, opium derivatives, and their semi-synthetic substitutes, though in U.S. law, due to its numbing properties, cocaine
Narcotic
Index of conflicts with the same name
Court Chief Justice Military Law Law enforcement Political parties Economy Afghani (currency) Communications Energy Mining Opium production in Afghanistan
War_in_Afghanistan
Drug enforcement leads to higher potency
instance with cocaine users buying coca leaves, and heroin users switching to opium. The popular shift from beer to wine to hard liquor during the US Prohibition
Iron_law_of_prohibition
food and animal fodder as well as for making opium. Already in the early nineteenth century, Turkish opium was being shipped to England and China. Turkey
Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey
Opiate alkaloid constituent of opium
Thēbai (Thebes), an ancient city in Upper Egypt. A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but has stimulatory
Thebaine
Legal status of cannabis worldwide
Article 2 : Except for the cases of the article 14, the cultivation of opium poppy, cocoa plants, cannabis indica and cannabis saliva in the Kingdom
Legality_of_cannabis
United States drug-regulating law
International Opium Convention helped lead international agreements regulating trade. The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) was the beginning of over 200 laws concerning
Controlled_Substances_Act
U.S.-led campaign against illegal drug use and trade
Smoking Opium Exclusion Act, "to prohibit the importation and use of opium for other than medicinal purposes", became the first US federal law to ban the
War_on_drugs
2011 novel by Amitav Ghosh
son-in-law of the rich Parsi shipbuilder Rustamjee Mistrie, has convinced his father-in-law to provide him seed capital to enter into the opium trade,
River_of_Smoke
English essayist, translator and political economist (1785–1859)
essayist, and literary critic, best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821). Many scholars suggest that in publishing this work De Quincey
Thomas_De_Quincey
Chinese protected woman and opium smuggler (c.1820–c.1880)
Akew (Chinese: 吳亞嬌; c. 1820 – c. 1880) was a Chinese protected woman [zh], opium smuggler and property owner active in British Hong Kong. A central figure
Ng_Akew
1842 treaty between Qing China and Britain
The Treaty of Nanjing was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August
Treaty_of_Nanking
American federal law enacted in 1882
sociopolitical upheaval due to poverty, droughts, famines, and conflicts such as the Opium Wars and Taiping Rebellion. These conditions led to large waves of Chinese
Chinese_Exclusion_Act
on Elipsis (Album Review)". Glide Magazine. Retrieved January 16, 2026. Law, Sam (January 19, 2026). "Album review: My Ruin – Declaration of Resistance"
List_of_2026_albums
Aki opium scandal,, a bribery corruption scandal involving King Kalākaua and Junius Kaʻae reneging on a bribe Aki made to secure the sale of an opium license
Tong_Kee
1839 battle of the First Opium War
opium, he defied Elliot's request and signed the Chinese bond. He held a legal view that Elliot's ban on the signing was not valid under English law.
Battle_of_Chuenpi
1902 Shanghai's International Opium Commission, 1909 The Hague's International Opium Convention, 1912 Geneva's Opium Protocol, 1925 Second Pharmacopoeia
Legal status of psychoactive cacti by country
Legal_status_of_psychoactive_cacti_by_country
Class of drug
class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant. Opioids work on opioid receptors in the brain and other organs
Opioid
Law of Singapore
trafficking Criminal law of Singapore Law of Singapore Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor Cannabis in Singapore History of opium in Singapore Opium in Singapore
Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)
Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_(Singapore)
Psychoactive drug
structure, like most cathinones and amphetamines, are banned under the Opium Law since July 1st, 2025, following an amendment to deal with New Psychoactive
6-APB
nations classify DMT as a scheduled drug; however, few countries seem to have laws specifically addressing the possession or use of ayahuasca. Legal status
Legal status of ayahuasca by country
Legal_status_of_ayahuasca_by_country
De facto independent state in Myanmar
elsewhere in Myanmar as opium producers sought to benefit from rising opium prices following the ban. From 2006 to 2012, overall opium cultivation in Myanmar
Wa_State
British sinologist
Literature at Birkbeck, University of London. Her works on the Opium Wars (The Opium Wars: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China, 2011) and Maoism (Maoism:
Julia_Lovell
OPIUM LAW
OPIUM LAW
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly southern)
English (chiefly southern) : patronymic from Law 1.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : topographic name for someone who lived near a tumulus, mound or hill, Middle English lowe, from Old English hlÄw (see Law 2).Scottish and English : nickname for a short man, from Middle English lah, lowe (Old Norse lágr; the word was adopted first into the northern dialects of Middle English, where Scandinavian influence was strong, and then spread south, with regular alteration of the vowel quality).English and Scottish (of Norman origin) : nickname for a violent or dangerous person, from Anglo-Norman French lou, leu ‘wolf’ (Latin lupus). Wolves were relatively common in Britain at the time when most surnames were formed, as there still existed large tracts of uncleared forest.Scottish : from a pet form of Lawrence. Compare Lowry 1.Americanized spelling of Jewish Lowe.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Lawrence.
Male
English
Pet form of English Lawrence, LAWRIE means "of Laurentum."
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, LAWSON means "son of Law."Â
Male
English
Middle English short form of English Lawrence, LAW means "of Laurentum."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : name for someone who was related to an important local personality, from Middle English maugh, maw ‘relative’, especially by marriage (from Old English mÄge ‘female relative’). In the north of England this term was used more specifically to mean ‘brother-in-law’.English : topographic name from Middle English mawe ‘meadow’. Some early forms, such as Sibilla de la Mawe (Suffolk 1275), clearly indicate a topographic origin, by reason of the preposition and article.English : probably also from a Middle English personal name, Mawe, Old English MÄ“awa, perhaps originally a byname from Old English mÇ£w ‘sea mew’, ‘seagull’ (compare Mew).
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Celebrity, Chinese, Christian, Dutch, English, French, German, Indian, Irish, Jamaican, Latin, Portuguese
Crowned with Laurels; Form of Lawrence
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Lawrence.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Lawrence.
Female
English
Modern English elaborated form of German Wanda, LAWANDA means "a Wend; a wanderer." A Wend was a term used to refer to migrant Slavs in the sixth century.Â
Female
Thai/Siamese
Thai name LAWAN means "beautiful."
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly West Midlands)
English (chiefly West Midlands) : habitational name from Lawley in Shropshire, named in Old English as ‘Lafa’s wood’, from a personal name LÄfa (from lÄf ‘remnant’, ‘survivor’) + lÄ“ah ‘wood’, ‘glade’.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : variant of Lawrence.
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Laurence, LAWRENCE means "of Laurentum."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name, common in Lancashire and Yorkshire, from Buglawton or Church Lawton in Cheshire, or Lawton in Herefordshire, named in Old English as ‘settlement on or near a hill’, or ‘settlement by a burial mound’, from hlÄw ‘hill’, ‘burial mound’ + tÅ«n ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’.English : variant spelling of Laughton.
Boy/Male
Australian, British, Christian, English, Latin
Of Laurentium; From the Place of the Laurel Leaves; Diminutive of Lawrence
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English
Son of Law or Lawrence
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly southern)
English (chiefly southern) : patronymic from the personal name Law (pet form of Lawrence).Perhaps a reduced form of Scottish or Irish McLeish. Compare McLaws.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Lawrence.Americanized form of any of various like-sounding Jewish surnames, as for example Levenson.
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