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Restriction of an occupation to only qualified practitioners
In sociology, an occupational closure (or professional demarcation) is the process whereby a trade or occupation (vocation) transforms itself, or tries
Occupational_closure
Form of government regulation on professions or vocations for compensation
particular profession or vocation for compensation. It is related to occupational closure. The often stated rationale is that licensing ensures that professions
Occupational_licensing
More higher education reduces its value
and a deferential citizenry." This demarcation is often termed "occupational closure", as it means that the profession then becomes closed to entry from
Credentialism and degree inflation
Credentialism_and_degree_inflation
Social process of a profession's perceptual shift
(that is, professional certification). It is also likely to create "occupational closure", closing the profession and activities it encompasses to entry from
Professionalization
All women who perform some kind of job
Witz (1990). "Patriarchy and Professions: The Gendered Politics of Occupational Closure". Sociology. 24 (4): 675–690. doi:10.1177/0038038590024004007. S2CID 143826607
Women_in_the_workforce
Group of people with shared interests or aims
in the sense that one's employment may effectively require it via occupational closure. For example, in order for particular associations to function effectively
Voluntary_association
Professional designation indicating deep expertise
title Chartered Civil Engineer was intended to act as a form of occupational closure: While the unregulated use of the appellation "Civil Engineer" has
Chartered_(professional)
Clinical health care provider
term mid-level practitioner or mid-level provider is related to the occupational closure of healthcare. This concept centered around physicians as the ultimate
Mid-level_practitioner
Body of knowledge proposal for civil engineering
the United States of America. The proposal is intended to increase occupational closure by increasing the requirements to become a licensed engineer. Some
Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge
Civil_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge
Type of domestic labor
and Reproductive Care Workers: Individual and Job Characteristics, Occupational Closure, and Wage-Equalizing Institutions" (PDF). Social Problems. 66 (2):
Reproductive_labor
American sociologist (born 1958)
inequality because occupations serve as sites of social closure, where individuals in the same occupational group often develop shared cultural identities, life
David_Grusky
Activities that meet the physical, emotional, and developmental needs of others
and Reproductive Care Workers: Individual and Job Characteristics, Occupational Closure, and Wage-Equalizing Institutions". Social Problems. 66 (2): 294–319
Care_work
the Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards. Due to occupational closure, licensed engineers enjoy significant influence over their regulation
Regulation and licensure in engineering
Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering
Theory of perception
circle. That tendency to complete shapes and figures is called closure. The law of closure states that individuals perceive objects such as shapes, letters
Gestalt_psychology
Private performing arts conservatory
another location in Los Angeles. The academy offers an associate degree in occupational studies and teaches drama and related arts in the areas of theater, film
American Academy of Dramatic Arts
American_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts
Disease with unknown pathogenesis or apparently spontaneous origin
percentage of cases designated as idiopathic will decrease. Environmental and occupational risk factors are increasingly being associated with diseases classified
Idiopathic_disease
Occupation rehabilitation processes
professionals may be occupational psychologists, physiotherapists, kinesiologists, occupational physiologists, and occupational physicians. The Vocational
Vocational_rehabilitation
US law
Department of the Interior. The MSHA's responsibilities paralleled those of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) but addressed underground and
Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969
Federal_Coal_Mine_Health_and_Safety_Act_of_1969
Realignment and Closure; privatization of Army family housing, lodging, real estate, and utilities; and the Army's installations safety and occupational health
Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy and Environment
Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Army_for_Installations,_Energy_and_Environment
Anti-competitive business strategy
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Embrace, extend, and extinguish
Embrace,_extend,_and_extinguish
Measure of the relative size of firms
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Herfindahl–Hirschman_index
Mutually beneficial collusion among competing corporations
Voluntary cartels are formed by the free will of their participants. Occupational licensing A survey of hundreds of published economic studies and legal
Cartel
Hospital in County Kerry, Ireland
illness. Head Psychiatrist Dr O'Sullivan was a staunch supporter of occupational therapy as a treatment. As a result, many patients took part in labour
St._Finan's_Hospital
American sports academy
Previously, Golf Academy of America was accredited by the ACICS to award occupational associate degrees. It was further authorized to award Associate of Applied
Golf_Academy_of_America
Alloy of iron and vanadium
some of the vanadium producers in China. These shutdowns, as well as the closure of a South African vanadium mine, created a vanadium shortage, forcing
Ferrovanadium
Vocational school in Southern California, United States
Fears Permanent Closure". Spectrum News 1. Retrieved 2022-07-12. Gnerre, Sam (2019-11-19). "South Bay History: Torrance occupational center SoCal Roc
Southern California Regional Occupational Center
Southern_California_Regional_Occupational_Center
Chemical compound
the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0460". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2-Nitropropane
1991 explosion in Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
regulatory changes, including the temporary closure of fireworks factories and the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. Bright Sparklers
Bright Sparklers fireworks disaster
Bright_Sparklers_fireworks_disaster
School of the United States Marine Corps
command and control functions throughout the operational environment. Closure of Communication School and the transition to the Communications Training
Communications School (United States Marine Corps)
Communications_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)
Anticompetitive agreement to control prices
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Price_fixing
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Limit_price
Concept in economics
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Artificial_scarcity
Class of perfluorinated chemical compounds
part of a general health survey in a cohort of occupationally exposed workers". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 49 (10): 1086–1096
PFAS
Economics term
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Market_power
Former psychiatric hospital in Staunton, Virginia, United States
consistent with early-twentieth-century institutional practice, including occupational therapy and custodial confinement. Its operations reflected contemporary
Dejarnette_Sanitarium
Collection of supplies and equipment that is used to give medical treatment
classify kits by anticipated hazards and container durability, while the Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations impose additional requirements
First_aid_kit
Deliberately undercutting prices to eliminate competition
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Predatory_pricing
American culinary college
Professional Cooking Certificate in Professional Baking and Pastry Associate in Occupational Studies Bachelor of Arts Amanda Chantal Bacon – American entrepreneur
New England Culinary Institute
New_England_Culinary_Institute
Education Licensure Commission Nationally Accredited by the Council on Occupational Education Certified to participate in Title IV Financial Aid programs
Prospect_College
Term in contract law where a person agrees not to compete
ban on noncompete agreements for low-wage workers "improved average occupational status in Oregon, raised job-to-job mobility, and increased the proportion
Non-compete_clause
military installations worldwide and manages environmental, safety, and occupational health programs for the Department of Defense (DoD). DoD's installations
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment
Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Energy,_Installations,_and_Environment
State-sanctioned monopoly by a private company
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Government-granted_monopoly
Legal concept
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Relevant_market
American for-profit college (1995–2016)
In 2008, ICDC College was granted permission to offer Associate of Occupational Studies (AOS) programs. Also in 2008, ICDC College created an online
ICDC_College
standards. However, the level of occupational morbidity in Russia remains extremely low. In 2014, only 8175 cases of occupational diseases were reported, representing
Healthcare_in_Russia
Hospital in Arizona, United States
1959 to 1971, died on August 1, 2001. Libby McNeill, the hospital's occupational therapist from 1956 to 1971, died on December 23, 1996. The average stay
Oshrin_Hospital
2024 bridge collapse near Baltimore, Maryland, US
crisis" that affected more than 8,000 jobs. The economic impact of the closure of the waterway was estimated at $15 million per day. Maryland officials
Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse
American credit union
expansion CU1 experienced was changing the field of membership from “occupational” to “associational”. This meant CU1’s field of membership was no longer
Credit_Union_1_(Illinois)
Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2
weaknesses in these systems. In Australia, the pandemic caused an increase in occupational burnout in 2022. During the pandemic, a large percentage of workers in
COVID-19_pandemic
Planned agency of the US federal government
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's earliest predecessor was formed in 1914, and became NIOSH in 1971 as a result of the Occupational Safety and
Administration for a Healthy America
Administration_for_a_Healthy_America
2009 book by Iain McGilchrist
Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Media Medical Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Peace and war Political Positive Photography Psychometrics
The_Master_and_His_Emissary
Single establishment that prepares and serves food
Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2013 35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant" online BLS, "Occupational Outlook Handbook: Food and
Restaurant
American politician (born 1954)
2025, Kennedy fired most of the staff of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, shuttering nearly all its departments. Programs, including
Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.
CA$218,225 and was used as an Adult Occupational Centre for developmentally disabled or handicapped adults until its closure in 1999. The base consisted of
RCAF_Station_Edgar
Commerce phenomenon
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Cornering_the_market
Form of non-compete clause used in the live music industry
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Radius_clause
Economic theory
context of international trade, such practices are often called dumping. Occupational licensing – Examples include educational, licensing, and quota limits
Barriers_to_entry
Activity that has been interrupted may be more readily recalled
impair employee sleep on the weekend through rumination". Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 22 (2): 225–238. doi:10.1037/ocp0000031.{{cite journal}}:
Zeigarnik_effect
British entrepreneur, investor, and author (born 1964)
Northumberland. His father was a civil servant, and his mother was an occupational therapist. His paternal great-grandparents owned and operated a wool
Richard_Harpin
Defunct American nuclear production site
have found no samples with chemicals close to the federal limit for occupational exposure. In August 2014, OSHA ordered the facility to rehire a contractor
Hanford_Site
safety training for dangerous jobs, with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health particularly affected. 2025 dismissals of inspectors
2025 United States federal mass layoffs
2025_United_States_federal_mass_layoffs
Philippine media event in 2020
cleared the media giant for its compliance with general labor standards, occupational safety and health, and security of tenure. Former ABS-CBN corporate services
Shutdown of ABS-CBN broadcasting
Shutdown_of_ABS-CBN_broadcasting
United States government units targeted by the Department of Government Efficiency
2025 state visit to the United Kingdom 2026 state visit to China USAID closure 2025 foreign aid pause Department of State v. AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition
US federal agencies targeted by DOGE
US_federal_agencies_targeted_by_DOGE
Military unit
responsibilities expanded to include occupational and environmental health oversight for the Air Force, when occupational health laboratories at McClellan
311th_Human_Systems_Wing
Genetic disorder caused by a mutation of chromosome 15
joint mobility and prevent stiffening of the joints.[citation needed] Occupational therapists can contribute to the development and enhancement of non-verbal
Angelman_syndrome
Uranium fuel factory in Ohio, U.S.
Materials Processing Center Preliminary Survey-Plants 1,2,3, and 7: Occupational Exposure to Airborne Contaminants. September 8, 1953. Ross, K. N., et
Fernald Feed Materials Production Center
Fernald_Feed_Materials_Production_Center
Hospital in Raleigh, North Carolina
of dysentery. Accomplishments included instituting an early form of occupational therapy and constructing a system to deliver water to the hospital from
Dorothea_Dix_Hospital
Catheter-based treatment of structural heart diseases
in conjunction with a cardiothoracic surgeon. There are a number of occupational hazards associated with interventional cardiology procedures. Since both
Interventional_cardiology
stranded for nearly four hours. The California Occupational Safety and Health Administration ordered the closure of the ride on September 19 pending an investigation
Incidents_at_Six_Flags_parks
Facility that processes crude oil
November 25, 2018. "1910.95 – Occupational noise exposure. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Oil_refinery
Bases operated by the U.S. Department of Defense
rounds of closures and mergers have occurred since the end of World War II, a procedure most recently known as Base Realignment and Closure. Anti-racist
List of American military installations
List_of_American_military_installations
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Competition_law_theory
Depiction of human ejaculation
sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV and hepatitis. The California Occupational Safety and Health Administration categorizes semen as "other potentially
Cum_shot
Former tuberculosis sanatorium and hospital in Walla Walla, Washington
worked the Oakhurst Sanatorium in Elma, Washington. The hospital had occupational therapy programs for patients to aid in their treatment. In 1947, Marjory
Blue_Mountain_Sanatorium
Hospital in New Jersey, United States
Pavilion in Pomona, the Bacharach Institute had fifteen physical and occupational therapy centers in South Jersey. In February 2023, it was announced that
Bacharach Institute for Rehabilitation
Bacharach_Institute_for_Rehabilitation
Loans with unfairly high interest rate
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Usury
Public high school in Chicago, Illinois, United States
Englewood Tech Flower Vocational Harper Harrison Tech Hope Las Casas Occupational McKinley Near North Robeson Former 7–9 middle schools Moses Montefiore
John_Hope_College_Prep
Agreements between firms at different levels of a supply chain
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Vertical_agreement
Type of secondary boycott (anti-competitive)
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Group_boycott
Metropolitan area in the United States
Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017. "Occupational Employment Statistics – Reporters and Correspondents". Bureau of Labor
Washington_metropolitan_area
Army issues Department of the Army General Orders. In addition to base closures, unit citations, certain awards such as the Medal of Honor and Legion of
Structure of the United States Army
Structure_of_the_United_States_Army
Australian review body
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Australian Competition Tribunal
Australian_Competition_Tribunal
Log. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) (30 January 2008). "Process: Tank
History_of_the_oil_tanker
University in Sharon, Pennsylvania, US
Laboratory was completely renovated in 2013 to house the newly formed Occupational Therapy Assistant program and contains office, laboratory, and classroom
Penn_State_Shenango
Approach to Closure Part A: Deadline To Initiate Closure." 85 FR 53516. 2020-08-28. "Revisions to the Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) Closure Regulations;
Health_effects_of_coal_ash
United States Navy official
constructing and maintaining all US naval installations; overseeing occupational health and safety issues for all navy personnel (military and civilian);
Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Energy, Installations and Environment)
Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Energy,_Installations_and_Environment)
Head of the Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958
addressed to him. To professional associations he explained specific occupational ethics in light of church teachings. Robert Leiber helped him occasionally
Pope_Pius_XII
Former hospital in Saskatchewan, Canada
socio-architecture. At the hospital, patients were exposed to different forms of occupational therapy, ranging from farm work to long walks. This work was unpaid until
Souris Valley Mental Health Hospital
Souris_Valley_Mental_Health_Hospital
Concept in antitrust law
of cartels Price fixing (List) Bid rigging Tacit collusion Occupational licensing and closure Cornering the market Embrace, extend, and extinguish Exclusive
Monopolization
2025 state visit to the United Kingdom 2026 state visit to China USAID closure 2025 foreign aid pause Department of State v. AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition
Opinion polling on the second Trump presidency
Opinion_polling_on_the_second_Trump_presidency
2017 fatal fire in West London
Insulation Aboard Ships and in Construction". US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Archived from the original on 28 April
Grenfell_Tower_fire
Medical condition of the brain
in clinical trials. Patients with PSP usually seek or are referred to occupational therapy, speech-language pathology for motor speech changes (typically
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Progressive_supranuclear_palsy
Municipal unit in Greece
a wooden hammer or mallet used by stonemasons and craftspeople. This occupational designation reflects the village's primary economic activity during the
Metaxades
self-medication, administration by doctors in other medical facilities, as well as occupational and involuntary exposure. So di che poco canape s'allaccia Un'anima gentil
History_of_cannabis_in_Italy
American attorney and politician (born 1944)
Emergency Management Agency, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, leaving the "largely unknown" city
Rudy_Giuliani
Hair and cosmetic treatment salon
2022-02-05. Retrieved 2022-02-05. Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2025-08-28). "CCOHS: Nail Salon". www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved
Beauty_salon
1932–1933 man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine
capitals and industrial centers being given preferential distribution), occupational categories (with industrial and railroad workers being prioritized over
Holodomor
Chemical compound (CH3SH)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0425". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). "Methyl mercaptan". Immediately Dangerous
Methanethiol
Daily log of ongoing military conflict
electronic components for rockets in Lyubertsy, Moscow Oblast, forcing the closure of airports in the area. At least two buildings were reportedly damaged
Timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war (1 September – 30 November 2023)
Timeline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(1_September_–_30_November_2023)
Phrase
who were in the workforce. There were efforts to implement a national occupational health service. This service was negotiated between the government, unions
Surplus_women
OCCUPATIONAL CLOSURE
OCCUPATIONAL CLOSURE
Boy/Male
Muslim
Strength, Force, Occupation
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Christian, English, Indian, Latin
Cowherd; Cowboy; Occupational Name; Calf-herder; Shepherd
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Latin
Occupational Name; One who Cooks Food
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Indian, Latin
Clergyman; Cleric; Occupational Name; Scholar; Surname
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Strength; Force; Occupation
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a ferryman (see Ferry).
Boy/Male
English, French
Scholar; Occupational Name; Cleric
Girl/Female
British, English
Occupational Name; Cloth-walker
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Occupation Name
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a silversmith.
Boy/Male
British, English
Place Name; Valley; Occupational Name; Church Official
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, English, French
Place Name; Valley; Occupational Name; Church Official
Girl/Female
British, English
Occupational Name; Cloth-walker
Boy/Male
Indian
Occupation
Boy/Male
British, English, Teutonic
Occupational Name; Gardener; Farmer
Boy/Male
British, English
Occupational Name; Gardener
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Occupation Name
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French, Indian, Sanskrit
Occupational Name; Official of the Church
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English
Occupational Name; Tailor; Cutter of Cloth
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English
Occupational Name; Tailor
OCCUPATIONAL CLOSURE
OCCUPATIONAL CLOSURE
Girl/Female
American, Australian
A Bee
Boy/Male
Indian
The grateful
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, German
Traveler; Wanderer
Girl/Female
Indian
The beautiful woman, Beautiful jewel
Girl/Female
Arabic
Sharp
Girl/Female
Tamil
Purushaakriti | பà¯à®°à¯‚ஷாகரதீ
One who takes the form of a Man
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Loving; Sweet; Cute
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Intelligent One; Sober
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord Shiva, The most handsome, Pleasing, Giver of pleasure
Male
Egyptian
, an Egyptian officer.
OCCUPATIONAL CLOSURE
OCCUPATIONAL CLOSURE
OCCUPATIONAL CLOSURE
OCCUPATIONAL CLOSURE
OCCUPATIONAL CLOSURE
n.
The occupation of a cooper.
n.
One whose occupation is to bind books.
n.
Business; occupation.
n.
The condition or occupation of a sutler.
n.
That which occupies or engages the time and attention; the principal business of one's life; vocation; employment; calling; trade.
v.
Instruments of any occupation.
n.
One whose occupation is to make spurs.
n.
The act or process of occupying or taking possession; actual possession and control; the state of being occupied; a holding or keeping; tenure; use; as, the occupation of lands by a tenant.
n.
One whose occupation is to make bricks.
n.
Want of occupation.
n.
Irresolution; hesitation; also, occupation with trifles.
n.
One whose occupation is to paint
n.
A trade, art, or occupation.
n.
Pastoral life or occupation.
n.
The art or occupation of a mason.
n.
One whose occupation is to catch fish.
n.
One whose occupation is to shear cloth.
n.
One whose occupation is to make stays.
v.
Course; custom; practice; occupation; employment.
n.
Freedom from engrossing occupation; leisure.