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Viruses found in marine environments
Marine viruses are defined by their habitat as viruses that are found in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish
Marine_viruses
Any life form too small for the naked human eye to see that lives in a marine environment
still poorly understood, such as for the role of viruses in marine ecosystems. Most marine viruses are bacteriophages, which are harmless to plants and
Marine_microorganisms
Virus that has DNA as its genetic material
double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses, and those that have one strand of DNA in their genome, called single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses. dsDNA viruses primarily belong
DNA_virus
Organisms living in water or air that drift in the current or wind
of the world's oxygen. It is estimated marine viruses kill 20% of ocean microplankton biomass every day. Viruses are the main agents responsible for the
Plankton
Emission of light by a living organism
chemiluminescence reaction. It occurs in a wide variety of organisms, including marine vertebrates and invertebrates, terrestrial arthropods such as fireflies
Bioluminescence
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals
Virus
Organisms that live in salt water
protists, single-celled microorganisms and associated viruses living in the saline water of marine habitats, either the sea water of marginal seas and oceans
Marine_life
Shrub growing in brackish water
structure, genetic diversity, and ecological roles of viruses in mangrove ecosystems. Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on earth, present
Mangrove
High plankton diversity despite scarce resources
reproduces until the cell bursts, releasing viruses. Viruses can also enter a lysogenic cycle, in which the virus writes its DNA into the host genome. When
Paradox_of_the_plankton
Wetland sites designated to have international importance by the Ramsar Convention
Permanent: (A) Permanent shallow marine waters: Less than 6m deep at low tide; including sea bays and straits (B) Marine subtidal aquatic beds: Underwater
Ramsar_site
Low-oxygen areas in coastal zones and lakes caused by eutrophication
Environment Programme reported 146 dead zones in 2004 in the world's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels. Some of these
Dead_zone_(ecology)
Uppermost layer of a sea water column that is exposed to sunlight
aphotic zone is sometimes called the dysphotic zone. Ninety percent of marine life lives in the photic zone, which is approximately two hundred meters
Photic_zone
Ecosystem in a body of water
and on their environment. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems may be lentic
Aquatic_ecosystem
Organism that consumes viruses
organism that consumes viruses. Virivory is a well-described process in which organisms, primarily heterotrophic protists, consume viruses, though some metazoans
Virivore
thousands of copies of the original virus. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses assemble in the infected host cell
Introduction_to_viruses
Very large DNA virus
Prasinovirus, are not giant viruses. The large genomes of many giant viruses encode unusual genes that are not found in other viruses, including genes involved
Giant_virus
Species of parasitic marine isopod
spinipalpa sp. nov. (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) a buccal cavity parasite of the marine fish, Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider) (Osteichthyes, Carangidae)
Cymothoa_exigua
International treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands
Microorganisms Marine bacteriophage Marine prokaryotes Marine protists Marine viruses Paradox of the plankton Vertebrates Marine mammal Marine reptile list
Ramsar_Convention
Realm of viruses
Varidnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes all DNA viruses that encode major capsid proteins that contain two vertical jelly roll folds. The major
Varidnaviria
Science of inland aquatic ecosystems
catchments: connecting terrestrial carbon losses with aquatic metabolism". Marine and Freshwater Research. 52 (1): 101. Bibcode:2001MFRes..52..101C. doi:10
Limnology
Mechanism that maintains marine microbial diversity
comparable to the amount generated by the other main sources of marine DOM. Viruses can easily infect microorganisms in the microbial loop due to their
Viral_shunt
Undersea unicellular organisms
proportion of lysogenic viruses, this indicates that viruses are selected to be integrated pro-viruses rather than free floating viruses and that the auxiliary
Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
Hydrothermal_vent_microbial_communities
Taxonomic rank
rank established for viruses by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), which oversees virus taxonomy. Ten virus realms are recognized
Realm_(virology)
Host and associated species living as a discrete ecological unit
prokaryotes, fungi, other unicellular eukaryotes), and viruses. Although initially driven by studies of marine organisms, much of the research on the emerging
Holobiont
Realm of viruses
is a realm of viruses that includes all viruses that use a homologous RNA-dependent polymerase for replication. It includes RNA viruses that encode an
Riboviria
Marine consumer-resource system
becoming available to higher trophic levels. DOM, POM and the viral shunt Viruses Viruses are the "most abundant biological entities on the planet", particularly
Marine_food_web
Viruses that infect animals
Animal viruses are viruses that infect animals. Viruses infect all cellular life and although viruses infect every animal, plant, fungus and protist species
Animal_virus
Microbiological population model hypothesis
with host-specific viruses (also known as phages) increases, making them more susceptible to viral infection and lysis. Thus, viruses moderate the population
Kill_the_Winner_hypothesis
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
RNA (dsRNA) viruses, positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, negative-sense single-stranded RNA (–ssRNA) viruses, ssRNA viruses that have a
Baltimore_classification
Genus of giant virus possessing a large double-stranded DNA genome
cytoplasm of the amoeba. Viruses portal DNA virus Introduction to viruses Largest organisms List of viruses Microbiology Virology Virus classification "Pandoravirus
Pandoravirus
Watershed terms and topics
Microorganisms Marine bacteriophage Marine prokaryotes Marine protists Marine viruses Paradox of the plankton Vertebrates Marine mammal Marine reptile list
List_of_watershed_topics
Marine bacteria and marine archaea
still poorly understood, such as for the role of viruses in marine ecosystems. Most marine viruses are bacteriophages, which are harmless to plants and
Marine_prokaryotes
Species of virus
members of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses group. CroV has one of the largest genomes of all marine viruses known, consisting of ~730,000 base pairs
Cafeteria_roenbergensis_virus
Roseobacter-family bacteriophage
Through the lysogenic cycle, the viruses can integrate into the genome of their host, while through the lytic cycle, the viruses take control of the host cell
Roseophage
Theory that viruses predate cellular life
hypotheses that attempt to explain the origin and evolution of viruses. Modern viruses are obligate parasites that cannot replicate independently of their
Virus_world_hypothesis
Microorganisms Marine bacteriophage Marine prokaryotes Marine protists Marine viruses Paradox of the plankton Vertebrates Marine mammal Marine reptile list
Sustainable_gardening
Study of manufactured products on aquatic organisms
ecology and aquatic chemistry. This field of study includes freshwater, marine water and sediment environments. Common tests include standardized acute
Aquatic_toxicology
Disease of fish
septicemia virus. It afflicts over 50 species of freshwater and marine fish in several parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Different strains of the virus occur
Viral_hemorrhagic_septicemia
Taxonomic database
The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) is a taxonomic database which attempts to cover published genus names for all domains of life
Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera
Microbial community assemblage and activity
be considered as members of the microbiome. The integration of phages, viruses, plasmids, and mobile genetic elements is more controversial. Whipps's
Microbiome
Virus that infects algae
Algal viruses are viruses that specifically infect the photosynthetic, single-celled eukaryotes known as algae. As of 2020, there were 61 viruses known
Algal_virus
Species of Myxosporea
Henneguya salminicola Ward, 1919. Id:6881057, source: World Register of Marine Species GBIF: Henneguya zschokkei Ward, 1919. Id:6881028, source: Artsnavnebasen
Henneguya_zschokkei
Protein family
residues. Recently, small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) were found in marine viruses (cyanophages). Hsp20, like all heat shock proteins, is in abundance
Hsp20
Microbiologist
and marine viruses, and the evolution of host-virus interactions as evident from the analysis of gene expression in bacteria infected by a virus. Her
Debbie_Lindell
Type of ecosystem
gradient, this pattern can be weak for freshwater systems compared to global marine and terrestrial systems. This may be related to size, as Hillebrand and
Lake_ecosystem
Syndrome of shellfish poisoning
cyanobacteria (usually referred to as blue-green algae). Within the freshwater marine ecosystem, the largest contribution in the accumulation of PSP toxins derives
Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning
Salt water trapped in sea ice
pocket. As viruses are highly specific to their hosts, viruses in brine pockets include bacteriophages, which infect bacteria, and archaeal viruses, which
Sea_ice_brine_pocket
Species of microsporidian fungi
maritime parasite endemic to Australia. It is a parasite of the Australian marine teleost fish, Vincentia conspersa. Vagelli, A.; Paramá, A.; Sanmartín, M
Glugea_vincentiae
Species of virus
related to the influenza viruses. The genome encodes at least 10 proteins. There are several distinct strains of the virus. The most common are a European
Infectious salmon anemia virus
Infectious_salmon_anemia_virus
Class of parasitic flatworms
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Trematoda
Disease of fish
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Swim_bladder_disease
Microscopic living organism
microbiology: the discovery of viruses and the development of enrichment culture techniques. While his work on the tobacco mosaic virus established the basic principles
Microorganism
Infectious disease
marine mammals. Nearly all influenza A viruses are apparently descended from ancestral viruses in birds. The exception are bat influenza-like viruses
Influenza
Kingdom of viruses
member viruses based on their genome type, host range, and genetic similarity. Viruses with three genome types are included: positive-strand RNA viruses, negative-strand
Orthornavirae
Condition caused by the buildup of fluid inside the body
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Dropsy_in_fish
Family of crustaceans
ectoparasites that are found primarily on marine and freshwater fish (only the genus Argulus occurs in marine environments), but can also be found on other
Argulidae
Taxonomic rank above species and below family
the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial
Genus
Individual living life form
that viruses neither evolve nor self-reproduce. Instead, viruses are evolved by their host cells, meaning that there was co-evolution of viruses and host
Organism
Microscopic algae
the naked eye. They are phytoplankton typically found in freshwater and marine systems, living in both the water column and sediment. They are unicellular
Microalgae
Genus of viruses
largest capsid diameter of all known viruses, as well as the largest and most complex genome among all known viruses. Megavirus was isolated from a water
Megavirus
Nature reserve in Lithuania
Microorganisms Marine bacteriophage Marine prokaryotes Marine protists Marine viruses Paradox of the plankton Vertebrates Marine mammal Marine reptile list
Žuvintas_Biosphere_Reserve
Collection of viruses in an organism or ecosystem
international team. Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth, but challenges in detecting, isolating, and classifying unknown viruses have prevented
Virome
Virus that infects cyanobacteria
marine ecosystems. These blooms can pose a danger to humans and other animals, particularly in eutrophic freshwater lakes. Infection by these viruses
Cyanophage
Class of ectoparasitic flatworms
rarely longer than about 2 cm. A few species infecting certain marine fish are larger, and marine forms are generally larger than those found on freshwater
Monogenea
Species of virus
Viruses are shed via urine, sexual fluids, and from external mucus, whereas kidney, spleen, and other internal organs are the sites where the virus is
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus
Infectious_hematopoietic_necrosis_virus
Bacterial disease of fish
disease is caused by bacteria from the genus Mycobacterium and can afflict marine, brackish, and freshwater fish. Piscine mycobacteriosis has been known to
Piscine_tuberculosis
Genus of parasitic nematodes
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Euterranova
Foodborne illness
toxins involved are ciguatoxins and maitotoxin. They are made by a small marine organism, Gambierdiscus toxicus, that grows on and around coral reefs in
Ciguatera_fish_poisoning
Foodborne illness that typically results from eating spoiled fish
1097/ACI.0000000000000297. PMID 27466827. S2CID 21610715. "Food Poisoning from Marine Toxins - Chapter 2 - 2018 Yellow Book". CDC. 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2018
Scombroid_food_poisoning
Genus of viruses
or nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is a genus of nonenveloped positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Nodaviridae. Member viruses infect fish and cause
Betanodavirus
Genus of single-celled organisms
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Saprolegnia
Disease of fish
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Fin_rot
Protein family
element of the virus itself (this does not imply that the gene would not be transferred among hosts - which the photosystem within viruses is - but instead
Photosynthetic reaction centre protein family
Photosynthetic_reaction_centre_protein_family
mammals, the red blood cells of fish have DNA, and can become infected with viruses. The fish develop pale gills, and may swim close to the water surface,
Diseases and parasites in salmon
Diseases_and_parasites_in_salmon
dynamics. Phytoplankton viruses are a type of marine virus. There is substantial genetic variation in phytoplankton viruses, just as there is substantial
Parasites_of_phytoplankton
found more abundantly in lytic viruses. Lytic viruses also encompass a more diverse set of AMGs than lysogenic viruses, in part due to their larger host
Auxiliary_metabolic_genes
Family of copepods
crustaceans) of the family Caligidae within the order Siphonostomatoida. They are marine ectoparasites (external parasites) that feed on the mucus, epidermal tissue
Sea_louse
Field project of the Census of Marine Life
single-cell organisms including bacteria, Archaea, Protista, and associated viruses, exploring and discovering unknown microbial diversity, and placing that
International Census of Marine Microbes
International_Census_of_Marine_Microbes
Small object in marine or freshwater
In marine and freshwater ecology, a particle is a small object.[specify] Particles can remain in suspension in the ocean or freshwater. However, they eventually
Particle_(ecology)
Species of marine parasite
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Ceratomyxa_nolani
Genus of parasitic nematodes
a genus of parasitic nematodes that have life cycles involving fish and marine mammals. They are infective to humans and cause anisakiasis. People who
Anisakis
Zone of the open ocean
composition classified as uncertain or other. Viruses influence biogeochemical cycling through the role they play in marine food webs. Their overall abundance can
Bathypelagic_zone
Largest virus ever discovered
January 2019). "Serendipitous Discovery in a Marine Invertebrate (Phylum Chaetognatha) of the Longest Giant Viruses Reported till Date". Virology: Current Research
Megaklothovirus_horridgei
Genus of viruses
mimivirus joins a group of large viruses known as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). They are all large viruses which share both molecular characteristics
Mimivirus
Implementation of Geographic Information System
limnology, hydrology, aquatic botany, stream ecology, oceanography and marine biology. Applications include using satellite imagery to identify, monitor
GIS_and_aquatic_science
Species of marine parasite
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Ceratomyxa_hooperi
Genus of flatworms
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Dactylogyrus
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
List of diseases and parasites in cod
List_of_diseases_and_parasites_in_cod
Species of virus
Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The segmentation of the influenza A virus genome facilitates
Influenza_A_virus
Family of viruses
is a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses in the order Picornavirales that infect various photosynthetic marine protists. Members of the family have
Marnaviridae
Species of marine parasite
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Ceratomyxa_whippsi
Species of marine parasite
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Ceratomyxa_yokoyamai
Boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean
structure, the global dispersal of airborne viruses originating from the sea surface microlayer, and human health. Viruses are the most abundant biological entities
Sea_surface_microlayer
Species of virus
is a large virus of genus Pandoravirus, found in the marine sediment layer of the Tunquen River in Chile, and is one of the largest viruses identified
Pandoravirus_salinus
Group of eukaryotic organisms
organisms, chromalveolata have viruses. In the case of Gephyrocapsa huxleyi (a common algal bloom haptophyte), a virus believed to be specific to it causes
Chromalveolata
Disease of fish
poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Marine viruses Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin
Epizootic_ulcerative_syndrome
Genus of viruses
and phylogenetically diverse group of viruses known as nucleocytoplasmic large dsDNA viruses (NCLDVs). These viruses either replicate exclusively in the
Coccolithovirus
Proposed genus of viruses
Tupanvirus is a genus of viruses first described in 2018. The genus is composed of two species of virus that are in the giant virus group. Researchers discovered
Tupanvirus
Carbon capture process in oceans
PMID 31780725. Wilhelm, Steven W.; Suttle, Curtis A. (1999). "Viruses and nutrient cycles in the sea: viruses play critical roles in the structure and function of
Biological_pump
Canadian microbiologist
to the Order of Canada. His research is focused on the ecology of viruses in marine systems as well as other natural environments. Suttle completed both
Curtis_A._Suttle
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