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Pre-Columbian Maya folding books
Maya codices (sing.: codex) are folding books written by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican bark paper. The
Maya_codices
Historical ancestor of the modern book
the ancient world. Some codices are continuously folded like a concertina, in particular the Maya codices and Aztec codices, which are actually long
Codex
Pre-Columbian Maya book
the Códice Maya de México (CMM) by the National Institute of Anthropology and History of Mexico. It is one of only four known extant Maya codices, and
Maya_Codex_of_Mexico
Aspect of Precolumbian Maya science
Brickers question this interpretation. Maya Codices No clear Jupiter or Saturn almanac can be found in the codices. The Dresden Codex The Dresden Codex
Maya_astronomy
Mesoamerican civilization (c. 2000 BC – 1697 AD)
portal Entheogenics and the Maya Huastec civilization Maya codices Maya peoples Maya music Songs of Dzitbalché The Ancient Maya Kinship System, Per Hage
Maya_civilization
16th-century Spanish Catholic bishop in colonial Mexico
and human sacrifice. In doing so, he burned Maya manuscripts (codices) which contained knowledge of Maya religion and civilization, and the history of
Diego_de_Landa
One of three surviving pre-Columbian Maya books
Merideth Paxton; Henrique Vela (August 2009). "Códices Mayas" [Maya codices]. Arqueología Mexicana: Códices prehispánicos y coloniales tempranos – Catálogo
Madrid_Codex_(Maya)
Ritual offering of human flesh and lives to gods and goddesses
movements, and calendars. Three codices that are considered legitimate are the Dresden, Madrid, and Paris Codices. These codices all feature depictions of human
Human sacrifice in Maya culture
Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture
Writing system of the Maya civilization
Evidence suggests that codices and other classic texts were written by scribes—usually members of the Maya priesthood—in Classic Maya, a literary form of
Maya_script
North American genus of large birds
249–269. Tozzer, Alfred M.; Allen, Glover M. Animal figures in the Maya codices. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November
Turkey_(bird)
Maya manuscript
four hieroglyphic Maya codices that survived the Spanish Inquisition in the New World. Three, the Dresden, Madrid, and Paris codices, are named after the
Dresden_Codex
Manuscript that presents traits of the Mesoamerican indigenous pictoric tradition
the best-known examples among such documents are Aztec codices, Maya codices, and Mixtec codices, but other cultures such as the Tlaxcaltec, the Purépecha
Mesoamerican_codices
Species of eagle
2012-08-21. Tozzer, Alfred M.; Allen, Glover M. Animal figures in the Maya codices. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November
Harpy_eagle
List of pre-modern handwritten books
illuminated manuscripts are codices.) More modern works that include "codex" as part of their name are not listed here. The following codices are usually named
List_of_codices
Conservation and restoration of Mesoamerican codices is the process of analyzing, preserving, and treating codices for future study and access. It is a decision-making
Conservation and restoration of Mesoamerican codices
Conservation_and_restoration_of_Mesoamerican_codices
Creation myths from mesoamerican cultures
rituals designed to re-create primordial time, as evidenced by Postclassic Maya codices [1.1, 1.2]. These rituals, including the dedication of sacred spaces
Mesoamerican_creation_myths
Beliefs of the ancient Maya people
pre-Hispanic times: the three surviving Maya hieroglyphic books (the Maya codices of Dresden, Madrid and Paris) plus the Maya-Toltec Grolier Codex, all dating
Maya_religion
Maya god of rain, thunder, and lightning
(Teotihuacan) precursor of Tlaloc. A large part of one of the four surviving Maya codices, the Dresden Codex, is dedicated to the Chaacs, their locations, and
Chaac
2006 film by Mel Gibson
resources." The mural in the arched walkway combined elements from the Maya codices, the Bonampak murals (over 700 years earlier than the film's setting)
Apocalypto
Medium consisting of pages of text or images
Maya developed a phonetic syllabary. The oldest of the surviving Maya codices dates to the 11th century AD. Most of the pre-Columbian Aztec codices were
Book
Maya manuscript
Merideth Paxton; Henrique Vela (August 2009). "Códices Mayas" [Maya codices]. Arqueología Mexicana: Códices prehispánicos y coloniales tempranos – Catálogo
Paris_Codex
Calendar used by Mesoamerican cultures
16 in the prior era (5,482,096 days). Aztec calendar Maya astronomy Maya calendar Maya codices Mesoamerican calendars The correlation between the Long
Mesoamerican Long Count calendar
Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar
Soviet and Russian linguist (1922–1999)
rare edition containing reproductions of the three Maya codices, the Dresden, Madrid, and Paris codices. Knorozov is said to have taken this book back with
Yuri_Knorozov
Manuscripts painted by pre-Columbian and colonial Aztec
Congress Maya codices Mesoamerican literature Colonial Mesoamerican native-language texts Xiuhpōhualli — oral predecessor to the written codices. Batalla
Aztec_codex
Azure blue pigment made in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
Americas, Maya blue was used as a colorant in pre-Columbian artworks, sculptures, murals, and textiles (probably), and to illuminate Mesoamerican codices. For
Maya_blue
Language family spoken in Mesoamerica
corpus of over 5,000 known individual Maya inscriptions on buildings, monuments, pottery and bark-paper codices, combined with the rich post-Conquest
Mayan_languages
the so-called Black Legend. Only three Maya codices and a fragment of a fourth survive. Approximately 5,000 Maya cult images were also burned at the same
List of book-burning incidents
List_of_book-burning_incidents
by later writers. The original Aztec codices were burned by Tlacaelel after Itzcoatl took power. Most Maya codices were burned by Spanish priests in the
List_of_lost_literary_works
Large bird found in Central and South America
vulture is one of the most common species of birds represented in the Maya codices. Its glyph is easily distinguishable by the knob on the bird's beak and
King_vulture
Practice of destroying, books or other written material
siege of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of Aztec codices by Itzcoatl (1430s), the burning of Maya codices on the order of bishop Diego de Landa (1562), and
Book_burning
Aztec god of fire and lightning
torch in the surviving Maya codices, which reference the Maya tradition that the dog brought fire to mankind. In the Mayan codices, the dog is conspicuously
Xolotl
Religious activity involving killings of humans and animals
an "ethnographic masterpiece”, despite his role in the destruction of Maya codices. The archaeological data has continued to expand as more excavations
Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture
Aztec calendar
"Mexican Codices and Mythological Traditions", Re-Creating Primordial Time: Foundation Rituals and Mythology in the Postclassic Maya Codices, University
Tōnalpōhualli
Family of birds
black vulture and the king vulture appear in a variety of Maya hieroglyphs in Mayan codices. The king vulture is commonly represented, with its glyph
New_World_vulture
facsimile reproductions of Mesoamerican literature such as Maya codices, Mixtec codices, and Aztec codices, and also historical accounts and explorers' descriptions
Antiquities_of_Mexico
Maya or Mayan mythology is part of Mesoamerican mythology and comprises all of the Maya tales in which personified forces of nature, deities, and the
Maya_mythology
New World vulture
United States. The black vulture appears in a variety of Maya hieroglyphics in Mayan codices. It is normally connected with either death or as a bird
Black_vulture
Study of cultures and indigenous peoples customs
communities have been written to date". History New Philology Aztec codices Maya codices Cultural history Ethnography Ethnic group Ethnoarchaeology Indian
Ethnohistory
1882 pseudoarchaeological book by Ignatius L. Donnelly
Indians. Vol. 13. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 298–325. "Maya Codices". Mundo Maya Online - History. Archived from the original on 1 August 2005
Atlantis: The Antediluvian World
Atlantis:_The_Antediluvian_World
Mesoamerican moon goddess
traditional Mayas generally assume the Moon to be female, and the Moon's perceived phases are accordingly conceived as the season. In the codices, she has
Maya_moon_goddess
Maya god of earthquakes and mountains
OCLC 1057125277. Vail, Gabrielle (2017). "Venus Lore in the Postclassic Maya Codices: Deity Manifestations of the Morning and Evening Star". Ancient Mesoamerica
Cabrakan
Total eclipse
"Astronomy in the Maya Codices" that by decoding pre-Columbian glyphs from the four Maya codices they discovered that pre-16th century Maya astronomers predicted
Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991
Solar_eclipse_of_July_11,_1991
Literature written in or related to indigenous Mesoamerica
Piedras Negras." See also Mayan codices and Aztec codices for fuller descriptions of a number of codices. Most codices date from the colonial era, with
Mesoamerican_literature
Pre-Columbian Maya city in Mexico
Alfred Marston; Glover Morrill Allen (1910). Animal figures in the Maya codices. Vol. 4 (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology
Chichen_Itza
American anthropologist (1877–1954)
in the Mayas and the Lacandones. New York: Archaeological Institute of America. Tozzer, Alfred M. (1910). "Animal figures in the Maya codices". Papers
Alfred_Tozzer
Zapotec and Maya writing flourishing during the Classic Period. Early Olmec ceramics show representations of something that may be codices, suggesting
Mesoamerican_writing_systems
Overview of and topical guide to books
handwritten content List of codices – list of codices published from late antiquity through the Middle Ages. Aztec codices – list of books written by pre-Columbian
Outline_of_books
About maritime trade
connections. The dugout style canoes of the Maya and other small watercraft are also represented in various codices, sometimes ferrying royal figures or deities
Maritime trade in the Maya civilization
Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization
American writer
for the development of and lamentation for the loss of the Aztec and Maya codices, along with commentary on Pueblo mythology. As one reviewer notes, Silko's
Leslie_Marmon_Silko
JSTOR 3757901. PMID 5165831. Lowy, Bernard (July 1972). "Mushroom Symbolism in Maya Codices". Mycologia. 64 (4): 816–821. doi:10.2307/3757936. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3757936
Mushrooms_in_art
Aztec manuscript
commanders Folio 69 recto Moctezuma II's palace Mesoamerican Codices Aztec codex Maya codices Berdan & Anawalt 1992b. Carrasco, David (1999). City of Sacrifice :
Codex_Mendoza
burning the Maya Codices (like books). These codices contained information about astrology, religion, Gods, and rituals. There are four codices known to
History_of_Latin_America
16th-century Dominican friar
Although there are few surviving Aztec codices written before the Spanish invasion, the more numerous post-conquest codices and near-contemporary works such
Diego_Durán
1990 Mexican film
aesthetic, having avoided depictions of foreign cinema and those in the Maya codices, although he criticized that at certain times the plot seemed incomprehensible
Return_to_Aztlán
About Entheogenics and the Maya history/culture
mushrooms springing up where his raindrops fall. Ancient Mayan Codices show mushrooms in Maya scenes of human sacrifice. Nymphaea ampla, a white-flowered
Entheogenics_and_the_Maya
church in Québec burned down in October 2024. Most of the Maya codices were destroyed by Spanish priest Diego de Landa. Iglesia del Carmen,
List_of_destroyed_heritage
Maya codices, which may be a reference to the Maya tradition that the dog brought fire to mankind. In the Postclassic Popul Vuh of the Kʼicheʼ Maya of
Dogs in Mesoamerican folklore and myth
Dogs_in_Mesoamerican_folklore_and_myth
Arepa
and deities. Mesoamerican codices which have this association outlined include the Dresden, Borgia and Fejérváry-Mayer codices. It is supposed that Mesoamerican
Mesoamerican_world_tree
Mayan deity
designation for one of the most important Maya deities: a youthful woman to whom considerable parts of the post-Classic codices are dedicated, and who equally figures
Goddess_I
Style of Ancient Maya art
already clarifies, has a strong resemblance to the surviving Postclassic Maya codices. Comparing the scenes painted in the corpus of codex style vases, artistic
Codex_Style
Ancient game
([ˈtɬat͡ʃt͡ɬi]). In Classical Maya, it was known as pitz. In modern Spanish, it is called juego de pelota maya ('Maya ballgame'), juego de pelota mesoamericano
Mesoamerican_ballgame
total destruction of documentary evidence for life in medieval Gozo." Maya codices of the Yucatán Maní, Yucatán Mexico and Guatemala 1562-07-12 Diego de
List_of_destroyed_libraries
260-day calendar used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization
calendar used by the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.[citation needed] The tzolkʼin, the basic cycle of the Maya calendar, is a preeminent
Tzolkʼin
Aztec manuscripts from the 15th century
Codices of San Andrés Tetepilco are Aztec codices made during the 1500s by Tlacuilos [es] or Aztec scribes. It details the Founding of Tetepilco (now
Codices of San Andrés Tetepilco
Codices_of_San_Andrés_Tetepilco
French ethnographer, historian, and priest (1814–1874)
rediscovered, gave an account of how he had ordered the destruction of all such Maya codices he could find, and many volumes had been burned. During 1869–1870 Brasseur
Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg
Charles_Étienne_Brasseur_de_Bourbourg
Catholic bishop Diego de Landa of Yucatán ordered the burning of most Maya codices in July 1562, and with it the near destruction of the Mayan hieroglyphic
Spread_of_the_Latin_script
Place in Quintana Roo, Mexico
Chetumal (UK: /ˌtʃɛtʊˈmɑːl/, US: /ˌtʃeɪtuˈ-/, Spanish: [tʃetuˈmal] ; Yucatec Maya: Chactemàal [tɕʰaktʰe̞mɐː˨˩l], lit. '"Place of the Red Wood"') is a city
Chetumal
Aztec deity of darkness and violence
survive into the present day, due in large part to a significant portion of codices being destroyed by Catholic priests. Simultaneously, some Aztec texts note
Tezcatlipoca
Publishing Co. Bricker, Harvey; Bricker, Victoria (2011). Astronomy in the Maya Codices. Philadelphia PA: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871692658
Herbert_G._MacPherson
Rack or palisade that displays human skulls
That derivation has been ascribed to explain the depictions in several codices that associate these with banners; however, Nahuatl linguist Frances Karttunen
Tzompantli
Mesoamerican concept
Quetzalcōātl among the Aztecs; Kukulkan among the Yucatec Maya; and Qʼuqʼumatz and Tohil among the Kʼicheʼ Maya. The double symbolism used by the Feathered Serpent
Feathered_Serpent
Pre-Columbian cultural area in the Americas
Indians, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources. Mesoamerican codices survive from the Aztec, Maya, Mixtec, and Zapotec regions. The Mesoamerican numbering
Mesoamerica
Oldest attested Mayan language family member
Proto-Cholan. It is now thought that the codices and other Classic texts were written by scribes, usually members of the Maya priesthood, in a literary form of
Classic_Maya_language
Book by William E. Gates
Madrid, Dresden and Paris codices, rather than from monumental inscriptions and stelae. It was published at a time when the Maya script remained wholly undeciphered
An Outline Dictionary of Maya Glyphs
An_Outline_Dictionary_of_Maya_Glyphs
indigenous Mexicans in the province of Yucatán and infamously burned Maya codices (bark paper books) containing pre-Columbian hieroglyphic writings in
Censorship_in_Mexico
Aspect of Mayan culture
Today, three Maya hieroglyphic books, all from the Post-Classic period, are still in existence: the Dresden, Paris, and Madrid codices. A fourth book
Ancient_Maya_art
Italian painter, decorator, and engraver (1777–1857)
d'Omobono Manini. OCLC 17416712. Marhenke, Randa (2003). "The Ancient Maya Codices". Maya Hieroglyphic Writing. Mesoweb. OCLC 53231537. Wason, Charles William
Agostino_Aglio
Mythical place
of the Gulf Coast of Mexico, inhabited by the Huastec Maya people. When depicted in Aztec codices Tamoanchan is frequently associated with the trecena
Tamoanchan
Text recounting Maya mythology and history
Ximénez who translated the document between 1700 and 1715. Maya deities in the Post-Classic codices differ from the earlier versions described in the Early
Popol_Vuh
Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatán, burns the Maya codices (sacred books of the Maya) during the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. Magdeburger Centurien
1562_in_literature
JSTOR 3757901. PMID 5165831. Lowy, Bernard (July 1972). "Mushroom Symbolism in Maya Codices". Mycologia. 64 (4): 816–821. doi:10.2307/3757936. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3757936
Fungi_in_art
13-day period used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican calendars
different names in the calendars of the Maya, Zapotec, Mixtec, and others of the region. Many surviving Mesoamerican codices, such as Codex Borbonicus, are divinatory
Trecena
16th-century Yucatec name of the Maya sun god
a'haw]) is the 16th-century Yucatec name of the Maya sun god, designated as God G when referring to the codices. In the Classic period, God G is depicted as
Kinich_Ahau
American zoologist (1879–1942)
ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Allen, G.M.", p. 5). Animal Figures in the Maya Codices – glance.matia.gr Works by Glover Morrill Allen at Project Gutenberg
Glover_Morrill_Allen
Document of the mythical origins of the Kʼicheʼ people
ultimately derive from chanted or sung accompaniments to pre-Columbian Maya codices. The two illustrations show considerable Spanish influence, although
Título_Cʼoyoi
Pre-Columbian Middle American pictorial manuscript from Central Mexico
and iconography. It is one of only a handful of pre-Columbian Mexican codices that were not destroyed during the conquest in the 16th century; it was
Codex_Borgia
comic shop Dark They Were, and Golden-Eyed (p. 12) Burroughs admired the Maya codices and he and McNeill wanted to create "an unprecedented, full-blown word/image
Cyclops_(magazine)
Maya patron deity of cacao
Chuaj God M Black Scorpion (In Postclassic codices) Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006). The Ancient Maya. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press
Ek_Chuah
Maya deity
Kʼawiil, in the Post-Classic codices corresponding to God K, is a Maya deity identified with power, creation, and lightning. He is characterized by a
Kʼawiil
were used as paper, and the codices were protected by wooden covers. The Nahuatl codices (containing works from the Aztecs, Maya, and Mixtecs, among other
History of libraries in Latin America
History_of_libraries_in_Latin_America
Motif in art and culture
and deities. Mesoamerican codices which have this association outlined include the Dresden, Borgia and Fejérváry-Mayer codices. It is supposed that Mesoamerican
Tree_of_life
American anthropologist (born 1940)
Award. Astronomy in the Maya Codices. American Philosophical Society Press. ISBN 9780871692658 2019 – A Historical Grammar of the Maya Language of Yucatán
Victoria_Bricker
Religious folklore of the Nahua peoples of the Triple Alliance (Aztec Empire)
and poems appearing in one manuscript version of Sahagun's 16th-century codices. Aztec history, culture and religion Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Discovery
Aztec_mythology
Aztec god of the dead
ready to tear apart the dead as they entered his presence. In the Aztec codices, Mictlantecuhtli is often depicted with his skeletal jaw open to receive
Mictlāntēcutli
Topics referred to by the same term
Codex (Maya), also known as the Tro-Cortesianus Codex, one of three surviving pre-Columbian Maya books. Codex Madrid (Leonardo), two codices by Leonardo
Madrid_Codex
Unit of time in the ancient Maya Long Count Calendar
Michael (2002). "Note on the Maya Calendar". The Real Maya Prophecies: Astronomy in the Inscriptions and Codices. Maya Astronomy. Archived from the original
Baktun
Mayan goddess
16th-century name of the aged jaguar goddess of midwifery and medicine in ancient Maya culture. She corresponds to Toci, an Aztec earth goddess inhabiting the sweatbath
Ixchel
Religious practice
Until the discovery that Maya stelae depicted kings instead of high priests, the Maya priesthood and their preoccupations had been a main scholarly concern
Maya_priesthood
Ancient Maya women had an important role in society: beyond propagating the culture through bearing and raising children, Maya women participated in economic
Women_in_Maya_society
archaic. clause codex 1. Codices written in the Maya script; part of the Maya hieroglyphic corpus; form of Mesoamerican codices; few extant or known, dating
Glossary of the Maya civilisation
Glossary_of_the_Maya_civilisation
MAYA CODICES
MAYA CODICES
Female
Native American
Native American Sioux name MAKA means "earth."
Female
Scandinavian
Scandinavian and Slavic form of Greek Maia, MAJA means "nursing mother."
Female
Hindi/Indian
(माला) Hindi name MALA means "necklace." In use by the Romani. Compare with another form of Mala.
Female
Hebrew
(רֵעַ) Hebrew name RAYA means "friend." Compare with another form of Raya.
Girl/Female
African, American, Arabic, Danish, English, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Indonesian, Jamaican, Japanese, Jewish, Kannada, Latin, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Mythological, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Sindhi, Spanish, Tamil, T
Illusion; Goddess Durga; To Increase; A Princess; Mother or Great One; Water; Truth and Everlasting; Wealth; Dream; Abbreviation of Amalia; Industrious; Striving; Work; Variant of Maia; Money
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from the personal name May (see May).
Girl/Female
Latin American Spanish
Daughter of Atlas.
Female
Hawaiian
 Hawaiian name MANA means "psychic gifts. Compare with other forms of Mana.
Female
Egyptian
, Karo-mama-mimut.
Female
Hebrew
(×žÖ¸× Ö¸×”) Hebrew name MANA means "part, portion." Compare with another form of Mana.
Female
Native American
Native American Hopi name KAYA means "elder sister."
Female
Hindi/Indian
(माया) Hindi myth name of the mother of Siddhartha, MAYA means "illusion." Compare with another form of Maya.
Female
Japanese
(æ„›)Â Japanese name MANA means "affection, love." Compare with other forms of Mana.
Girl/Female
French Japanese
May. In Roman mythology Maia: (source of the month May) was goddess of spring growth.
Girl/Female
French American Greek Hebrew Latin
May. In Roman mythology Maia: (source of the month May) was goddess of spring growth.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of May.
Male
Native American
Native American Hopi name MAKYA means "eagle hunter."
Male
Hebrew
(מַשָׂ×) Variant spelling of Hebrew Massa, MASA means "burden." Compare with another form of Masa.
Female
Japanese
 Japanese name AMAYA means "night rain." Compare with another form of Amaya.
Female
Hindi/Indian
(जया) Feminine form of Hindi Jay, JAYA means "victory."
MAYA CODICES
MAYA CODICES
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Telugu
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Indian
Gain
Female
English
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic SÃle, SHEELAGH means "blind."
Girl/Female
Teutonic
Spear.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Nivitha | நீவிதா, நீவீதாÂ
Creative
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
One who has Conquered the Moon
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Sweet; Small
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English, German
Wolf Famous
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
The One who Abides by the Truth
MAYA CODICES
MAYA CODICES
MAYA CODICES
MAYA CODICES
MAYA CODICES
v.
An auxiliary verb qualifyng the meaning of another verb, by expressing: (a) Ability, competency, or possibility; -- now oftener expressed by can.
n.
The flowers of the hawthorn; -- so called from their time of blossoming; also, the hawthorn.
n.
The principal or ruling evil spirit.
n.
A genus of spider crabs, including the common European species (Maia squinado).
n.
A beautiful American bombycid moth (Eucronia maia).
n.
Mud poured out from volcanoes during eruptions; -- so called in South America.
n.
The East Indian weaver bird (Ploceus Philippinus).
pl.
of Malum
n.
The name for the doctrine of the unreality of matter, called, in English, idealism; hence, nothingness; vanity; illusion.
n.
The merrymaking of May Day.
n.
A maiden.
n.
The Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis Patagonicus).
n.
See Mamma.
n.
A female demon who torments people in sleep by crouching on their chests or stomachs, or by causing terrifying visions.
n.
The fifth month of the year, containing thirty-one days.
n.
The common European gull (Larus canus); -- called also mar. See New, a gull.
n.
The early part or springtime of life.
n.
A kind of baboon; the wanderoo.
n.
A genus of bivalve mollusks, including the common long, or soft-shelled, clam.
n.
Evils; wrongs; offenses against right and law.