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Chinese penal labor system
Laogai (Chinese: 劳改), short for laodong gaizao (劳动改造), which means reform through labor, was a criminal justice system involving the use of penal labor
Laogai
Museum in Washington, D.C.
The Laogai Museum was a museum in Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., United States, which showcased human rights in the People's Republic of China, focusing
Laogai_Museum
Second season of Avatar: The Last Airbender animation series
Achievement in Animation" award for Sang-Jin Kim's animation in the "Lake Laogai" episode. Nickelodeon began releasing DVDs for Book 2 on January 23, 2007
Avatar: The Last Airbender season 2
Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender_season_2
Chinese-American human rights NGO
The Laogai Research Foundation is a human rights NGO located in Washington, D.C, United States. The foundation's mission is to "gather information on and
Laogai_Research_Foundation
System of administrative detention in mainland China
petitioners, and Falun Gong followers. It was separated from the much larger laogai system of prison labor camps. Sentences under re-education through labor
Re-education_through_labor
Chinese-American human rights activist (1937–2016)
became a resident and citizen of the United States. In 1992, he founded the Laogai Research Foundation. Wu was born into an affluent family in Shanghai; his
Harry_Wu
Country in East Asia
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
China
Labour camp in Gansu, China
Jiābiāngōu; lit. 'wedged between ditches') is a former farm labor camp (laogai) located in the area under the administration of Jiuquan in the northwestern
Jiabiangou
Town in Shan State, Myanmar
Laukkai (also known as Laukkaing, Laogai or Laokai; Burmese: လောက်ကိုင်မြို့; Chinese: 老街; pinyin: Lǎojiē) is the capital of Kokang Self-Administered Zone
Laukkai
Leader of China since 2012
The plenum also announced economic reforms and resolved to abolish the laogai system of "re-education through labour", which was largely seen as a blot
Xi_Jinping
Chinese novelist (1933–2019)
spent 20 years in the laogai ("reform through labor") camps. Following his release in 1978, he published China's first novel on laogai and founded the "High
Cong_Weixi
the People's Republic of China. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Xinjiang
Leader of China from 1949 to 1976
mainly due to starvation, but also through persecution, prison labour in laogai, and mass executions. Mao's China has been described as an autocratic and
Mao_Zedong
Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution
capital city Guangzhou, for example, the massacre targeting the prisoners of Laogai resulted in the deaths of at least 187–197 people within a week of August
Guangdong Cultural Revolution Massacre
Guangdong_Cultural_Revolution_Massacre
Work that employs people against their will
Geneva Convention provided they were accorded proper treatment. China's laogai ("labour reform") system and North Korea's kwalliso camps are current examples
Forced_labour
asianews.it. 2 March 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2008. "Laogai Handbook (2007–2008)" (PDF). The Laogai Research Foundation. 2008. Archived from the original
List of re-education through labor camps in China
List_of_re-education_through_labor_camps_in_China
2020 Chinese-Hong Kong film by Zhang Yimou
2020 drama film directed by Zhang Yimou, about a man who escapes from a Laogai camp during the Cultural Revolution. The film is co-produced by China and
One_Second_(film)
the People's Republic of China. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List of prisons in Heilongjiang
List_of_prisons_in_Heilongjiang
considered to be the mother.[page needed] The Laogai system in China, short for Laodong Gaizao ("Laogai" or "Reeducation Through Labor") was established
Slavery_in_China
Municipal Administration of Prisons. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Beijing
from the original on 13 May 2025. Laogai Handbook 2007-2008 (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Liaoning
16th episode of the 2nd season of Avatar: The Last Airbender
Downes as circus master Episode chronology ← Previous "The Tales of Ba Sing Se" Next → "Lake Laogai" Avatar: The Last Airbender season 2 List of episodes
Appa's_Lost_Days
Fictional animal in Avatar: The Last Airbender
preference towards Zuko, who saved him from his imprisonment beneath Lake Laogai. Appa is featured prominently throughout the franchise, not only in the
Appa (Avatar: The Last Airbender)
Appa_(Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender)
African-American abolitionist (1822–1913)
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Harriet_Tubman
of prisons in Chongqing, China. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Chongqing
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade
of labor prisons (formerly called laogai), millions of prisoners have been subject to forced, unpaid labor. The laogai system is estimated to currently
Slavery_in_the_21st_century
the People's Republic of China. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Sichuan
American animated television series
Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Sang-Jin Kim for "Lake Laogai" Won 2008 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Avatar: The Last Airbender
Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender
Slave trade in Bukhara until the 19th century
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Bukhara_slave_trade
Period of sociopolitical turmoil in China (1966–1976)
Rummel included his estimate of Laogai camp deaths in this figure. He estimated that 5% of the 10 million people in the Laogai camps died each year of the
Cultural_Revolution
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Penal labour in the United Kingdom
Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom
Chinese musician and writer (born 1958)
2009 China's Unjust Court Cases 中國冤案錄 Volume 1, Laogai Foundation, 2003, Washington, D.C. (www.laogai.org) Black Literary Treasury, Edited by Liao Tianqi
Liao_Yiwu
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Balkan_slave_trade
the People's Republic of China. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Hubei
Historical burial site
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Sambo's_Grave
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
National_emblem_of_China
French and Chinese journalist
journalist who wrote a memoir of his experiences as a political prisoner in the laogai labor camp system. Born in Beijing, Jean Pasqualini was the son of a Chinese
Jean_Pasqualini
Form of internment camp for political prisoners
village Labor camp Kwalliso (North Korean political penal labour colonies) Laogai (Chinese, "reform through labor") Military Units to Aid Production, Cuba
Concentration_camp
Indentured servitude in certain French territories during the 18th to 19th century
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Engagé
Tibetan refugee (1932–2020)
Tibetan resistance fighter of the Chushi Gangdruk. She spent 27 years in the Laogai before taking refuge in India. Tapontsang was born into a nomadic family
Adhe_Tapontsang
New religious movement from China
Gong practitioners represent an average of 15 to 20 percent of the total "laogai" population, a population which includes practitioners who are currently
Falun_Gong
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Housing_in_China
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
List_of_regions_of_China
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Slavery_in_Korea
from the original on 14 May 2025. Laogai Handbook 2007-2008 (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List of prisons in Inner Mongolia
List_of_prisons_in_Inner_Mongolia
Municipal Public Security Bureau "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Shanghai
executions of landowners, instituted collectivisation and implemented the Laogai camp system. Execution, deaths from forced labor and other atrocities resulted
History_of_China
2007 video game
library for Fire Nation plans, confronts the Dai Li, and frees Appa from Lake Laogai. They warn the Earth King of an upcoming drill attack and ultimately sabotage
Avatar: The Last Airbender – The Burning Earth
Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender_–_The_Burning_Earth
American programmer and entrepreneur (born 1968)
dissidents. Late in 2008, the Laogai Museum opened; the museum was run by noted Chinese dissident Harry Wu and showcased China's laogai penal system. It was funded
Jerry_Yang
Some of the detention centers in Chile in this period: Laogai (Chinese: 劳改; pinyin: Láogǎi), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (劳动改造), which means
List of concentration and internment camps
List_of_concentration_and_internment_camps
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Venetian_slave_trade
Former symbol of the People's Republic of China
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China
Seal_of_the_People's_Government_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
Purported 1712 speech, a hoax
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
William_Lynch_speech
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Mass_surveillance_in_China
Prison in Fuyang, Anhui, China
Fuyang, Anhui, China. It was established in 1971. List of prisons in Anhui Laogai Research Foundation Handbook Archived 2012-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
Fuyang_Prison
the People's Republic of China. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Henan
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Flag_of_China
Historical figure, heroine on French Guadeloupe (c. 1772 – 1802)
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
La_Mulâtresse_Solitude
Chinese dissident executed during the Cultural Revolution
ISBN 9781137492074. "Zhang Chunyuan". Laogai Research Foundation. Retrieved 2021-06-11. "Du Yinghua". Laogai Research Foundation. Retrieved 2021-06-12
Zhang_Chunyuan
2018 French film
multitude of discontents." List of longest films Anti-Rightist Movement Laogai Re-education through labor Rapold, Nicolas (5 May 2018). "Wang Bing Gives
Dead_Souls_(2018_film)
Refugee enslaved woman, enslaved by George and Martha Washington
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Ona_Judge
Tourism at communist locations
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Red_tourism
the People's Republic of China. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List of prisons in Shanxi province
List_of_prisons_in_Shanxi_province
Slave trade between Africa and the West
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Atlantic_slave_trade
Geographical and cultural region
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
South_China
African-American slave and member of the Lewis and Clark expedition
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
York_(explorer)
International reactions to 2008 Tibetan protests Labour camps in Tibet Laogai, "reform through [forced] labor" List of concentration and internment camps#People's
Human_rights_in_China
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
The_Bible_and_slavery
Person accused of certain crimes against the state
Grand Secretariat of the Earth Kingdom's capital city, in the episode "Lake Laogai." Enemy of the people Public enemy Seifert, Jürgen; Wikoff, Jerold; Gebhardt
Enemy_of_the_state
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
List_of_libraries_in_China
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire
Continent
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
South_America
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Social_security_in_China
the People's Republic of China. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Guizhou
(Warning: insecure connection) Source: "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Hebei
Imprisonment or confinement of groups of people without trial
arrest Labor camp Kwalliso (North Korean political penal labour colonies) Laogai (Chinese, "reform through labor") Military Units to Aid Production "Polish
Internment
Hong Kong writer (1935–2022)
Jalaid Banner, a region in Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia, as a guard of a local laogai camp. In 1956, Ni was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment as a counter-revolutionary
Ni_Kuang
System allowing a slave to buy their freedom
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Coartación_(slavery)
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Youyu_clan
Enslaved American (c.1770s – after 1836)
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Marguerite_Scypion
Form of communism
widespread use of forced labour in labour camps, such as the Gulag and Laogai, was inherited from Nazi Germany. Although some non-communist states used
Marxism–Leninism
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Slavery_in_Iraq
Mainland period of the Republic of China
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)
Geographical region of China
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
East_China
Type of forced labour performed by prisoners
China in 1949, the systems of laojiao (Re-education Through Labour) and laogai (Reform Through Labour) were established as part of the country's efforts
Penal_labour
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Prehistory_of_China
History of the natural environment and human interaction in China
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Environmental history of China
Environmental_history_of_China
Uprising in Lhasa, Tibet against China
by Chinese officials. He spent the next 33 years in Chinese prisons and laogai or "reform through labor" camps, the longest term of any Tibetan political
1959_Tibetan_uprising
Opposition to communism
Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem "Average number of Falun Gong in Laogai System at any given time" Low estimate 450,000, High estimate 1,000,000
Anti-communism
is a list of prisons in Jiangsu. "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008
List_of_prisons_in_Jiangsu
Overview of territories claimed by China
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Territorial_disputes_of_China
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Urban_areas_in_China
1927–1949 civil war in China
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Chinese_Civil_War
Geographical region
Democracy Pro-democratisation Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Laogai National People's Congress Standing Committee National security Political
Northeast_China
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Slavery_in_France
Whipping as a punishment
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan
Flagellation
Abusive extralegal detention centers in China
Weiquan movement Indefinite detention Petitioning (China) Political prisoner Laogai Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location This article contains
Black_jails
crackdown on the practice. The Australian Refugee Review Tribunal and the Laogai Research Foundation, an NGO specialising in gathering information on human
Capital_punishment_in_China
Economic phenomenon
arbitrage Gulag Human trafficking Indentured servant Job strain Kafala system Laogai Labour shortage List of global issues Mutualism Neocolonialism Overexploitation
Exploitation_of_labour
LAOGAI
LAOGAI
LAOGAI
LAOGAI
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Ananya, ANANIAH means "Jehovah clouds" or "what Jehovah covers." In the bible, this is the name of an ancestor of Azariah who lived in the time of Nehemiah and assisted in rebuilding the city wall.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Light of Moon
Girl/Female
Muslim
Compassionate, Tender
Girl/Female
Tamil
Renowned, Bright as the dawn
Girl/Female
Tamil
The light of india
Girl/Female
Tamil
Anudeepthi | அநà¯à®¤à¯€à®ªà¯à®¤à¯€
Divine light
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English
Spearman
Surname or Lastname
English (Durham)
English (Durham) : unexplained.Perhaps an Americanized form of German Lichtel, a habitational name from a place named Lichtel, recorded in 1224 as Lihental. This name occurs chiefly in LA.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Extremely
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord of Sun
LAOGAI
LAOGAI
LAOGAI
LAOGAI
LAOGAI