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Argument in economics
In economics, the local knowledge problem is the argument that the information required for rational economic planning is distributed among individual
Local_knowledge_problem
Critique of planned economies
could not coordinate their plans without a price system due to the local knowledge problem. Opponents argued that in principle an economy can be seen as a
Economic_calculation_problem
Knowledge: what is known, understood, proven; information and products of learning
Knowledge assessment methodology Knowledge society Local knowledge problem Open access Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities
Outline_of_knowledge
Knowledge systems in the cultural traditions of communities
Traditional knowledge (TK), indigenous knowledge (IK), folk knowledge, and local knowledge generally refers to knowledge systems embedded in the cultural
Traditional_knowledge
Awareness of facts
Declarative knowledge, also known as theoretical knowledge, descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, and knowledge-that, is an awareness of facts
Declarative_knowledge
Type of economic system
referred to subtly distinct aspects of the problem as the economic calculation problem and local knowledge problem, respectively. These distinct aspects were
Planned_economy
Computer program that uses a knowledge base and reasoning to solve problems
A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. Knowledge-based systems were the
Knowledge-based_systems
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
the idea that all items of knowledge are based either on logic and definitions, or else on observation. If the is–ought problem holds, then "ought" statements
Is–ought_problem
Computer system emulating human expert
expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through
Expert_system
Issue in artificial intelligence and categorical algebra
after, the formal mathematical problem was a starting point for more general discussions of the difficulty of knowledge representation for artificial intelligence
Frame_problem
Indigenous and other traditional knowledge of local ecology
Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is a cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief, evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through
Traditional ecological knowledge
Traditional_ecological_knowledge
materialist solution to the Gettier problem, emphasizing the social nature of knowledge over individual belief states. The problem of the criterion challenges
List of philosophical problems
List_of_philosophical_problems
1971 film by Mike Nichols
for every moviegoer who walks out of Carnal Knowledge feeling cheated and despondent. The basic problem with the film is that it's the artistic equivalent
Carnal_Knowledge_(film)
Field of artificial intelligence
incorporates findings from psychology about how humans solve problems and represent knowledge, in order to design formalisms that make complex systems easier
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Field of knowledge
Mathematics is a field of knowledge concerned with abstract concepts such as numbers, geometric shapes, sets, functions, and probabilities. It uses logical
Mathematics
Intelligence of machines
express verbally). There is also the difficulty of knowledge acquisition, the problem of obtaining knowledge for AI applications. An "agent" is any entity
Artificial_intelligence
Type of artificial intelligence approach
a common knowledge base, the "blackboard", is iteratively updated by a diverse group of specialist knowledge sources, starting with a problem specification
Blackboard_system
Doubt about God's existence
or whether the obstacles to knowledge are insurmountable. Pessimistic forms of agnosticism differ over whether the problem is with available evidence or
Agnosticism
Sharing knowledge for problem solving
organizational theory, knowledge transfer is the practical problem of transferring knowledge from one part of the organization to another. Like knowledge management
Knowledge_transfer
Subfield of computer science and logic
In computer science, in particular in knowledge representation and reasoning and metalogic, the area of automated reasoning is dedicated to understanding
Automated_reasoning
Knowledge management software
A personal knowledge base (PKB) is an electronic tool used by an individual to express, capture, and later retrieve personal knowledge. It differs from
Personal_knowledge_base
Mental process dealing with knowledge
the problem of how physical states can give rise to conscious experience. Epistemologists seek to understand the nature and limits of knowledge. They
Cognition
Phenomenon of knowledge spilling over to other people
Knowledge spillover is an exchange of ideas among individuals. Knowledge spillover is usually replaced by terminations of technology spillover, R&D spillover
Knowledge_spillover
Conformity to reality
ISBN 978-90-277-2354-3. Nutting, Eileen S. "The Benacerraf Problem of Mathematical Truth and Knowledge". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 14 January
Truth
Arrangement of points on a sphere
J. Thomson posed the problem in 1904 after proposing an atomic model, later called the plum pudding model, based on his knowledge of the existence of negatively
Thomson_problem
Suddenly understanding a problem or concept
the problem. Once the person relaxes his or her constraints, they can bring previously unavailable knowledge into working memory to solve the problem. The
Eureka_effect
Palestinian-American Islamic scholar (1921–1986)
interfaith dialogue, and is best known for pioneering the Islamization of knowledge and articulating tawhid (monotheism) as a comprehensive worldview. He
Ismail_al-Faruqi
Private university in South Korea
Worldview and Creative Knowledge The purpose of education is to cultivate practical talents with a Christian worldview and creative knowledge, thereby meeting
Pyeongtaek_University
Term from the sociology of science
address specific, real-world problems, with the aim of producing knowledge (applied research) within the context of knowledge society. Mode 2 can be explained
Knowledge_production_modes
Mathematical problem set on a chessboard
(October 1994). "Efficient local search with conflict minimization: a case study of the n-queens problem". IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Eight_queens_puzzle
Philosophical problem
its failure to solve the problem it was formulated to solve. The vice of an infinite regress can be local if it causes problems only for certain theories
Infinite_regress
Learner centric pedagogy
believed that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges and problems. Students learn about a subject by working
Project-based_learning
New and legacy software co-existence
the context (local landscape) of the system being created be factored into any development exercise. This requires a detailed knowledge of the systems
Brownfield (software development)
Brownfield_(software_development)
Statement of infinite regress
"Turtles all the way down" is an expression of the problem of infinite regress. The saying alludes to the mythological idea of a World Turtle that supports
Turtles_all_the_way_down
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge through careful observation, rigorous skepticism, hypothesis testing, and experimental
Scientific_method
Person who facilitates knowledge transfer
incomprehensibility problems, and the inevitability of mistakes (out of anyone's purview, due to resource constraints in personal and group knowledge management)
Knowledge_broker
Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems
name for case-based reasoning in problem solving is symptomatic strategies. It does require à priori domain knowledge that is gleaned from past experience
Case-based_reasoning
Unanswered question in the study of consciousness
binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience. The binding problem refers
Binding_problem
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (sometimes called propositional satisfiability problem and abbreviated SATISFIABILITY, SAT or B-SAT)
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Artificial intelligence project
the sub-problem. The first version of OpenCyc was released in spring 2002 and contained only 6,000 concepts and 60,000 facts. The knowledge base was
Cyc
Practice of increasing online visibility
information that appears in Google's Knowledge Panel in the search results. Depending on the searches, Google can show relevant local results in Google Maps or Search
Local search engine optimisation
Local_search_engine_optimisation
Learning material to aid comprehension of a topic
the subject. Study guides for math and science often present pene (as in problem-based learning) and will offer techniques of resolution. Academic support
Study_guide
Assumption that natural laws are constant through time and space
required, on two grounds. First, nothing in our incomplete but extensive knowledge of history disagrees with it. Second, only with this postulate is a rational
Uniformitarianism
Field of machine learning
used to solve reinforcement learning problems by averaging sample returns. Unlike methods that require full knowledge of the environment's dynamics, Monte
Reinforcement_learning
Creation of knowledge from structured and unstructured sources
Knowledge extraction is the creation of knowledge from structured (relational databases, XML) and unstructured (text, documents, images) sources. The
Knowledge_extraction
Dimensionality reduction of graph-based semantic data objects [machine learning task]
In representation learning, knowledge graph embedding (KGE), also called knowledge representation learning (KRL), or multi-relation learning, is a machine
Knowledge_graph_embedding
Philosophical principle
mind-independent, knowledge ought to work. Hungarian philosopher Imre Lakatos built upon the theory by rephrasing the problem of demarcation as the problem of normative
Fallibilism
8th-century Indian Vedic scholar
liberating knowledge of the true identity of jivatman (jīvātman) (individual self) as Atman (Ātman-Brahman), emphasizing that "right knowledge arises at
Adi_Shankara
Decision-making framework
Inquiry Karl E. Weick Morphological analysis (problem-solving) Narrative inquiry OODA loop SECI model of knowledge dimensions There are known knowns Uncertainty
Cynefin_framework
Technique to solve partial differential equations
and engineering problems limit the robustness of conventional machine learning models used for these applications. The prior knowledge of general physical
Physics-informed neural networks
Physics-informed_neural_networks
Sequence of operations for a task
mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for
Algorithm
Discipline for achieving objectives against unpredictability, complexity, and ambiguity
actions in a socio-economic context. In 1998, Crouch defined the strategic problem as maintaining flexible relationships that can range from intense competition
Strategy
AI whose outputs can be understood by humans
are based on. This makes it possible to confirm existing knowledge, challenge existing knowledge, and generate new assumptions. Machine learning (ML) algorithms
Explainable artificial intelligence
Explainable_artificial_intelligence
Management of the flow of resources
mail deliveries, public utilities, and after-sales services, logistical problems must be addressed. Logistics deals with the movement of materials or products
Logistics
Process of calculating the causal factors that produced a set of observations
An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating
Inverse_problem
On invertibility of polynomial maps (mathematics)
In mathematics, the Jacobian conjecture is a famous unsolved problem concerning polynomials in several variables. It states that if a polynomial function
Jacobian_conjecture
Philosophical tradition
philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring
Pragmatism
Philosophical question about personal identity
condition of appearance from within, reframing the problem as one of how experience arises from a local perspective rather than who possesses an inner self
Why_am_I_me
Record of humanity's attempts to find east-west position on Earth
ocean navigation, knowledge of both latitude and longitude is required, however latitude can be determined with good accuracy with local astronomical observations
History_of_longitude
Misconduct by Western researchers who do not collaborate with local experts
call for the end of these extractivist practices in order to decolonize knowledge. This kind of research approach reduces the quality of research because
Neo-colonial_science
Absence of belief in the existence of deities; the opposite of theism
Rationales for not believing in deities include the lack of evidence, the problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, the rejection of concepts
Atheism
help of this prior knowledge, the solution space is appropriately reduced, and the problem is transformed into a "well-posed" problem. The constraints of
Correspondence_problem
Metaheuristic method for optimization problems
problems, nonlinear program problems, etc. VNS systematically changes the neighborhood in two phases: firstly, descent to find a local optimum and finally, a
Variable_neighborhood_search
Metaheuristic
climbing methods for solving discrete optimization problems. Local search methods can get stuck in a local minimum, where no improving neighbors are available
Iterated_local_search
Inference method used in AI expert systems
developing the model. Then at run time, an "engine" combines this model knowledge with observed data to derive conclusions such as a diagnosis or a prediction
Model-based_reasoning
Type of website edited collaboratively
collaboration and research support systems. A city wiki or local wiki is a wiki used as a knowledge base and social network for a specific geographical locale
Wiki
English mathematician and philosopher (1872–1970)
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1912. The Problems of Philosophy. London: Williams and Norgate 1914. Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific
Bertrand_Russell
Fastest curve descent without friction
uniform gravitational field to a given end point in the shortest time. The problem was posed by Johann Bernoulli in 1696 and famously solved in one night
Brachistochrone_curve
Circular relationships between cause and effect
of scientific knowledge (SSK) literature. Reflexivity has emerged as both an issue and a solution in modern approaches to the problem of structure and
Reflexivity_(social_theory)
Method of determining the direction of Mecca
folk knowledge methods, but after the introduction of astronomy into the Islamic world, solutions based on mathematical and astronomical knowledge began
Qibla_observation_by_shadows
Process of managing interactions with customers
customers are supported through multiple channels such as phone, email, knowledge bases, ticketing portals, FAQs, and more. The role of analytical CRM systems
Customer relationship management
Customer_relationship_management
Concept in decision-making
strategies. Exploitation involves choosing the best option based on current knowledge of the system (which may be incomplete or misleading), while exploration
Exploration–exploitation dilemma
Exploration–exploitation_dilemma
Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
unclear what implications this has for the problem of free will given various possible reactions to the problem in the first place. Many biologists do not
Determinism
Australian and American mathematician (born 1975)
Candes and Benjamin Recht considered an analogous problem for recovering a matrix from knowledge of only a few of its entries and the information that
Terence_Tao
Branch of science that studies society and its relationships
Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment
Social_science
describing the same problem without using the term "News desert". Shiva Stella (13 May 2021). "Press Release Public Knowledge Commends Congress for
Future_of_Local_News_Act
Subset of artificial intelligence
logical, knowledge-based approach caused a rift between AI and machine learning. Probabilistic systems were plagued by theoretical and practical problems of
Machine_learning
Country in northwestern Europe
Language of Conflict, Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, One specific problem – in both general and particular senses – is to know what to call Northern
United_Kingdom
Languages associated with scientific research
Linguistic diversity became framed as a structural problem that ultimately limited the spread of scientific knowledge. In 1924, the linguist Roland Grubb Kent underlined
Languages_of_science
Collective perception of a group of people
between an array of points. Models of these problems either break the problem into common pieces (the local decomposition method of aggregation) or find
Wisdom_of_the_crowd
1977 nonfiction book by Christopher Alexander
the problem, but in a very general and abstract way—so you can solve the problem, in your way, by adapting it to your preferences, and the local conditions
A_Pattern_Language
IEEE Transactions. C (21): 1197–1206. Church, A. (1936). "An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory (first presented on 19 April 1935 to the American
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence
Type of software system
order to solve real-world problems. Many reasoning systems employ deductive reasoning to draw inferences from available knowledge. These inference engines
Reasoning_system
Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
Skepticism (US) or scepticism (UK) is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma. For example, if a person
Skepticism
Sum of inverse squares of natural numbers
The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, concerning an infinite sum of inverse squares. It was first posed
Basel_problem
Ability to make choices voluntarily
is a case where nothing believable has (to my knowledge) been proposed. John R Searle (2013). "The problem of free will". Freedom and Neurobiology: Reflections
Free_will
Traditional knowledge of the Inuit
participation) knowledge has also been called "Inuit ecological knowledge" (IEK), "Traditional Ecological Knowledge" (TEK) or "Local Ecological Knowledge" (LEK)
Inuit_Qaujimajatuqangit
German philosopher (1724–1804)
subject and motivated by the desire to secure the possibility of both knowledge and morality against the threats of skepticism and determinism. In the
Immanuel_Kant
Machine learning and inference framework
allows one to focus on the modeling of problems by providing the opportunity to incorporate domain-specific knowledge as global constraints using a first
Constrained_conditional_model
Machine learning technique
technique where multiple expert networks (learners) are used to divide a problem space into homogeneous regions. MoE represents a form of ensemble learning
Mixture_of_experts
Branch of academic disciplines
some universities are including coursework relating to Wikipedia and Knowledge Management in their MLIS programs. Becoming a library staff member does
Library and information science
Library_and_information_science
Search engine from Google
typed, words. In 2012, Google introduced a semantic search feature named Knowledge Graph. Analysis of the frequency of search terms may indicate economic
Google_Search
Computer science award
to John von Neumann in which Gödel asked whether a certain NP-complete problem could be solved in quadratic or linear time. The Gödel Prize has been awarded
Gödel_Prize
Market failure benefitting non-paying users
because common property regimes can avoid the principal–agent problem, the specific local knowledge within common property regimes typically enables them to
Free-rider_problem
English screenwriter, film director and producer (1970–2010)
heart problem, it is not really for me to say, you must ask him, but yes, there have been health problems in the past. I believe it's common knowledge, and
Simon_Monjack
theoretical perspectives informing IT management include the Knowledge-Based View (knowledge as a source of value), Institutional Theory (regulatory, normative
Information technology management
Information_technology_management
Decision-making framework for artificial intelligence
reaction and response types procedural representation of knowledge handling of multiple problems reactive and goal-directed behavior focus of attention
Procedural_reasoning_system
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
abductive logic programming (ALP) A high-level knowledge-representation framework that can be used to solve problems declaratively based on abductive reasoning
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
Subfield of artificial intelligence
distributed problem solving. In multi-agent systems the main focus is how agents coordinate their knowledge and activities. For distributed problem solving
Distributed artificial intelligence
Distributed_artificial_intelligence
Branch of artificial intelligence aiming to create AI systems with "common sense"
commonsense knowledge problem is a current project in the sphere of artificial intelligence to create a database that contains the general knowledge most individuals
Commonsense_reasoning
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
Boy/Male
British, English
Loyal
Boy/Male
Arabic
Loyal
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French
Faithful; True
Boy/Male
British, English
Loyal
Boy/Male
Indian
Loyal
Boy/Male
Italian Greek
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Irish
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
True Knowlege; Lord Brahma; Having the True Knowledge
Boy/Male
Irish Welsh
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Irish Welsh
Loyal.
Boy/Male
British, English
Loyal
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Italian
Loyal
Girl/Female
Indian
Loyal
Boy/Male
Irish American Welsh
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Irish
Loyal.
Girl/Female
French
Loyal.
Boy/Male
English American French
Faithful; unswerving.
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Loyal
Girl/Female
Muslim
Loyal
Boy/Male
English American
Loyal.
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
Female
Spanish
Feminine form of Spanish Tomás, TOMASA means "twin."Â
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Intelligent and Handsome
Girl/Female
Tamil
Manasvini | மநஸà¯à®µà®¿à®¨à¯€
Goddess Durga, Self-respecting, Self-controlled, Wise, Sensible
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of the All-sufficient (Allah)
Girl/Female
Indian, Polish, Sanskrit
Early; Early Rising; A Peacock's Tail
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Son of the people.
Male
Celtic
, officer or magistrate.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
The Non Poisonous Water Snake; Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Goddess Lakshmi / Parvati
Male
Greek
(ΦόÏκυς) Greek name PHORKYS means "of the sea." In mythology, this is an old man ruling over the sea; later he is described as a god of the hidden dangers of the deep, a brother of Nêreus, and is depicted as a kind of merman.
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
n.
A train which receives and deposits passengers or freight along the line of the road; a train for the accommodation of a certain district.
v. i.
That which is gained and preserved by knowing; instruction; acquaintance; enlightenment; learning; scholarship; erudition.
v. t.
To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God.
n.
A vocal sound; specifically, a purely vocal element of speech, unmodified except by resonance; a vowel or a diphthong; a tonic element; a tonic; -- distinguished from a subvocal, and a nonvocal.
a.
Belonging to,or concerning, a focus; as, a focal point.
a.
Uttered or modulated by the voice; oral; as, vocal melody; vocal prayer.
v. i.
Sexual intercourse; -- usually preceded by carnal; as, carnal knowledge.
n.
Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc.
a.
Loyal.
v. t.
To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as, to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter.
v. i.
The act or state of knowing; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty; certain apprehension; familiar cognizance; cognition.
v. i.
Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as, it has not come to my knowledge.
a.
Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom.
v. i.
That which is or may be known; the object of an act of knowing; a cognition; -- chiefly used in the plural.
v.
Knowledge.
v. i.
That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as, a knowledge of life.
n.
On newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the place where the paper is published.
n.
Knowledge.
v. t.
To acknowledge.
n.
A principle, practice, form of speech, or other thing of local use, or limited to a locality.