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The photosphere denotes those solar or stellar surface layers from which optical radiation escapes. These stellar outer layers can be modeled by different
Model_photosphere
Star at the centre of the Solar System
total mass of the Solar System. The mass of the Sun's surface layer, its photosphere, consists mostly of hydrogen (~73%) and helium (~25%), with much smaller
Sun
Theoretical framework detailing the sun's structure, composition and energetics
age of the oldest meteorites, and models of the evolution of the Solar System. The composition in the photosphere of the modern-day Sun, by mass, is
Standard_solar_model
under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Moog uses a model photosphere together with a list of atomic or molecular transitions to generate
Moog_(code)
Ejecta from the Sun's corona
the solar dynamo. These magnetic fields rise to the Sun's surface—the photosphere—where they may form localized areas of highly concentrated magnetic flux
Coronal_mass_ejection
Red supergiant star in the constellation Orion
photosphere measured. Although interferometry was still in its infancy, the experiment proved a success. The researchers, using a uniform disk model,
Betelgeuse
Mechanism explaining sunspot patterns
convective zone forces the emergence of a toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to patches of concentrated magnetic field corresponding
Babcock_model
Type of neutron star with beams of radiation
A pulsar (pulsating star, on the model of quasar) is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its
Pulsar
Region of space dominated by the Sun
called the heliosheath. However, observations in 2009 showed that this model is incorrect. As of 2011, it is thought to be filled with a magnetic bubble
Heliosphere
Outermost layer of the Sun's atmosphere
structured by the solar magnetic field. The solar corona lies above the photosphere and chromosphere and extends out to the edge of the solar atmosphere
Solar_corona
Idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation
the photosphere. With all these assumptions in place, the star emits black-body radiation at the temperature of the photosphere. Using this model the
Black_body
Feature of total and annular solar eclipses
around the lunar silhouette. The extremely narrow sliver of the solar photosphere crescent before and after totality can briefly appear as another diamond
Baily's_beads
Region of a star
{\displaystyle GM={\frac {\kappa L}{4\pi c(1-\beta )}}} Thus the Eddington model is a good approximation in the radiative zone as long as κL/M is approximately
Radiative_zone
Mode-stirred chamber Mode volume Model building (particle physics) Model photosphere Model solid approximation Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science
Index_of_physics_articles_(M)
Central region of the Sun
the CNO cycle. The composition of the Sun varies with depth. In the photosphere, it is about 73–74% hydrogen by mass, the rest being primarily helium
Solar_core
Outer region of the volume of a star
atmosphere is divided into several regions of distinct character: The photosphere, which is the atmosphere's lowest and coolest layer, is normally its
Stellar_atmosphere
Temporary spots on the Sun's surface
approximated by the photosphere) at these temperatures varies greatly with temperature. Isolated from the surrounding photosphere, a single sunspot would
Sunspot
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
the different spectral lines vary mainly due to the temperature of the photosphere, although in some cases there are true abundance differences. The spectral
Stellar_classification
Changes to stars over their lifespans
smallest red dwarfs to have reached the end of their existence, stellar models suggest they will slowly become brighter and hotter before running out of
Stellar_evolution
Scientific study of celestial objects
with its nuclear fusion, the radiation zone, the convection zone, the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona. Planetary science is the study of
Astronomy
Tube-like region of space with constant magnet flux along its length
solar flux tubes include sunspots and intense magnetic tubes in the photosphere and the field around the solar prominence and coronal loops in the corona
Flux_tube
Astrophysical phenomenon
phases of the light curve decline steeply as the effective size of the photosphere decreases and trapped electromagnetic radiation is depleted. The light
Supernova
Supernova at least ten times more luminous than a standard supernova
stars, millisecond magnetars, interaction with circumstellar material (CSM model), or pair-instability supernovae. The first confirmed superluminous supernova
Superluminous_supernova
Type of large cool star
unlike Sun-like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells (solar granules), red-giant photospheres, as well as those of red
Red_giant
Succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects
close enough such that we can measure the angular extent, θ(t), of its photosphere, we can use the equation ω = Δ θ Δ t , {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac
Cosmic_distance_ladder
Large self-illuminated object in space
Analysis of Stellar Photospheres. Cambridge University Press. pp. 413–414. ISBN 978-0-521-40868-4. Jørgensen, Uffe G. (1997). "Cool Star Models". In van Dishoeck
Star
Structure formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body
von Weizsäcker developed model for the formation of stars from accreting gas. In order to agree with observations, those models had to invoke a yet unknown
Accretion_disk
Poorly understood class of astronomical objects
line alongside other Balmer lines in absorption", and in particular the photosphere of such a star would cause the V-shaped Balmer break seen in LRDs. The
Little red dot (astronomical object)
Little_red_dot_(astronomical_object)
Hypothetical early-universe star with a black hole core
optically thick surface and hence appears as a cooler extended pseudo-photosphere above the porous atmosphere, where the optical density of the wind drops
Quasi-star
Change in speed due only to gravity
giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), and the Sun's photosphere. The values in the table have not been de-rated for the centrifugal force
Gravitational_acceleration
Collapsed core of a massive star
still evolve further through collisions or accretion. Most of the basic models for these objects imply that they are composed almost entirely of neutrons
Neutron_star
Soviet trijet airliner made by Yakovlev
production from 1967 to 1981. It was introduced to service in 1968, with export models following in 1970. By the early 1960s, Soviet international and internal
Yakovlev_Yak-40
Periodic change in the Sun's activity
network, and coronal mass ejections. The Sun's apparent surface, the photosphere, radiates more actively when there are more sunspots. Satellite monitoring
Solar_cycle
Stellar core remnant
Luyten in 1922. In 1931 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar developed a physical model of white dwarfs and he won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics for studies in
White_dwarf
Optical effect seen in stars
zero at the apparent edge of the star. The effective temperature of the photosphere also decreases with increasing distance from the center of the star.
Limb_darkening
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
fused into helium, releasing energy that is emitted through the Sun's photosphere. This creates the heliosphere and a decreasing temperature gradient across
Solar_System
Indian-American physicist (1910–1995)
Göttingen, working on opacities, atomic absorption coefficients, and model stellar photospheres. On the advice of Paul Dirac, he spent his final year of graduate
Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar
Arch-like structure in the Sun's corona
magnetic flux tubes. Coronal loops begin and end at two footpoints on the photosphere and project into the transition region and lower corona. They typically
Coronal_loop
Structure extending off of the Sun's surface
Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the much brighter photosphere, and extend outwards into the solar corona. While the corona consists
Solar_prominence
Star in the constellation Scutum
implies that if it were placed at the center of the Solar System, its photosphere would extend past the orbit of Mars or even the asteroid belt. UY Scuti
UY_Scuti
Fluid flow that occurs due to heterogeneous fluid properties and body forces
on the photosphere of the Sun are the visible tops of convection cells in the photosphere, caused by convection of plasma in the photosphere. The rising
Convection
Star system in the Centaurus constellation
2014). "How dusty is α Centauri? Excess or non-excess over the infrared photospheres of main-sequence stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 563: A102. arXiv:1401
Alpha_Centauri
Supernova that ejects a large mass at unusually high velocity
inducing the necessary spin conditions to drive a hypernova. The collapsar model describes a type of supernova that produces a gravitationally collapsed
Hypernova
Wolf–Rayet star in the constellation Dorado
This is caused by intense electromagnetic radiation from the very hot photosphere accelerating material away from the surface more strongly than gravity
R136a1
Elementary particle or quantum of light
to reach the convection zone. However, photons emitted from the sun's photosphere take only 8.3 minutes to reach Earth. Photons can also be absorbed by
Photon
Statistical model
a star's photosphere (as a result of magnetic field interactions) can be of similar timescales as transit events, and Gaussian process models which handle
Gaussian_process
Electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles
is proportional to the absolute temperature T of the black body. The photosphere of the sun, at a temperature of approximately 6000 K, emits radiation
Thermal_radiation
Single yellow-hued star in the constellation Cetus
Ceti—the portion of a star's atmosphere just above the light-emitting photosphere—currently displays little or no magnetic activity, indicating a stable
Tau_Ceti
Physical quantity of hot and cold
at shorter wavelengths, which makes them appear whiter. D Effective photosphere temperature. The 273.15 K difference between K and °C is rounded to 273 K
Temperature
Stellar system in the constellation Carina
resembling a true photosphere and rendering any definition of its temperature moot. The observable radiation originates from a pseudo-photosphere where the optical
Eta_Carinae
Branch of space physics and aeronomy
atmosphere. The Sunspot Number (SSN) is the number of sunspots on the Sun's photosphere in visible light on the side of the Sun visible to an Earth observer
Space_weather
Value in astrophysics
holds from the interior to the surface of the star—the surface is called photosphere. We assume ∇ adiabatic {\displaystyle \nabla _{\text{adiabatic}}} to
Hayashi_limit
Alternative model for black holes
The magnetospheric eternally collapsing object (MECO) is an alternative model for black holes initially proposed by Indian scientist Abhas Mitra in 1998
Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
Magnetospheric_eternally_collapsing_object
the solar atmosphere, and in particular, of the interface between the photosphere and corona. The IRIS mission will accomplish this by tracing the flow
Heliophysics_Science_Division
Rare star with tremendous luminosity and high rates of mass loss by stellar winds
radiative flux passing through the photosphere of a hypergiant may be nearly strong enough to lift off the photosphere. Above the Eddington limit, the star
Hypergiant
American solar physicist (1927–2022)
conducting fluid. Parker argued that random footpoint motions in the photosphere inevitably tangle coronal fields, making smooth equilibria topologically
Eugene_Parker
Star in the constellation Canis Major
prompts suspicion they derive from explosions of active parts of the photosphere. The spectroscopy proves the jets move away from the star at different
VY_Canis_Majoris
Jet of plasma in the Sun's chromosphere
diameter. They move upwards with speeds between 15 and 110 km/s from the photosphere and last a few minutes each before falling back to the solar atmosphere
Solar_spicule
Observation in physical cosmology
the optical afterglow of a neutron star merger, using the expanding photosphere method. Due to the blackbody nature of early kilonova spectra, such systems
Hubble's_law
Empirical law for solar active regions
with Joy's law and Spörer's law, provides observational constraints for models of the solar dynamo, which generates the Sun's magnetic field. Hale's law
Hale's_law
Red dwarf in the constellation Leo
least-massive nearby stars known. At the light-emitting layer called the photosphere, it has a temperature of ~2,800 K, low enough for chemical compounds
Wolf_359
Interactive street panorama technology
users to create their own Street View-like blue paths for the connected photospheres that are sufficiently close to one another. On September 5, 2017, Google
Google_Street_View
Stream of charged particles from the Sun
an altitude of about four solar radii (approx. 3,000,000 km) from the photosphere (surface); but the transition (or "sonic point") now appears to be much
Solar_wind
Chemically peculiar stars of spectral types A and B
Power, J. (September 2009). "Discovery of a weak magnetic field in the photosphere of the single giant Pollux". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 504 (1): 231–237
Ap_and_Bp_stars
Brightest star in the constellation Lyra
as a result, there is a variation of temperature across the star's photosphere that reaches a maximum at the poles. From Earth, Vega is observed from
Vega
Hypothetical quantum cosmological effect
effects according to a model developed by Stephen Hawking in 1974. This black-body radiation was not predicted by previous models which assumed that once
Hawking_radiation
Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the opaque photosphere; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound
Atmosphere
Star in the constellation Octans
the Sun and emits 44 times as much electromagnetic radiation from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,415 K. Sigma Octantis is a Delta Scuti
Sigma_Octantis
American astrophysicist (born 1958)
(Research Notes) 275: 630. Schmidt, B. P., et al. (1994). "The Expanding Photosphere Method Applied to SN1992am at cz = 14600 km/s". Astronomical Journal
Neil_deGrasse_Tyson
Star in the constellation Eridanus
(5–40) × 10−5 T magnetic-field strength in the Sun's photosphere. The magnetic properties can be modelled by assuming that regions with a magnetic flux of
Epsilon_Eridani
Binary star in the constellation Dorado
the Sun (M☉). If placed at the center of the Solar System, the star's photosphere would engulf the orbit of Jupiter. The secondary component, being recently
WOH_G64
1996 role-playing video game
soon after. The heroes decide to attack the demons' stronghold, the Photosphere. Rudy, Jack, and Cecilia gather the necessary materials to enter the
Wild_Arms_(video_game)
transition region of a star's outer atmosphere, positioned above the cooler photosphere and below the hot corona. For the Sun, the chromosphere is only visible
Glossary_of_astronomy
Brightest star in the constellation Boötes
probably less than 14 years. A weak magnetic field has been detected in the photosphere with a strength of around half a gauss. The magnetic activity appears
Arcturus
Red dwarf star in the constellation Aquarius
host planets. TRAPPIST-1 is cold enough for condensates to form in its photosphere; these have been detected through the polarisation they induce in its
TRAPPIST-1
Star noted for unusual dimming events
deep dimming events of Tabby's Star is consistent with cooling of its photosphere. It does not require obscuration by dust. Such cooling could be produced
Tabby's_Star
hydrogen. Hydrogen is set to an abundance of 12 on this scale. The Sun's photosphere consists mostly of hydrogen and helium; the helium abundance varies between
Abundance of the chemical elements
Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Fluid flow revolving around an axis of rotation
Hexagon of Saturn. Sunspots are dark regions on the Sun's visible surface (photosphere) marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings, and intense magnetic
Vortex
Calcium titanium oxide mineral
perovskite grains is responsible for the depletion of titanium oxide in the photosphere. Stars with a low temperature have dominant bands of TiO in their spectrum;
Perovskite
Star in the constellation Centaurus
years old and is radiating 3.8 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,610 K. Based on the amount of iron appearing
HD_114082
reservoir is thought to have been similar in composition to the current photosphere of the Sun. When the Sun formed from its protostar, around 4.56 billion
Chondritic_uniform_reservoir
Type of variable star
K.; Neugebauer, G. (1992). "Optical aperture synthetic images of the photosphere and molecular atmosphere of Mira" (PDF). Astronomical Journal. 103: 1662
Mira_variable
Continuous band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness
spectral type via its effect on the physical properties of plasma in its photosphere. A star's energy emission as a function of wavelength is influenced by
Main_sequence
Early stage in the process of star formation
disk. The surface is thus very different from the relatively quiescent photosphere of a pre-main sequence or main-sequence star. Within its deep interior
Protostar
Brightest star in the constellation of Carina
massive, and has expanded to 71 times the Sun's radius. Its enlarged photosphere has an effective temperature of around 7400 K. Canopus is undergoing
Canopus
Binary star in the constellation Ursa Major
star is radiating 340 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,800 K. The secondary star, component
Dubhe
B-type star with emission lines
Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Stellar corona Alfvén surface Stellar wind Bubble
Be_star
1974 novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle
The Moties do not know that the ships they send emerge inside the hot photosphere of Murcheson's Eye and are destroyed. Human ships survive this because
The_Mote_in_God's_Eye
Type of neutron star with a strong magnetic field
hydrogen atom becomes 200 times as narrow as its normal diameter. The dominant model of the strong fields of magnetars is that it results from a magnetohydrodynamic
Magnetar
Star in the constellation Ara
the solar luminosity. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its photosphere would engulf the orbit of Jupiter. Westerlund 1 was discovered by Bengt
Westerlund_1_W26
German physicist (1873–1916)
radiative transfer and proved that, in accordance to data, the Sun’s photosphere is in radiative equilibrium. Einstein himself was pleasantly surprised
Karl_Schwarzschild
Low-frequency plasma wave
corona is hot (about one million kelvins) compared to its surface (the photosphere), which is only a few thousand kelvins. Intuitively, it would make sense
Alfvén_wave
Eruption of electromagnetic radiation
the Sun's atmosphere. They affect all layers of the solar atmosphere (photosphere, chromosphere, and corona). The plasma medium is heated to >107 kelvin
Solar_flare
Heterogeneous class of stars with unusual spectra
and dense high-velocity wind region enveloping the very hot stellar photosphere, which produces a flood of UV radiation that causes fluorescence in the
Wolf–Rayet_star
Force on a mass due to gravity
Uranus, and Neptune). For the Sun, the surface is taken to mean the photosphere. The values in the table have not been de-rated for the centrifugal effect
Weight
Peculiar star in the constellation Cassiopeia
The star is radiating 500,000 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 35,000 K. In 2023, long-term monitoring
HD_108
Light emitted by the Sun
reach the Sun's surface and are emitted out into space. As a result, the photosphere of the Sun does not emit much X radiation (solar X-rays), although it
Sunlight
Earth, helium, which currently comprises 23.8% of the mass in the solar photosphere. As of today, spectroscopes are an important tool to know about the chemical
Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System
International airport in Azerbaijan
project Archived 6 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine Heydar Aliyev International Airport interactive photosphere panorama Portals: Azerbaijan Aviation
Heydar Aliyev International Airport
Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport
Region of a star
structure Core Radiative zone Tachocline Convection zone Atmosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Ellerman bomb Chromosphere Plage
Convection_zone
MODEL PHOTOSPHERE
MODEL PHOTOSPHERE
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sample; Model; Paragon
Girl/Female
Hebrew
From the tower.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi
Enjoyment
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Example; Model; Demo
Boy/Male
Muslim
Model, Example
Surname or Lastname
English (Surrey)
English (Surrey) : unexplained. Compare Moad.
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Wealthy.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Model state of india
Boy/Male
Latin
Swarthy.
Male
Yiddish
Pet form of Yiddish Mordche, MOTEL means "devotee of Marduk."Â
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sample, Model, Paragon
Boy/Male
Egyptian
To model.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Model; Example
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old German personal name, Godilo, Godila.German (Gödel) : from a pet form of a compound personal name beginning with the element gÅd ‘good’ or god, got ‘god’.Variant of Godl or Gödl, South German variants of Gote, from Middle High German got(t)e, gö(t)te ‘godfather’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from the Yiddish male personal name Godl, a pet form of God, a variant of biblical Gad.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Ayilyam | அயீலà¯à®¯à®®
Model state of india
Ayilyam | அயீலà¯à®¯à®®
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Model; Idea
Girl/Female
British, English, German, Russian
Supper
Boy/Male
Australian, French
Famous Ruler
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Model or Pattern
Female
Yiddish
(×”Ö¸×דֶעל) Pet form of Yiddish Hode, HODEL means "myrtle tree."
MODEL PHOTOSPHERE
MODEL PHOTOSPHERE
MODEL PHOTOSPHERE
MODEL PHOTOSPHERE
MODEL PHOTOSPHERE
MODEL PHOTOSPHERE
MODEL PHOTOSPHERE