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Computational linguistics
A multilingual notation is a representational system designed to encode, describe, or annotate information in a way that is usable across multiple natural
Multilingual_notation
Data-interchange format
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation, pronounced /ˈdʒeɪsən/ or /ˈdʒeɪˌsɒn/) is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable
JSON
Unicode character block
a Unicode block containing characters for representing modern musical notation. Fonts that support it include Bravura, Euterpe, FreeSerif, Musica and
Musical Symbols (Unicode block)
Musical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)
Computer format for recording chess games
Portable Game Notation (PGN) is a standard plain text format for recording chess games (both the moves and related data), which can be read by humans and
Portable_Game_Notation
Continuous group of 65536 Unicode code points
Plane 1, the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP), contains historic scripts (except CJK ideographic), and symbols and notation used within certain fields
Plane_(Unicode)
characters. Accordingly, this article lists the 1,062 characters in the Multilingual European Character Set 2 (MES-2) subset, and some additional related
List_of_Unicode_characters
November 2025. "Legend (for Experimental release of Japan map in multilingual notation)". GSI. Retrieved 23 November 2025. Data Coding and Transmission
List_of_Japanese_map_symbols
Mathematical notation based on the Arabic script
x), used by mediaeval mathematicians. Multilingual mathematical e-document processing Arabic mathematical notation - W3C Interest Group Note. Arabic math
Modern Arabic mathematical notation
Modern_Arabic_mathematical_notation
ISO standard
specifically dedicated to morphology, MRD, NLP syntax, NLP semantics, NLP multilingual notations, NLP morphological patterns, multiword expression patterns, and
Lexical_Markup_Framework
Digital database of words
relation vartrans:translatableAs in OntoLex-Lemon) or through multilingual notations (for multilingual lexical resources, e.g., by reference to the same ontolex:Concept
Lexical_resource
Horizontal line immediately above a portion of writing
old mathematical notation, an overline was called a vinculum, a notation for grouping symbols which is expressed in modern notation by parentheses, though
Overline
Comparison of computer software designed for taking notes
tags; notes management by subject; encryption with AES or GPG; multilingual Notational Velocity ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Instant open and searching Notion
Comparison of note-taking software
Comparison_of_note-taking_software
Multilingualism is also common in the international airports in India. The signboard is displayed in the Imphal International Airport in Meitei, Hindi
Multilingualism_in_India
Overview of and topical guide to natural language processing
semantics – Morphological pattern – Multi-document summarization – Multilingual notation – Naive semantics – Natural language – Natural-language interface
Outline of natural language processing
Outline_of_natural_language_processing
Character encoding standard
Dave Opstad, Becker published a draft proposal for an "international/multilingual text character encoding system in August 1988, tentatively called Unicode"
Unicode
Phonetic transcription system for sign languages
The Hamburg Sign Language Notation System (HamNoSys) is a transcription system for all sign languages (including American Sign Language). It has a direct
Hamburg_Notation_System
Typesetting system based on TeX
mathematical notation. It also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex multilingual materials
LaTeX
Typeface style used in mathematics
blackboard bold characters (ℂ, ℍ, ℕ, ℙ, ℚ, ℝ, and ℤ) are encoded in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) in the Letterlike Symbols (2100–214F) area, named DOUBLE-STRUCK
Blackboard_bold
Named range of Unicode code points
of each block are always multiples of 16; therefore, in the hexadecimal notation, the starting (smallest) point is U+xxx0 and the ending (largest) point
Unicode_block
Writing system for sign languages
Sutton, a ballet dancer who eight years earlier had developed a dance notation named Sutton DanceWriting. The current standardized form of SignWriting
SignWriting
Multilingual online dictionary
WIK-shə-nerr-ee, UK: /ˈwɪkʃənəri/ WIK-shə-nər-ee; rhyming with "dictionary") is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary of terms (including
Wiktionary
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨χ⟩ in IPA
R, and was officially changed to ⟨χ⟩ in 1928. In Americanist phonetic notation the sound is represented by ⟨x̣⟩ (ex with underdot), or sometimes by ⟨x̌⟩
Voiceless_uvular_fricative
Address on the World Wide Web
to a hostname) or an IP address. IPv4 addresses must be in dot-decimal notation, and IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets ([]). An optional port
URL
Bibliographic and library classification system
past full printed editions used to have around 220,000 subdivisions. A notation is a code commonly used in classification schemes to represent a class
Universal Decimal Classification
Universal_Decimal_Classification
Purposely unassigned Unicode code points
the standard. Three Private Use Areas are defined: one in the Basic Multilingual Plane (U+E000–U+F8FF), and one each in, and nearly covering, planes 15
Private_Use_Areas
Japanese glossary
Sanada, Haruko (2007), Inoue Tetsujirō’s Study in Europe and the Multilingual Notation in the Third Edition of Tetsugaku Jii, Saitama Gakuen University
Tetsugaku-jii
Mathematical notation
humanist, poet, mathematician (1517–1582) Knuth's up-arrow notation – Method of notation of very large integers The Sand Reckoner – Work by Archimedes
-yllion
Small characters that show pronunciation
ISBN 978-0313288531. Linda Tsung (23 October 2014). Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 188. ISBN 978-1441142351
Ruby_character
Extensions for the TeX typesetting system
FarsiTeX – adds support for Farsi Omega (TeX) – extends multilinguality by using the Basic Multilingual Plane of Unicode XeTeX – uses Unicode, adds additional
List_of_TeX_extensions
Standard set of characters defined by ISO/IEC 10646
available for use/allocation, but only the first 65,536, which is the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), had entered into common use before 2000. This situation
Universal_Coded_Character_Set
Alphabetum is a commercial multilingual Unicode font (TTF, TrueType font) for ancient languages developed by Juan José Marcos. It is also the prominent
Alphabetum
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɕ⟩ in IPA
Alan Richard (eds.). English in Wales: Diversity, conflict, and change. Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 87–103. ISBN 1-85359-032-0. Collins, Beverley; Mees
Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative
Unicode block containing some special codepoints and two non-characters
short Unicode block of characters allocated at the very end of the Basic Multilingual Plane, at U+FFF0–FFFF, containing these code points: U+FFF9 INTERLINEAR
Specials_(Unicode_block)
Historical inscription
{{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (June 2021)
Szarvas_inscription
Diacritical mark (◌̂)
engraved with those symbols. For users with other keyboards, see QWERTY#Multilingual variants and Unicode input. Caret (disambiguation) Caron – Diacritical
Circumflex
Language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning
developed. Stokoe notation, devised by Dr. William Stokoe for his 1965 Dictionary of American Sign Language, is an abstract phonemic notation system. Designed
Sign_language
W3C recommendation
Language Social Science Thesaurus (ELSST) at the UK Data Archive as a multilingual version of the English language Humanities and Social Science Electronic
Simple Knowledge Organization System
Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System
Text corpus with tree annotations
wide variety of languages: To facilitate the further researches between multilingual tasks, some researchers discussed the universal annotation scheme for
Treebank
Computational lexicon of English
from multilingual resources. In Proc. of Ontolex 2008, Marrakech, Maroc. R. Navigli, S. P. Ponzetto. BabelNet: Building a Very Large Multilingual Semantic
WordNet
Vowel sound represented by ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩ in IPA
Sinological notation uses the symbol ⟨o̧⟩ (an o with cedilla). The symbol ⟨ꭥ⟩ (a small capital omega) was proposed for Americanist notation, but was never
Mid_back_rounded_vowel
Method of systematically organizing knowledge
classification notation that has small notations standing for subparts of the whole topic, which are pieced together to create a complete classification notation."
Faceted_classification
translations of Scheme can be loaded as libraries, Scheme programs can be multilingual. Scratch is a block-based educational language. The text of the blocks
Non-English-based programming languages
Non-English-based_programming_languages
Structured system of communication
regular basis. Multilingualism is likely to have been the norm throughout human history and most people in the modern world are multilingual. Before the
Language
King of Ancient Judah
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jehoram of Judah. "1 Kings 22:50 Multilingual: And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers and was buried with his fathers
Jehoram_of_Judah
Pakistan is a multilingual country with over 70 languages spoken as first languages. The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group
Languages_of_Pakistan
User-definable variable associated with each running process in many operating systems
invoking it via env or using the ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE=VALUE <command> notation. A running program can access the values of environment variables for configuration
Environment_variable
Family of serif typefaces
publishing, especially in disciplines that make frequent use of mathematical notation. Computer Modern is a typeface in the Scotch Roman class, similar to Didone
Computer_Modern
American singer (1958–2009)
Dima L. (2013). "Highlighting entanglement of cultures via ranking of multilingual Wikipedia articles". PLOS ONE. 8 (10) e74554. arXiv:1306.6259. Bibcode:2013PLoSO
Michael_Jackson
Variety of English language
Japan, and Thailand among others.[citation needed] Due to the highly multilingual and bilingual nature of the Philippines, code-switching such as Taglish
Philippine_English
Serpent in Indo-European mythology
write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper rendering support,
*H₂n̥gʷʰis
Letter of the Latin alphabet
written without a noticeable loop at the top. Most publicly available multilingual cursive typefaces, including commercial ones, feature an incorrect glyph
Ł
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ʊ⟩ in IPA
this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. In Americanist phonetic notation, the symbol ⟨ᴜ⟩ (a small capital U) is used, which was also the original
Near-close near-back rounded vowel
Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel
Ancient Indian alphasyllabic numeral system
कटपयादि, also known as Paralppēru, Malayalam: പരല്പ്പേര്) of numerical notation is an ancient Indian alphasyllabic numeral system to depict letters to
Katapayadi_system
Series of language models developed by Google AI
mini-batch sizes. XLM-RoBERTa (2019) was a multilingual RoBERTa model. It was one of the first works on multilingual language modeling at scale. DistilBERT
BERT_(language_model)
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɑ⟩ in IPA
Phonetic Association (1999), p. 11. Esling, John H. (2010). "Phonetic Notation". In Hardcastle, William J.; Laver, John; Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.). The
Open_back_unrounded_vowel
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɯ⟩ in IPA
para-IPA symbol ⟨ω⟩ in his Accents of English, though Sinological phonetic notation uses this symbol instead for a near-open back rounded vowel [ɒ̝]. John
Close_back_unrounded_vowel
Basic unit of phonology
vowel phonemes: /ɒ/, /ʌ/, and /æ/, respectively. Similarly, /pʊʃt/ is the notation for a sequence of four phonemes—/p/, /ʊ/, /ʃ/, and /t/—that constitutes
Phoneme
Hammered dulcimer of Iranian origin
Music. Saskatoon: Greenwich-Meridian. Gütterbock, Hans (1970). "Musical Notation in Ugarit". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 64, no. 1 (1970):
Santur
Numbers in traditional Korean writing
phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used - notably ko for Korean. See why.
Korean_numerals
Small bars used for calculating in ancient East Asia
abandoned except in Japan, where rod numerals developed into a symbolic notation for algebra. Counting rods represent digits by the number of rods, and
Counting_rods
world measuring over 1,666 acres (674 ha). Indian cinema is composed of multilingual and multi-ethnic film art. The term 'Bollywood', often mistakenly used
Cinema_of_India
Family of languages and dialects Indigenous to North Africa
Press. p. 89. ISBN 1-4081-0214-5. OCLC 320322204. Ennaji, Moha (2005). Multilingualism, cultural identity, and education in Morocco. New York: Springer. p
Berber_languages
French children's song
together with a description of the melody in solfège, but not in musical notation. The words and music appear together in Recreations de l'enfance: Recueil
Frère_Jacques
Sequence of digits assigned to a telephone subscription
(and still are) preceded by an SIT tone. This is particularly useful in multilingual contexts as the tone indicates an error has been encountered, even if
Telephone_number
Island country in Southeast Asia
with editors including Edwin Thumboo and Koh Buck Song, as well as in multilingual anthologies such as Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry
Singapore
Typesetting system
the Omega project was developed after 1991, primarily to enhance TeX's multilingual typesetting abilities. Knuth created "unofficial" modified versions,
TeX
Prefix derived from numerals or other numbers
oligarchy, oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide e.g. multilingual, multiple, pluripotent, pluricentric e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod
Numeral_prefix
Country in South Asia
governed through a democratic parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society. India's population grew from 361 million in
India
access to educational resources to a worldwide audience. GMNet provides multilingual and multimedia content and retrieval, as well as links directly to major
Global_Memory_Net
Korean instrument
{{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (May 2019)
Taepyeongso
Sequence of characters that forms a search pattern
Stephen Cole Kleene described regular languages using his mathematical notation called regular events. These arose in theoretical computer science, in
Regular_expression
Accent and dialect of English in the Liverpool City Region
and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonemic notation used in this article is based on the set of symbols used by Watson (2007)
Scouse
English and other languages Festival Speech Synthesis System – general multilingual speech synthesis Modular Audio Recognition Framework – voice, audio,
List of free and open-source software packages
List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
Computer science metric for string similarity
{\displaystyle \operatorname {head} (x_{0}x_{1}\dots x_{n})=x_{0}} ). Either the notation x [ n ] {\displaystyle x[n]} or x n {\displaystyle x_{n}} is used to refer
Levenshtein_distance
instead of phonetic symbols. Unicode supports several phonetic scripts and notation systems through its existing scripts and the addition of extra blocks with
Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode
Turkish folk song
голуба" meaning "Two white doves are flying" (recording from 1910) A multilingual version called "Fel Shara" exists, with lyrics in Arabic, French, Italian
Kâtibim
Short dialogue in Proto-Indo-European
EIEC 1997's The king and the god 1997 text Modern PIE notation Translation text To rḗk̂s éh₁est. So n̥putlos éh₁est. So rḗk̂s súhₓnum éu̯el(e)t. Só tós(i̯)o
The_king_and_the_god
Berber language of northern Algeria
west to east): bargu, argu, argu, bureg. Almost all Berber speakers are multilingual, in Arabic and often also in French. Kabyle is still strong in villages
Kabyle_language
one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russia is a multilingual nation; approximately 100–150 minority languages are spoken across the
Demographics_of_Russia
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
His Turing Award lecture, "Notation as a Tool of Thought", was devoted to this theme, arguing that more powerful notations aided thinking about computer
Linguistic_relativity
Family of scientific calculators by Casio
used by Casio in most of its current scientific calculators. In the infix notation the precedence of mathematical operators is taken into account. According
Casio_V.P.A.M._calculators
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
symbols, not words. These symbols were originally devised as a mathematical notation to describe algorithms. APL programmers often assign informal names when
APL_syntax_and_symbols
Unicode character block
translation to and from Unicode. It is the second-to-last block of the Basic Multilingual Plane, followed only by the short Specials block at U+FFF0–FFFF. Its
Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)
Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)
Entropy encoding
where each digit is of a different base. These were used in the past as multilingual numbers or for solving sudoku puzzles where only changing the base from
Unary_coding
Topics referred to by the same term
Coloration, in medieval music theory, a technique of marking notes, in mensural notation "Color", an episode of the Adult Swim television series Off the Air "Colours"
Color_(disambiguation)
Family of writing systems in ancient Italy
variant forms in the same script; only one variant is shown here. The notations [←] and [→] indicate that the shapes shown were used when writing right-to-left
Old_Italic_scripts
Manding languages alphabetic script
/k͡p/; f-dot for /v/; rr-dot for /ʁ/; etc. Nko numerals use positional notation. Unlike Western and Eastern Arabic numerals, digits are written from right-to-left
N'Ko_script
Ethnolinguistic groups in South Asia
outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common. Central Dardic Eastern Northern Northwestern Western
Indo-Aryan_peoples
Complete list of the characters available on most computers
first plane: the Basic Multilingual Plane. This is to help ease the transition for legacy software since the Basic Multilingual Plane is addressable with
Universal Character Set characters
Universal_Character_Set_characters
Higher-level 7-bit and 8-bit character encoding system
octet value notation can be converted to octet value notation used by this document by converting the value of x and y to hexadecimal notation. For example;
ISO/IEC_2022
(biochemistry) Biased sample – see Sampling bias Biclustering Big O in probability notation Bienaymé–Chebyshev inequality Bills of Mortality Bimodal distribution Binary
List_of_statistics_articles
Gallo-Romance language of Friuli, northeast Italy
Wayback Machine Friulian-Italian-Slovenian-German-English-Spanish-French Multilingual Dictionary Archived 2016-01-13 at the Wayback Machine Friulian basic
Friulian_language
signs for the notes in Greek music are transcribed into modern musical notation, it can be seen that an acute accent is generally followed by a fall, sometimes
Ancient_Greek_accent
Ethio-Semitic language
Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages. Multilingual Matters. p. 165. Central Statistical Agency. 2010. "Population and Housing
Amharic
Language used to facilitate communication between groups without a common native language
Marácz, László; Rosello, Mireille, eds. (1 January 2012). Multilingual Europe, Multilingual Europeans. BRILL. p. 25. ISBN 978-94-012-0803-1. Retrieved
Lingua_franca
Constructed language
Interlingua; the proposal by Czech translator Karel Podrazil is recognized by multilingual sites. It consists of a white four-pointed star extending to the edges
Interlingua
Phonology of the English language
Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters, pp. 87–103, ISBN 9781853590313 Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger
English_phonology
formal evening of traditional Scottish Social Dancing. Canntaireachd oral notation for pipe music. Clan From the compound form clann pronounced [ˈkʰl̪ˠãũn̪ˠ]
List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin
List_of_English_words_of_Scottish_Gaelic_origin
accent (á, following Serbo-Croatian and Slovene notation) or with a tilde (ã, following Chakavian notation). In West Slavic (except southern Slovak), short
History_of_Proto-Slavic
Article 47 on the law of finance. However there is no Article 49-3, so the notation does not create any ambiguity Citations Constitution française du 4 octobre
Article 49 of the French Constitution
Article_49_of_the_French_Constitution
MULTILINGUAL NOTATION
MULTILINGUAL NOTATION
MULTILINGUAL NOTATION
MULTILINGUAL NOTATION
Girl/Female
Indian
Nectar
Girl/Female
Tamil
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Backus.Variant of German Backhaus.Muslim : variant of Bacchus.
Girl/Female
Indian
Pride, Sense
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vibhavari | விபாவாரீ
Starry night
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Name of Lord Ganesh
Girl/Female
African, American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Polish, Shakespearean, Spanish, Swedish
Admirable; Wonderful; She who Must be Admired; Worthy of Admiration
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, from Latin fortuna, FORTUNE means "fortune, luck."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Prophet Name
Girl/Female
Indian
Merciful, Companionate
MULTILINGUAL NOTATION
MULTILINGUAL NOTATION
MULTILINGUAL NOTATION
MULTILINGUAL NOTATION
MULTILINGUAL NOTATION
a.
Of or pertaining to decimals; numbered or proceeding by tens; having a tenfold increase or decrease, each unit being ten times the unit next smaller; as, decimal notation; a decimal coinage.
n.
A method of notation for all spoken sounds, proposed by Mr. Sweet; -- so called because it is based on the common Roman-letter alphabet. It is like the palaeotype of Mr. Ellis in the general plan, but simpler.
n.
According to the French notation, which is used on the Continent and in America, the cube of a million, or a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a number produced by involving a million to the fifth power, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
n.
A character used in musical notation to determine the position and pitch of the scale as represented on the staff.
n.
The act of specifying or determining by a mark or limit; notation of limits.
a.
Having many lines.
a.
Marked or measured by crotchets; having musical notation.
n.
A table showing the notation, length, or duration of the several notes.
n.
The act or practice of recording anything by marks, figures, or characters.
n.
Any particular system of characters, symbols, or abbreviated expressions used in art or science, to express briefly technical facts, quantities, etc. Esp., the system of figures, letters, and signs used in arithmetic and algebra to express number, quantity, or operations.
n.
The written and printed notation of a musical composition; the score.
n.
Literal or etymological signification.
n.
According to the English notation, a million involved to the tenth power, or a unit with sixty ciphers annexed; according to the French and American notation, a thousand involved to the eleventh power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers annexed. [See the Note under Numeration.]
n.
The practice of using symbols, or the system of notation developed thereby.
n.
A method of analysis developed by Newton, and based on the conception of all magnitudes as generated by motion, and involving in their changes the notion of velocity or rate of change. Its results are the same as those of the differential and integral calculus, from which it differs little except in notation and logical method.
n.
According to the French notation, which is followed also upon the Continent and in the United States, a unit with fifteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the fourth power, or the number represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
n.
According to the French and American notation, a thousand octillions, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a million octillions, or a unit with fifty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.
a.
Representing sounds; as, phonetic characters; -- opposed to ideographic; as, a phonetic notation.
n.
Ornamental notes or short passages, either introduced by the performer, or indicated by the composer, in which case the notation signs are called grace notes, appeggiaturas, turns, etc.
n.
According to the French notation, which is used upon the Continent generally and in the United States, the number expressed by a unit with twelve ciphers annexed; a million millions; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the third power, or the number represented by a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.