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Chinese pronunciation system (601 AD)
Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the Qieyun, a rhyme dictionary
Middle_Chinese
Phonological rime in Middle Chinese
In Middle Chinese, the phonological system of medieval rime dictionaries and rime tables, the final is the rest of the syllable after the initial consonant
Middle_Chinese_finals
Tonal system of Middle Chinese
of Chinese poetry and dialectology (simplified Chinese: 四声; traditional Chinese: 四聲; pinyin: sìshēng) are four traditional tone classes of Chinese words
Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)
Branch of the Chinese language family
hundreds of modern local varieties of Chinese developed from regional variants of Old Chinese and Middle Chinese. Traditionally, seven major groups of
Mandarin_Chinese
Sino-Tibetan language
Chinese (spoken: simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語; pinyin: Hànyǔ, written: 中文; Zhōngwén) is the umbrella term for almost all Sinitic languages
Chinese_language
identified by common correspondences with selected features of Middle Chinese. Chinese varieties differ in their phonology, vocabulary and syntax. Southern
Varieties_of_Chinese
Branch of Chinese language family
tonal categories of Middle Chinese, but have lost several distinctions in the initial consonants and medial glides that other Chinese varieties have retained
Yue_Chinese
Alphabetic notation for Middle Chinese phonology
William H. Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese is an alphabetic notation recording phonological information from medieval sources, rather than a
Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese
Baxter's_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese
Oldest attested stage of Chinese
Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese. The
Old_Chinese
Literary form of written Chinese
Classical Chinese is the style of Chinese language in which the classics of Chinese literature were written, from c. the 5th century BCE. For millennia
Classical_Chinese
Punctuation used with Chinese characters
Chinese punctuation is the punctuation system used in writing of Chinese. The standard in all Sinophone regions, including mainland China, Taiwan, Hong
Chinese_punctuation
delimiters. Historical Chinese phonology deals with reconstructing the sounds of historical varieties of Chinese. Since Chinese is written with logographic
Historical_Chinese_phonology
('Central State' or 'Middle Kingdom') in Standard Chinese, a form based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. The English name "China" was borrowed from Portuguese
Names_of_China
sounds of Old Chinese, covering most of the lexicon, are the sound system of Middle Chinese (7th century AD), the structure of Chinese characters, and
Reconstructions of Old Chinese
Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese
Distinct words with identical written forms
in Old Chinese also exist in Middle Chinese. Examples of homographs in Middle Chinese are: Many homographs in Old Chinese and Middle Chinese also exist
Homograph
Logographic writing system
other symbols. Chinese characters are logographs used to write the Chinese languages and others from regions historically influenced by Chinese culture, including
Chinese_characters
Legendary Chinese creature
The Chinese dragon, known as long or loong (/lʊŋ/ LUUNG) is a legendary creature in Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, and Chinese culture generally
Chinese_dragon
of the spoken Chinese language dates back approximately 4500 years, while examples of the writing system that would become written Chinese are attested
History of the Chinese language
History_of_the_Chinese_language
Sinitic language originating in southern China
of Chinese spoken natively by the Hakka people in parts of Southern China, Taiwan, some diaspora areas of Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities
Hakka_Chinese
Primary branch of Sinitic spoken in southern China and Taiwan
Taiwanese. The majority of Chinese Singaporeans, Chinese Malaysians, Chinese Filipinos, Chinese Indonesians, Chinese Thais, and Chinese Cambodians are of Southern
Min_Chinese
Phonetic notation for Middle Chinese
The Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese is a representation of the sounds of Middle Chinese devised by Bernhard Karlgren, revised by Li Fang-Kuei
Karlgren–Li reconstruction of Middle Chinese
Karlgren–Li_reconstruction_of_Middle_Chinese
Standard form of Mandarin Chinese
Standard Chinese (simplified Chinese: 现代标准汉语; traditional Chinese: 現代標準漢語; pinyin: Xiàndài biāozhǔn hànyǔ), often colloquially called Mandarin Chinese, is
Standard_Chinese
Primary branch of Chinese spoken in southern China
Lou–Shao, or Old Xiang, still exhibits the three-way distinction of Middle Chinese obstruents, preserving the voiced stops, fricatives, and affricates
Xiang_Chinese
of Chinese names (especially in postal romanization) contain ⟨ki-⟩, ⟨hi-⟩, ⟨tsi-⟩, ⟨si-⟩ where an alveolo-palatal might be expected in modern Chinese. Examples
Standard_Chinese_phonology
1956 civil unrest in Singapore
the Singapore Women’s Association (SWA) and the Chinese Musical Gong Society. The Singapore Chinese Middle School Students Union (SCMSSU) was also dissolved
Chinese middle school student riots
Chinese_middle_school_student_riots
Stage of the Korean language
pronunciation, originally based on Middle Chinese. They used Chinese rhyme dictionaries, which specified the pronunciations of Chinese characters relative to other
Middle_Korean
Class of people in the middle of a societal hierarchy
international levels. That stage was reached in China sometime between 1990 and 2005, when the Chinese "middle class" grew from 15% to 62% of the population
Middle_class
Chinese name for giant panda and tapir
Mo (Chinese: 貘) was the Chinese name for the giant panda from the 3rd century BCE to the 19th century CE. In 1824, the French sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat
Mo_(Chinese_zoology)
in other Sino-Tibetan languages and in Min Chinese, which split off before the Middle Chinese period, Chinese transcriptions of foreign names, and early
Old_Chinese_phonology
Standardized set of Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets used to write the Chinese language, with the other being simplified characters
Traditional Chinese characters
Traditional_Chinese_characters
Writing the Chinese languages
Written Chinese is a writing system that transcribes the varieties of Chinese language using logograms — known as characters — and other symbols such
Written_Chinese
Form of Chinese spoken in the Eastern Han period
Eastern Han Chinese, or Later Han Chinese, is the stage of the Chinese language attested in poetry and glosses from the Eastern Han period (1st–3rd centuries AD)
Eastern_Han_Chinese
Standardized set of Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets used to write the Chinese language, with the other being traditional characters
Simplified_Chinese_characters
Chinese varieties spoken around Jiangxi
varieties of Chinese, there is extremely little mutual intelligibility between Gan Chinese and other varieties. Within the variation of Chinese languages
Gan_Chinese
Branch of Chinese spoken in northern China
Chinese: 晋语; traditional Chinese: 晉語; pinyin: Jìnyǔ) is a group of Chinese linguistic varieties spoken by roughly 48 million people in northern China
Jin_Chinese
Ethnic enclave of Chinese expatriates
Chinatown (Chinese: 唐人街) is a common term used to describe an ethnic enclave of Chinese people located outside of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and
Chinatown
Ancient country in Japan
reconstructions of Early Middle Chinese (Edwin G. Pulleyblank 1991), "Archaic" Chinese (Bernhard Karlgren 1957), and Middle Chinese (William H. Baxter 1992)
Yamatai
Mythological birds in Sinosphere traditions
be paired with the traditionally masculine Chinese dragon. In the West, they are commonly called Chinese phoenixes, although mythological similarities
Fenghuang
Branch of Sino-Tibetan languages
The Sinitic languages (simplified Chinese: 汉语族; traditional Chinese: 漢語族; pinyin: Hànyǔ zú) are a group of East Asian analytic languages that constitute
Sinitic_languages
Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire from 209 to 174 BCE
is reconstructed as *mǝk-tuənC in Later Han Chinese and mək-twən in Middle Chinese. The name's Old Chinese pronunciation might have represented the pronunciation
Modu_Chanyu
Characters used to denote numbers in Chinese
Chinese numerals are words and characters used to denote numbers in written Chinese. Speakers of Chinese languages use three written numeral systems: the
Chinese_numerals
Historical concept of China
Chinese:A New Reconstruction. p. 7, 83, 342. Sagart, Laurent; Baxter, William H. (2024). "Alternation between Middle Chinese p(h) and xw in Chinese word
Huaxia
God or spirit in Chinese religion
Shen (Chinese: 神; pinyin: shén) is a Chinese word with senses of deities, divinities, or spirits. The Ahom equivalent is Sheng (𑜋𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫) in Ahom religion
Shen_(Chinese_folk_religion)
Ancient ethnic group who lived in Northeast Asia
resemblance to that of the later historically attested *Motgit in Middle Chinese (Chinese: 勿吉; pinyin: mò jí; Jyutping: mat6 gat1; Korean: 물길 [Mulgil]; Japanese:
Mohe_people
Japanese words of Chinese origin
in Chinese or was created from elements borrowed from Chinese. Most Sino-Japanese words were borrowed in the 5th–9th centuries AD, from Early Middle Chinese
Sino-Japanese_vocabulary
Chinese-based Vietnamese writing system
derived from the Middle Chinese word dziH 字, meaning '[Chinese] character'. The word Nôm 'Southern' is derived from the Middle Chinese word nom 南, meaning
Chữ_Nôm
Four historical periods when Vietnam was ruled by Chinese dynasties
involving a dialect known as Annamese Middle Chinese (AMC) and Ancient Northern Vietic (ANV). While noting that Chinese influence on the Vietnamese language
Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule
Grammar of the Standard Chinese language
The grammar of Standard Chinese shares many features with other varieties of Chinese. The language almost entirely lacks inflection; words typically have
Chinese_grammar
Republic of China. The predominant language is Standard Chinese, which is based on the Beijing dialect, but there are hundreds of related Chinese languages
Languages_of_China
Historical period (c. 3300–1200 BCE)
"Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two". Nga.gov. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Li-Liu; The Chinese Neolithic
Bronze_Age
Eastern Min Chinese language
The Fuzhou language (simplified Chinese: 福州话; traditional Chinese: 福州話; pinyin: Fúzhōuhuà; FR: Hók-ciŭ-uâ [huʔ˨˩ tsiu˥˧ ua˨˦˨] ), also Foochow, Hokchew
Fuzhou_dialect
Medieval Turkic tribe in China
Turks (Chinese: 沙陀突厥; pinyin: Shātuó Tūjué; also transcribed as Sha-t'o, Sanskrit Sart) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics
Shatuo
Austroasiatic language
close to Middle Chinese pronunciation, it is actually pronounced lạp trường. However, the Cantonese term is the better-known name for Chinese sausage in
Vietnamese_language
Form of Chinese spoken in northern China between the 12th and 14th centuries
reorganization of the four tones of Middle Chinese. The name "Mandarin", as a direct translation of the Chinese Guānhuà (官話, 'language of the officials')
Old_Mandarin
Kanji reading based on the original Chinese
consonants of Middle Chinese. It may be that palatalized consonants before vowels other than i developed in Japanese as a result of Chinese borrowings,
On'yomi
East Asian honorific
genders; this has fallen out of usage in Standard Chinese, though it is retained in some southern Chinese Chinese varieties such as Cantonese, Hokkien, Wu, Teochew
Sensei
Sinitic language spoken in East Asia
(2004) Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese. Not designated but meets legal definition
Hokkien
Emperor of the Tang dynasty from 713 to 756
August 717. Qarluqs serving under Chinese command, under Arsila Xian, a Western Turkic Qaghan serving under the Chinese Assistant Grand Protector General
Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang
Chinese varieties spoken at and south of the Yangtze delta
colloquial. Wu Chinese is primarily written in Chinese characters. Since most speakers are in the People's Republic of China, Simplified Chinese characters
Wu_Chinese
Speculated language of ancient Goguryeo
(Middle Chinese tsyu-muwng), glossed as 'good archer'. This name appears in the Gwanggaeto Stele as 鶵牟 (Eastern Han Chinese *dẓo-mu, Middle Chinese tsrhju-mjuw)
Goguryeo_language
Japanese kanji pronunciation style
characteristics of Middle Chinese. Go-on readings were introduced into Japan during the 5th and 6th centuries[citation needed], when China was divided into
Go-on
Chinese general (544–496 BC)
Sun Tzu (/ˌsʊnˈsuː/; traditional Chinese: 孫子; simplified Chinese: 孙子; pinyin: Sūnzǐ) was a Chinese military general, strategist, philosopher, and writer
Sun_Tzu
Wu Chinese variety spoken in Shanghai
people Haipai Wu Chinese Suzhounese Hangzhounese Ningbonese List of varieties of Chinese Chinatown, Flushing Li (2012), p. 104. Chinese languages at the
Shanghainese
Marriage in Chinese tradition in which one or both parties are deceased
In Chinese tradition, a ghost marriage (Chinese: 冥婚; pinyin: mínghūn; lit. 'spirit marriage') refers to a marriage in which one or both parties are deceased
Chinese_ghost_marriage
Chinese water god
Gonggong (/ˈɡɒŋɡɒŋ/) is a Chinese water god who is depicted in Chinese mythology and folktales as having a copper human head with an iron forehead, red
Gonggong
Legendary Chinese heroine
Hua Mulan (traditional Chinese: 花木蘭; simplified Chinese: 花木兰; pinyin: Huā Mùlán) is a legendary Chinese folk heroine from the Northern and Southern dynasties
Hua_Mulan
dictionaries regularly used in the Chinese language: 'character dictionaries' (字典; zìdiǎn) list individual Chinese characters, and 'word dictionaries'
Chinese_dictionary
Proposed extinct Japonic language family
version of the Chinese reading tradition, but there is no agreement on what this sounded like. One approximation is to use the Middle Chinese reading pronunciations
Peninsular_Japonic
Chinese characters used in Japanese writing
on'yomi, based on the imitation of the original Middle Chinese sound when it was borrowed from written Chinese. Some Kanji characters were indigenously invented
Kanji
Writing Chinese with the Latin alphabet
Romanization of Chinese is the use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate Chinese. Chinese uses a logographic script and its characters do not represent
Romanization_of_Chinese
Southern Min language of China
Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese. Chinese: 潮州話, Teochew: Tiô-tsiu-uē (Pe̍h-ūe-jī)
Teochew_Min
Curved decorative scepter or talisman
A ruyi (Chinese: 如意; pinyin: Rúyì; lit. 'as desired', 'as [you] wish') is a Chinese curved decorative object that serves as either a ceremonial scepter
Ruyi_(scepter)
Phonology of the Cantonese language
pronunciation of more than 10,000 Chinese characters.[citation needed] Most syllables are represented by standard Chinese characters, however a few are written
Cantonese_phonology
Sacred imperial title of the Chinese emperor
goddesses of heaven. The title "Son of Heaven" (Chinese: 天子; pinyin: Tiānzǐ; Middle Chinese: tʰen t͡sɨX; Old Chinese (B-S): *l̥ˤin *tsəʔ) is attested earliest
Son_of_Heaven
Dialect of Mandarin
Jianghuai Mandarin (traditional Chinese: 江淮官話; simplified Chinese: 江淮官话; pinyin: Jiānghuái Guānhuà) is one of the most divergent and least mutually-intelligible
Jianghuai_Mandarin
Theorized ancient standard form of Chinese
of Middle Chinese Diachronic Changes: Syllabic Weight Contrast and Phonologisation of Its Phonetic Correlates" (PDF). Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies
Yayan_(Old_Chinese)
Traditional first dynasty in Chinese history
dynasty (/ˈʃi.ɑː/, SHEE-ah; Chinese: 夏朝; pinyin: Xiàcháo; Wade–Giles: Hsia Ch'ao) is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography. According
Xia_dynasty
Branch of Chinese spoken in Guangxi
contains Chinese text and IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese and
Pinghua_Chinese
Sign of the Chinese zodiac
periodic sequence (cycle) of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar, and also appears in related calendar systems.
Ox_(zodiac)
Name list
transcribed centuries earlier by Sima Qian as 冒顿 Mòdùn < Middle Chinese mək̚-tuənH (ZS) < Eastern Han Chinese *mǝk-tuənC, the name of the Modun Chanyu, the founder
Metehan
Variety of Chinese
Waxiang (simplified Chinese: 瓦乡话; traditional Chinese: 瓦鄉話; pinyin: Wǎxiānghuà; ɕioŋ˥tsa˧) is a divergent variety of Chinese, spoken by the Waxiang people
Waxiang_Chinese
Branch of the Min Chinese languages
Southern Min (simplified Chinese: 闽南语; traditional Chinese: 閩南語; pinyin: Mǐnnányǔ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm-gí/gú; lit. 'Southern Min language'), Minnan (Mandarin
Southern_Min
Chinese dictionary encoding pronunciation
rime tables, is known as Middle Chinese, and has been the key datum for efforts to recover the sounds of early forms of Chinese. It incorporates most of
Rhyme_dictionary
Extinct Sinitic language
splits from Old Chinese. Unlike most extant varieties of Chinese, which stem from Middle Chinese, Ba–Shu diverged directly from Old Chinese, a feature it
Ba–Shu_Chinese
Collection of ancient Chinese poetry
everyday language in modern Chinese. Since the Qing dynasty, its rhyme patterns have also been analysed in the study of Old Chinese phonology. Early references
Classic_of_Poetry
Venom-based poison associated with cultures of south China, particularly Nanyue
Gu (traditional Chinese: 蠱; simplified Chinese: 蛊) or jincan (traditional Chinese: 金蠶; simplified Chinese: 金蚕) was a venom-based poison associated with
Gu_(poison)
System of writing Japanese based solely on Chinese characters
/mo/ (based on Middle Chinese /*məwk/), /ko/, or /kwi/ (meaning 'tree' in Old Japanese). The complexity of learning and writing Chinese characters eventually
Man'yōgana
Chinese one-syllable poem
(traditional Chinese: 施氏食獅史; simplified Chinese: 施氏食狮史; lit. 'The Story of Mr. Shi Eating Lions') is a short narrative poem written in Literary Chinese, with
Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den
Lion-Eating_Poet_in_the_Stone_Den
Measure words in Chinese
referring to people, rather than 個. China portal Languages portal Measure words List of Chinese classifiers Chinese grammar Collective noun Classifiers
Chinese_classifier
Earliest attested form of the Korean language
from Middle Chinese, Old Korean phonograms were based on the Old Chinese pronunciation of characters. For instance, characters with Middle Chinese initial
Old_Korean
Diaphonemic transcription of Chinese
General Chinese (Chinese: 通字; pinyin: tōng zì; Wade–Giles: t'ung1-tzu4) is a diaphonemic orthography invented by Yuen Ren Chao to represent the pronunciations
General_Chinese
Cosmological dualism in Chinese philosophy
Originating in ancient Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (traditional Chinese: 陰陽; simplified Chinese: 阴阳; pinyin: yīn yáng, English: /jɪn/, /jæŋ/) or
Yin_and_yang
Kra–Dai language
scientific, technical, international, and other modern terms. From Middle Chinese or Teochew Chinese. From Old Khmer The Portuguese were the first Western nation
Thai_language
Morphemes borrowed into Vietnamese from Literary Chinese
Hán: 詞漢越, 'Chinese-Vietnamese words') is a layer of about 3,000 monosyllabic morphemes of the Vietnamese language borrowed from Literary Chinese with consistent
Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary
Last king of the Shang dynasty
Di Xin of Shang (Chinese: 商帝辛; pinyin: Shāng Dì Xīn; Wade–Giles: Shang Ti-Hsin) or Shou, King of Shang (Chinese: 商王受; pinyin: Shāng Wáng Shòu; Wade–Giles:
Di_Xin
Variety of Hokkien spoken in Taiwan
related to Middle Chinese. In contrast, the colloquial layers of Min varieties are believed to have branched from the mainstream of Chinese around the
Taiwanese_Hokkien
Classical Chinese phonetic indicators
used throughout the Qieyun, a Chinese rhyme dictionary published in 601 AD during the Sui dynasty. When Classical Chinese poetry flowered during the Tang
Fanqie
Founder and first king of the Shang dynasty
Inscriptions"". Early China. 9 (1): 290–306. doi:10.1017/S0362502800006441. Zi, Mo. "卷一：七患". 墨子 (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project. Retrieved
Tang_of_Shang
Polite forms of address
symbols. Chinese honorifics (Chinese: 敬語; pinyin: Jìngyǔ) and honorific language are words, word constructs, and expressions in the Chinese language that
Chinese_honorifics
Historical name for regions of Chinese suzerainty in Central Asia
translated from Xiyu (Hsi-yü; Chinese: 西域) and Qixi (Ch'i-hsi; Chinese: 磧西), was a historical name specified in Ancient Chinese chronicles between the 3rd
Western_Regions
MIDDLE CHINESE
MIDDLE CHINESE
MIDDLE CHINESE
MIDDLE CHINESE
MIDDLE CHINESE
MIDDLE CHINESE
MIDDLE CHINESE
MIDDLE CHINESE
MIDDLE CHINESE