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Mathematical function in economics
In economics, an inverse demand function is the mathematical relationship that expresses price as a function of quantity demanded (it is therefore also
Inverse_demand_function
Concept in economics
the MR function is one-half the value of that of the demand function, and the slope of the MR function is twice that of the inverse demand function. This
Demand
Graph of how much of something a consumer would buy at a certain price
A demand curve is a graph depicting the inverse demand function, a relationship between the price of a certain commodity (the y-axis) and the quantity
Demand_curve
Statistical function that defines the quantiles of a probability distribution
the quantile function of a probability distribution is the inverse of its cumulative distribution function. That is, the quantile function of a distribution
Quantile_function
Economic model of price determination in a market
demand Effect of taxes and subsidies on price Elasticity Excess demand function Externality Guanzi (text) History of economic thought Inverse demand function
Supply_and_demand
Mathematical relation consisting of a multi-variable function equal to zero
multivariable functions that are continuously differentiable. A common type of implicit function is an inverse function. Not all functions have a unique inverse function
Implicit_function
Difference between the cost and the selling price of a good or service
{\displaystyle P(Q)} is an inverse demand function, and thereby the price at which Q can be sold given the existing demand, and C ( Q ) {\displaystyle
Markup_(business)
Total receipts a seller can obtain
revenue function: T R ( Q ) = P ( Q ) × Q {\displaystyle {\mathit {TR}}(Q)=P(Q)\times Q} , where Q is the quantity of output sold, and P(Q) is the inverse demand
Total_revenue
Concept in economics
Economic rent Economic value added Externality Incremental profit Inverse demand function Profit motive Profitability index Rate of profit Superprofit Surplus
Profit_(economics)
Aspect of monopolistic markets
{\displaystyle P(Q)} = inverse demand function; the price at which Q {\displaystyle Q} can be sold given the existing demand C ( Q ) {\displaystyle C(Q)}
Monopoly_price
Asymmetric sigmoid function
function, and then converted to the equivalent inverse function using the relationship between the two given above. In this way the inverse function has
Gompertz_function
Economic model
assume that price (inverse demand function) is linear and of the form p = a − b Q {\displaystyle p=a-bQ} . So, the inverse demand function can then be rewritten
Cournot_competition
Problem of setting prices by a public monopoly
markets so demands are independent, and demand for good i is q i ( p i ) , {\displaystyle q_{i}\left(p_{i}\right),} with inverse demand function p i ( q
Ramsey_problem
Fundamental principle in microeconomics
microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words
Law_of_demand
Additional total revenue generated by increasing product sales by 1 unit
the revenue function to be R ( Q ) = P ( Q ) ⋅ Q , {\displaystyle R(Q)=P(Q)\cdot Q,} where Q is output and P(Q) is the inverse demand function of customers
Marginal_revenue
Economic model
the inverse demand function (price as a function of total quantity) is given by p ( x + y ) {\displaystyle p(x+y)} . Hence the profit function for the
Brander–Spencer_model
Mathematical function, inverse of an exponential function
logb x = y, so log10 1000 = 3. As a single-variable function, the logarithm to base b is the inverse of exponentiation with base b. The logarithm base 10
Logarithm
{\displaystyle P:\mathbb {R} _{+}\to \mathbb {R} _{+}} is the inverse demand function and c ≥ 0 {\displaystyle c\geq 0} is the constant marginal cost
Monotone_comparative_statics
Uniform distribution on an interval
then the inverse transform of many integral transforms of this uniform function will yield back the function itself, rather than a function which is equal
Continuous uniform distribution
Continuous_uniform_distribution
Game theory concept
is the inverse demand function - it maps the total supplied amount to the price of the product; C i {\displaystyle C_{i}} is the cost function of firm
Aggregative_game
trigonometric functions List of integrals of hyperbolic functions List of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions List of integrals of exponential functions List
Lists_of_integrals
Characteristic in consumer theory
competitive consumers optimize homothetic utility functions subject to a budget constraint, the ratios of goods demanded by consumers will depend only on relative
Homothetic_preferences
Overview of and topical guide to marketing
transaction costs. Different types of demand functions include: derived demand and inverse demand function. In Western economies, the capitalist economy
Outline_of_marketing
Sensitivity of quantity to price
inelastic goods, because of the inverse nature of the relationship between price and quantity demanded (i.e., the law of demand), the two effects affect total
Price_elasticity_of_demand
directly demand or derived demand. Producers have a derived demand for employees. The employees themselves do not appear in the employer's utility function; rather
Derived_demand
Process to determine the highest profits for a firm
markup of price over the marginal cost is inversely related to the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand for the good. The optimal markup rule
Profit_maximization
Extension of the factorial function
gamma function Lemniscate constant Pseudogamma function Hadamard's gamma function Inverse gamma function Lanczos approximation Multiple gamma function Multivariate
Gamma_function
Amount of a good that sellers are willing to provide in the market
single function that relates price to quantity supplied. Aggregate Demand AD-AS model Demand curve Law of supply Profit maximization Supply and Demand Price
Supply_(economics)
Economic function
w^{0}),\quad i=1,\dots ,n.} The indirect utility function is the inverse of the expenditure function when the prices are kept constant. I.e, for every
Indirect_utility_function
{d(x_{2}/x_{1})}{x_{2}/x_{1}}}}}.} The inverse of elasticity of complementarity is elasticity of substitution. Hamermesh, Daniel S., Labor Demand, Princeton University
Elasticity_of_complementarity
Infinite sum
between uniform and non-uniform convergence, in spite of the demands of the theory of functions. A series is said to be semi-convergent (or conditionally
Series_(mathematics)
Financial mathematical measure
that approximate the multivariate inverse function directly. Often they are based on polynomials or rational functions. For the Bachelier ("normal", as
Implied_volatility
L.J. Bettendorf Price formation for fish: An application of an inverse demand function 1994 Robert Innes and Richard Sexton Customer coalitions, monopoly
Hicks-Tinbergen_Award
Mathematical function for the probability a given outcome occurs in an experiment
distribution function F, let Finv be the generalized left inverse of F , {\displaystyle F,} also known in this context as the quantile function or inverse distribution
Probability_distribution
Property of operations
and finally x = e {\displaystyle x=e} by multiplying on the left by the inverse element of x {\displaystyle x} . In the monoids ( P ( E ) , ∪ ) {\displaystyle
Idempotence
Concept in economics
the demand for which falls with increase in income of the consumer. So, there is an inverse relationship between income of the consumer and the demand for
Inferior_good
p_{i}}}=x_{i}^{h}(p^{0},u^{0})} The expenditure function is the inverse of the indirect utility function when the prices are kept constant. I.e, for every
Expenditure_function
Technique used in signal processing and data compression
DCT as first proposed by Ahmed. Its inverse, the type-III DCT, is correspondingly often called simply the inverse DCT or the IDCT. Two related transforms
Discrete_cosine_transform
Device to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected
An inverse-time over-current (ITOC) relay is an overcurrent relay which operates only when the magnitude of their operating current is inversely proportional
Protective_relay
Economic formula of productivity
case of the Gorman polar form. The expenditure function is the inverse of the indirect utility function: e ( p , u ) = ( 1 / K ) ∏ i = 1 n p i α i u {\displaystyle
Cobb–Douglas production function
Cobb–Douglas_production_function
Concept in economics
u)=(p_{x}^{r/(r-1)}+p_{y}^{r/(r-1)})^{(r-1)/r}\cdot u.} The indirect utility function is its inverse: v ( p x , p y , I ) = ( p x r / ( r − 1 ) + p y r / ( r − 1 )
Constant elasticity of substitution
Constant_elasticity_of_substitution
About mathematical functions
18th century typically regarded a function as being defined by an analytic expression. In the 19th century, the demands of the rigorous development of analysis
History of the function concept
History_of_the_function_concept
Mathematical function with multiple real-number arguments
In mathematics, a function of several real variables or real multivariate function is a function with more than one argument, with all arguments being
Function of several real variables
Function_of_several_real_variables
probability density function of demand during lead time G ( x ) {\displaystyle G(x)} = cumulative distribution function of demand during lead time θ {\displaystyle
Base_stock_model
Monetary economics equation
equation is equivalent to the equation of exchange with velocity equal to the inverse of k: M ⋅ 1 k = P ⋅ Y {\displaystyle M\cdot {\frac {1}{k}}=P\cdot Y} Monge
Cambridge_equation
Type of derivative in mathematics
mathematics, the derivative of a function at a point is the linear part of the best affine approximation to the function near the point. In one-variable
Derivative (multivariable calculus)
Derivative_(multivariable_calculus)
Economics concept of goods considered interchangeable
economic theory of unit elastic demand illustrates the inverse relationship between price and quantity. Unit-demand goods are always substitutes. Perfect
Substitute_good
Type of grammatical construction
In linguistics, inverse copular constructions, named after Moro (1997), are a type of inversion in English where canonical SCP word order (subject-copula-predicative
Inverse_copular_constructions
Application of economic techniques to real estate markets
equilibrium demand of R1 (since the number of homes decreased, but demand still exists). The increase of demand from Ro to R1 will shift the value function up
Real_estate_economics
including Catacaustic and Diacaustic Cissoid Conchoid Evolute Glissette Inverse curve Involute Isoptic including Orthoptic Negative pedal curve Fish curve
List_of_curves
Tool for analyzing potential welfare costs and benefits of mergers between firms
equilibrium would not be a function of quantity. Which is necessary for application of Cournot theory. Each firm's residual demand curve intersects above
Merger_simulation
Concept in economics
complement. Technically, it displays a negative cross elasticity of demand and that demand for it increases when the price of another good decreases. If A
Complementary_good
Phenomenon in microeconomics
as a situation where the demand for a certain good by individuals of a higher income level is inversely related to its demand by those of a lower income
Snob_effect
zero, the inverse Box–Cox transformation becomes: y = e z , {\displaystyle y=e^{z},} an exponential model. Therefore, the original inverse Box-Cox transformation
Response_modeling_methodology
2022 American television series
Trek writer explains a big Gorn canon twist in 'Strange New Worlds'". Inverse. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022. Parker
Star_Trek:_Strange_New_Worlds
filter Inverse distance weighting Inverse distribution Inverse Gaussian distribution Inverse matrix gamma distribution Inverse Mills ratio Inverse probability
List_of_statistics_articles
1936 book by John Maynard Keynes
cash. Frank Knight commented that this seems to assume that demand is simply an inverse function of price. The upshot from these reasonings is that: Liquidity-preference
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money
Educational technology company
y=mx+b); Function properties (e.g. definition of a function, one-to-one/onto, even/odd, domain/range, inverses, composites, direct/inverse variation
Yup_Technologies
Lists of values of mathematical functions
Modern computers and pocket calculators now generate trigonometric function values on demand, using special libraries of mathematical code. Often, these libraries
Trigonometric_table
Mathematical model to assist inventory levels
where F − 1 {\displaystyle F^{-1}} denotes the generalized inverse cumulative distribution function of D {\displaystyle D} . Intuitively, this ratio, referred
Newsvendor_model
Extra stock kept to mitigate risks
the service level, and z α {\displaystyle z_{\alpha }} is the inverse distribution function of a standard normal distribution with cumulative probability
Safety_stock
Macroeconomic model relating interest rates and output
instead of securities as an asset for investment purposes. Speculative demand is inversely related to the interest rate. As the interest rate rises, the opportunity
IS–LM_model
Type of oligopoly
equation for the market demand function. Market with two firms i = 1, 2 with constant marginal cost ci Inverse market demand for a homogeneous good: P(Q)
Duopoly
Mental process dealing with knowledge
with the world. Cognitive processes are typically categorized by their function. Perception organizes and interprets sensory information, such as light
Cognition
Market structure with a single firm dominating the market
x} -intercept as the inverse demand curve. Second, the slope of the marginal revenue curve is twice that of the inverse demand curve. What is not quite
Monopoly
Season of television series
stories that has made Star Trek: Discovery a fan favorite". Writing for Inverse, Ryan Britt felt the series was being presented as the most "mainstream"
Star Trek: Strange New Worlds season 1
Star_Trek:_Strange_New_Worlds_season_1
System of complete and orthogonal polynomials
polynomials, Legendre functions, Legendre functions of the second kind, big q-Legendre polynomials, and associated Legendre functions. In this approach,
Legendre_polynomials
Generalization of the real numbers
is closed under multiplicative inverse and forms a field. The latter sets are also closed under the exponential function as defined by Kruskal and Gonshor
Surreal_number
Basic integral in elementary calculus
of the integral of a function on an interval. It defines the integral by approximating the region under the graph of a function by finite sums of areas
Riemann_integral
Modular approach to chemical synthesis
Notably, the strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) and inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reactions have been widely adopted for bioorthogonal
Click_chemistry
Equation used on monetary theory
with velocity equal to the inverse of k: M ⋅ 1 k = P ⋅ Q {\displaystyle M\cdot {\frac {1}{k}}=P\cdot Q} The money demand function is often conceptualized
Equation_of_exchange
Study of interactions between travellers and infrastructure
equilibrium of demand function and marginal cost function. In this approach, marginal cost is roughly depicted as increasing function in traffic congestion
Traffic_flow
Cylindrical conformal map projection
Finding the longitude as an inverse of the x {\displaystyle x} coordinate is trivial. The latitude can be found as an inverse of y {\displaystyle y}
Mercator_projection
Application of economics in a business
producer and quantity demanded by a consumer are inversely proportional, meaning an increase in the price set is met by a reduction in demand by the consumer
Managerial_economics
Technique to find image offset
to be very slow since they must apply an inverse Fourier transform or its equivalent in the objective function. It is also possible to infer the peak location
Phase_correlation
Naturally recurring resting state of mind and body
processes that maintain mood, memory, and cognitive function, and play a large role in the function of the endocrine and immune systems. The internal circadian
Sleep
Function of four real variables that defines how light is reflected at an opaque surface
distribution function (BRDF), symbol f r ( ω i , ω r ) {\displaystyle f_{\text{r}}(\omega _{\text{i}},\,\omega _{\text{r}})} , is a function of four real
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
Bidirectional_reflectance_distribution_function
Version of scientific notation
displayed number does not change. Preceding the keypress with INV would inverse the action in the other direction. Natural binary counterparts to the ronna-
Engineering_notation
Thought experiments
inverse). By the implicit function theorem, then, x ∗ ( q ) {\displaystyle x^{*}(q)} may be viewed locally as a continuously differentiable function,
Comparative_statics
2025 Marvel Studios film
Lyvie (May 2, 2025). "Thunderbolts* Just Retconned Sentry For The Better". Inverse. Archived from the original on February 20, 2026. Retrieved June 2, 2026
Thunderbolts*
Market where factors of production are bought and sold
labor and the quantity of labor demanded are inversely related. If the price of labor goes up the quantity of labor demanded goes down. This change is reflected
Factor_market
Growth of quantities at rate proportional to the current amount
types of growth, such as quadratic growth). Exponential growth is the inverse of logarithmic growth. Terms like "exponential growth" are sometimes incorrectly
Exponential_growth
List of characters appearing in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
spiritual leader of the Eternals, who possesses healing abilities and functions as the "bridge" between the Eternals and the Celestial Arishem. Based
Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe: A–L
Characters_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe:_A–L
Variable representing a random phenomenon
x_{i}=g_{i}^{-1}(y)} , according to the inverse function theorem. The formulas for densities do not demand g {\displaystyle g} to be increasing. In the
Random_variable
Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model, given observations
_{r}^{-1}\left({\widehat {\theta }}\right)} is the inverse of the Hessian matrix of the log-likelihood function, both evaluated the rth iteration. But because
Maximum_likelihood_estimation
Extraterrestrials in the science fiction franchise
"Strange New Worlds actor reveals why Hemmer is Star Trek's own 'Daredevil'". Inverse. Retrieved June 2, 2022. Orquiola, John (June 15, 2021). "Star Trek: Every
List_of_Star_Trek_aliens
Behavior of individuals and firms
or less preferred. The law of demand states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related. That is, the higher
Microeconomics
Performing order of mathematical operations
division is replaced with multiplication by the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse), then the associative and commutative laws of multiplication allow the
Order_of_operations
Quotient between production and productive factors
in 1975 that in traditional, pre-modern farming in India, there is an inverse relationship to size of the farm and productivity, contrary to the economy
Agricultural_productivity
Topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space
x/\|x\|^{2}.} This function is its own inverse and thus can be used in both directions. As the transition map is a smooth function, this atlas defines
Manifold
Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
River in New Jersey are examples of vertically homogeneous estuaries. Inverse estuaries occur in dry climates where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow
Estuary
Energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects
energy involved in tending to that limit is finite, such as in the case of inverse-square law forces. Any arbitrary reference state could be used; therefore
Potential_energy
Overuse of a shared resource
problem – Dismissive figure of speech Stone Soup – European folk story, the inverse of the tragedy Tragedy of the anticommons – Type of resource coordination
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Area of geometry, about angles and lengths
of the inverse trigonometric functions, together with their domains and range, can be found in the following table: When considered as functions of a real
Trigonometry
Standard, doctrine or system of conduct
religiosity and moral behavior Modern research in criminology also suggests an inverse relationship between religion and crime, with some studies establishing
Morality
Non-equilibrium model of supply and demand
requires that the slope of the (inverse) supply curve be greater than the absolute value of the slope of the (inverse) demand curve: d P S d Q S > | d P D
Cobweb_model
learning curve takes the form of a power function. A demand curve can be realistically modeled using an inverse lognormal distribution which convolves the
Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation
Datar–Mathews_method_for_real_option_valuation
Attraction of masses and energy
any two bodies that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Scientists are
Gravity
Economic theory
aggregate production function F ( L ) {\displaystyle F(L)} is a function of total effective labour force. A firm's labour demand is given by equating
Shapiro–Stiglitz_theory
Excise on alcoholic beverages
strategize on pass-throughs, which depend generally on complex features of demand functions. Third, price structures across brands and beverages are complex reflecting
Alcohol_tax
INVERSE DEMAND-FUNCTION
INVERSE DEMAND-FUNCTION
INVERSE DEMAND-FUNCTION
INVERSE DEMAND-FUNCTION
INVERSE DEMAND-FUNCTION
INVERSE DEMAND-FUNCTION
INVERSE DEMAND-FUNCTION
INVERSE DEMAND-FUNCTION
INVERSE DEMAND-FUNCTION