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Objects extending the notion of functions
In mathematics, generalized functions are objects extending the notion of functions on real or complex numbers. There is more than one recognized theory
Generalized_function
Family of power series in mathematics
mathematics, a generalized hypergeometric series is a power series in which the ratio of successive coefficients indexed by n is a rational function of n. The
Generalized hypergeometric function
Generalized_hypergeometric_function
Class of statistical models
In statistics, a generalized linear model (GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary linear regression. The GLM generalizes linear regression by allowing
Generalized_linear_model
Mathematical function of two variables; outputs 1 if they are equal, 0 otherwise
{\displaystyle 1/p!} in § Properties of the generalized Kronecker delta below disappearing. In terms of the indices, the generalized Kronecker delta is defined as:
Kronecker_delta
Generalized function whose value is zero everywhere except at zero
Dirac delta function (or δ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\delta }}} distribution), also known as the unit impulse, is a generalized function on the real
Dirac_delta_function
Method of solution to differential equations
into account the modern language of the theory of distributions or generalized functions. Building off of the superposition principle in many-body theory
Green's_function
Function returning minus 1, zero or plus 1
(\operatorname {sgn} 0)^{2}=0} . This generalized signum allows construction of the algebra of generalized functions, but the price of such generalization
Sign_function
Operation on mathematical functions
vector/tuple-valued function in this generalized scheme, in which case this is precisely the standard definition of function composition. A set of finitary
Function_composition
Integration kernels for smoothing out sharp features
smooth functions, used for example in distribution theory to create sequences of smooth functions approximating nonsmooth (generalized) functions, via convolution
Mollifier
Order-preserving mathematical function
arose in calculus, and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory. In calculus, a function f {\displaystyle f} defined on a subset
Monotonic_function
Indicator function of positive numbers
The Heaviside step function, or the unit step function, usually denoted by H or θ (but sometimes u, 1 or 𝟙), is a step function named after Oliver Heaviside
Heaviside_step_function
Generalized version of classical Green's function
Multiscale Green's function (MSGF) is a generalized and extended version of the classical Green's function (GF) technique for solving mathematical equations
Multiscale_Green's_function
On converting relations to functions of several real variables
Ulisse Dini (1845–1918) generalized the real-variable version of the implicit function theorem to the context of functions of any number of real variables
Implicit_function_theorem
Signal processing technique
Generalized pencil-of-function method (GPOF), also known as matrix pencil method, is a signal processing technique for estimating a signal or extracting
Generalized pencil-of-function method
Generalized_pencil-of-function_method
Sequence of differential equation solutions
+1-x\right)y'+n\,y=0} are called generalized Laguerre polynomials, or associated Laguerre polynomials. One can also define the generalized Laguerre polynomials recursively
Laguerre_polynomials
Theorem
the theory of generalized functions, published by Laurent Schwartz in 1952. It states, in broad terms, that the generalized functions introduced by Schwartz
Schwartz_kernel_theorem
'algebra of continuous (set-valued) functions' on a generalized space, not the generalized space itself." A generalized space should not be confused with
Generalized_space
Formulation of classical mechanics
}}=0} so the new generalized coordinates and momenta are constants of motion. As they are constants, in this context the new generalized momenta P {\displaystyle
Hamilton–Jacobi_equation
Periodic distribution ("function") of "point-mass" Dirac delta sampling
mathematics, a Dirac comb (also known as sha function, impulse train or sampling function) is a periodic generalized function with the formula Ш T ( t ) := ∑ k
Dirac_comb
Matrix of partial derivatives of a vector-valued function
vector-valued function in several variables generalizes the gradient of a scalar-valued function in several variables, which in turn generalizes the derivative
Jacobian matrix and determinant
Jacobian_matrix_and_determinant
to spaces of white noise test functions φ {\displaystyle \varphi } , and, by duality, to spaces of generalized functions Ψ {\displaystyle \Psi } of white
White_noise_analysis
Mathematical function with no sudden changes
where arguments and values of functions are real numbers and complex numbers. The concept has been generalized to functions between metric spaces and between
Continuous_function
Analytic function that does not satisfy a polynomial equation
Complex function Function (mathematics) Generalized function List of special functions and eponyms List of types of functions Rational function Special
Transcendental_function
Objects that generalize functions
Distributions (or generalized functions) are objects that generalize the classical notion of functions in mathematical analysis. Distributions make it
Distribution (mathematical analysis)
Distribution_(mathematical_analysis)
Family of probability distributions often used to model tails or extreme values
In statistics, the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) is a family of continuous probability distributions. It is often used to model the tails of another
Generalized Pareto distribution
Generalized_Pareto_distribution
the generalized-Ozaki (GO) cost function is a general description of the cost of production proposed by Shinichiro Nakamura. The GO cost function is notable
Generalized Ozaki cost function
Generalized_Ozaki_cost_function
Class of discontinuous functions
points. Singularity functions have been heavily studied in the field of mathematics under the alternative names of generalized functions and distribution
Singularity_function
Study of rates of change
(after Laurent Schwartz) extended derivation to generalized functions (e.g., the Dirac delta function previously introduced in Quantum Mechanics) and
Differential_calculus
Mathematical theorem
of distributions (generalized functions) eliminates analytic problems with the symmetry. The derivative of an integrable function can always be defined
Symmetry of second derivatives
Symmetry_of_second_derivatives
In mathematics, the crenel function is a periodic discontinuous function P(x) defined as 1 for x belonging to a given interval and 0 outside of it. It
Crenel_function
Associative algebra used in combinatorics
examples can be unified and generalized by considering a multiset E, and finite sub-multisets S and T of E. The Möbius function is μ ( S , T ) = { 0 if
Incidence_algebra
Construction for adding objects to a Hilbert space
paragraphs 23.8 and 23.32) Gel'fand, I. M.; Vilenkin, N. Ya (1964). Generalized Functions: Applications of Harmonic Analysis. Burlington: Elsevier Science
Rigged_Hilbert_space
Mathematical conjecture about zeros of L-functions
special case of Dirichlet L-functions.) The Generalized Riemann hypothesis asserts that all nontrivial zeros of Dirichlet L-function L ( χ , s ) {\textstyle
Generalized Riemann hypothesis
Generalized_Riemann_hypothesis
for the Generalized Riemann hypothesis to be true. It takes the form of an equivalent statement, to the effect that a certain generalized function is positive
Weil's_criterion
N-th root of the arithmetic mean of the given numbers raised to the power n
In mathematics, generalized means (or power mean or Hölder mean from Otto Hölder) are a family of functions for aggregating sets of numbers. These include
Generalized_mean
Multivariate derivative (mathematics)
scalar-valued differentiable function f {\displaystyle f} of several variables is the vector field (or vector-valued function) ∇ f {\displaystyle \nabla
Gradient
Generalization of a mathematical distribution
an ultra-distribution) is a generalized function that extends the concept of a distributions by allowing test functions whose Fourier transforms have
Ultradistribution
Mathematics of real numbers and real functions
Distributions (or generalized functions) are objects that generalize functions. Distributions make it possible to differentiate functions whose derivatives
Real_analysis
Theorem in mathematics
complex-valued functions of a complex variable. It generalizes to functions from n-tuples (of real or complex numbers) to n-tuples, and to functions between
Inverse_function_theorem
In mathematics, specifically in the theory of generalized functions, the limit of a sequence of distributions is the distribution that sequence approaches
Limit_of_distributions
Point to which functions converge in analysis
mathematics, the limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior of that function near a particular input which
Limit_of_a_function
Moll. It generalizes the polygamma function to negative and fractional order, but remains equal to it for integer positive orders. The generalized polygamma
Balanced_polygamma_function
Mathematical relation consisting of a multi-variable function equal to zero
multivariable functions that are continuously differentiable. A common type of implicit function is an inverse function. Not all functions have a unique
Implicit_function
Method for assigning values to integrals
a<b<c} and where b is the difficult point, at which the behavior of the function f is such that ∫ a b f ( x ) d x = ± ∞ {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\
Cauchy_principal_value
In mathematical heat conduction, the Green's function number is used to uniquely categorize certain fundamental solutions of the heat equation to make
Green's_function_number
Mathematical approximation of a function
z-a} is known as a Puiseux series. The Taylor series may also be generalized to functions of more than one variable with T ( x 1 , … , x d ) = ∑ n 1 = 0
Taylor_series
Statement about integration on manifolds
In vector calculus and differential geometry the generalized Stokes theorem (sometimes with apostrophe as Stokes' theorem or Stokes's theorem), also called
Generalized_Stokes_theorem
Integral of sin(x)/x from 0 to infinity
however, integrable in the sense of the improper Riemann integral or the generalized Riemann or Henstock–Kurzweil integral. This can be seen by using Dirichlet's
Dirichlet_integral
Formula for the derivative of a product
v+u\cdot {\frac {dv}{dx}}.} The rule may be extended or generalized to products of three or more functions, to a rule for higher-order derivatives of a product
Product_rule
Branch of mathematics
called the derivative function or just the derivative of the original function. Geometrically speaking, the derivative generalizes the idea of the slope
Calculus
Association of one output to each input
logicians, give precise definitions for these weakly specified functions. These generalized functions may be critical in the development of a formalization of
Function_(mathematics)
S-shaped curve
logistic function and generalizations. In growth modeling, numerous generalizations exist, including the generalized logistic curve, the Gompertz function, the
Logistic_function
Type of singularity analysis
the wave front (set) WF(f) characterizes the singularities of a generalized function f, not only in space, but also with respect to its Fourier transform
Wave_front_set
Mapping involving integration between function spaces
maps a function from its original function space into another function space via integration, where some of the properties of the original function might
Integral_transform
Statistics models class
a generalized additive model (GAM) is a generalized linear model in which the linear response variable depends linearly on unknown smooth functions of
Generalized_additive_model
Probability distribution
The exponential generalized beta (EGB) distribution follows directly from the GB and generalizes other common distributions. A generalized beta random variable
Generalized_beta_distribution
Matrix of second derivatives
partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. The Hessian matrix
Hessian_matrix
Topological vector spaces
(2001) [1994], "Generalized function", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press. Vladimirov, V.S. (2001) [1994], "Generalized functions, space of", Encyclopedia
Spaces of test functions and distributions
Spaces_of_test_functions_and_distributions
Operation in calculus
sense that a wider class of functions are Lebesgue-integrable. Integrals may be generalized depending on the type of the function as well as the domain over
Integral
Topics referred to by the same term
Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Distribution (mathematical analysis), generalized function used to formulate solutions of partial differential equations Distribution
Distribution
Equation in Fourier analysis
summation of a function to values of the function's continuous Fourier transform. Consequently, the periodic summation of a function is completely defined
Poisson_summation_formula
Instantaneous rate of change (mathematics)
the second derivative is its acceleration. Derivatives can be generalized to functions of several real variables. In this case, the derivative is reinterpreted
Derivative
Function used as a performance test problem for optimization algorithms
Theory and Applications. 80: 175–179. doi:10.1007/BF02196600. "Generalized Rosenbrock's function". Retrieved 2008-09-16. Kok, Schalk; Sandrock, Carl (2009)
Rosenbrock_function
Function with a multiplicative scaling behaviour
∈ V . {\displaystyle v\in V.} This definition is often further generalized to functions whose domain is not V, but a cone in V, that is, a subset C of
Homogeneous_function
Formula for the derivative of an inverse function
calculus, the inverse function rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the inverse of a bijective and differentiable function f in terms of the
Inverse_function_rule
Technique in integral evaluation
in 1769. Although generalized to triple integrals by Lagrange in 1773, and used by Legendre, Laplace, and Gauss, and first generalized to n variables by
Integration_by_substitution
Probability distribution
{\displaystyle a>0} . For non-negative x from a generalized gamma distribution, the probability density function is f ( x ; a , d , p ) = ( p / a d ) x d −
Generalized gamma distribution
Generalized_gamma_distribution
"Smoothing" integral transform
be given by the function F {\displaystyle F} . By using values of t {\displaystyle t} different from 1, we can define the generalized Weierstrass transform
Weierstrass_transform
Fundamental object of geometry
points with non-zero charge). The Dirac delta function, or δ function, is (informally) a generalized function on the real number line that is zero everywhere
Point_(geometry)
Concept in statistical mechanics
motion to d time (but still one space) dimensions: it is a random (generalized) function from Rd to R. In particular, the one-dimensional continuum GFF is
Gaussian_free_field
Mathematical function
The generalized logistic function or curve is an extension of the logistic or sigmoid functions. Originally developed for growth modelling, it allows
Generalised_logistic_function
Relationship between derivatives and integrals
differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at every point on its domain) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating
Fundamental theorem of calculus
Fundamental_theorem_of_calculus
degenerate distribution — it is a Distribution (mathematics) in the generalized function sense; but the notation treats it as if it were a continuous distribution
List of probability distributions
List_of_probability_distributions
Mathematical solution
a weak solution (also called a generalized solution) to an ordinary or partial differential equation is a function for which the derivatives may not
Weak_solution
Type of function
singularity Generalized function Distribution Minkowski's question-mark function (**) This condition depends on the references "Singular function", Encyclopedia
Singular_function
Mathematical theorem about functions
Fourier inversion theorem says that for many types of functions it is possible to recover a function from its Fourier transform. Intuitively it may be viewed
Fourier_inversion_theorem
Model of an energy potential in quantum mechanics
potential well mathematically described by the Dirac delta function - a generalized function. Qualitatively, it corresponds to a potential which is zero
Delta_potential
Conditions for switching order of integration in calculus
distributions - version of Fubini's theorem for distributions, that is, generalized functions Kuratowski–Ulam theorem – analog of Fubini's theorem for arbitrary
Fubini's_theorem
Method of mathematical integration
introduce the Lebesgue integral is to use so-called simple functions, which generalize the step functions of Riemann integration. Consider, for example, determining
Lebesgue_integral
Type of derivative in mathematics
multivariable calculus, the same property is generalized to define the derivative of a vector-valued function or function of a vector argument. Sometimes called
Derivative (multivariable calculus)
Derivative_(multivariable_calculus)
mathematics, the Bessel–Maitland function, or Wright generalized Bessel function, is a generalization of the Bessel function, introduced by Edward Maitland
Bessel–Maitland_function
Method of differentiating single-term polynomials
In calculus, the power rule is used to differentiate functions of the form f ( x ) = x r {\displaystyle f(x)=x^{r}} , whenever r {\displaystyle r} is
Power_rule
Model of hadrons
Ordinary parton distribution functions are recovered by setting to zero (forward limit) the extra variables in the generalized parton distributions. Other
Parton_(particle_physics)
Nonspecific long-lasting anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational worry about events or activities
Generalized_anxiety_disorder
Mathematical concept
numbers. Non-function elements of our new space can be thought of as "operators", or generalized functions, whose algebraic action on functions is always
Convolution_quotient
Notion in calculus
calculus, the differential represents the principal part of the change in a function y = f ( x ) {\displaystyle y=f(x)} with respect to changes in the independent
Differential_of_a_function
Techniques in mathematical analysis
analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis that studies functions, generalized functions and partial differential equations by localizing them both
Microlocal_analysis
{\displaystyle S_{\alpha }^{\beta }} is a space of test functions for the theory of generalized functions, introduced by Gelfand and Shilov (1968, Chapter IV)
Gelfand–Shilov_space
Approximation of a function by a polynomial
theorem gives an approximation of a k {\textstyle k} -times differentiable function around a given point by a polynomial of degree k {\textstyle k} , called
Taylor's_theorem
Type of computer arithmetic
{\displaystyle x=\ell +f=3+0.9711308=3.9711308.} The mapping function is called the generalized logarithm function. It is defined as ψ ( X ) = { X if 0 ≤ X < 1 ,
Symmetric level-index arithmetic
Symmetric_level-index_arithmetic
Method for solving continuous operator problems (such as differential equations)
structures. They showed that the generalized function, namely unit-step function, Dirac’s delta function, and the doublet function are needed for obtaining accurate
Galerkin_method
Indefinite integral
function, primitive integral or indefinite integral of a function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function
Antiderivative
Real function with secant line between points above the graph itself
function is called convex if the line segment between any two distinct points on the graph of the function lies above or on the graph of the function
Convex_function
Formula in calculus
theorem), generalized to an appropriate class of functions.[citation needed] The full generalization of the chain rule to multi-variable functions (such as
Chain_rule
Statistical model
In statistics, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) is an extension to the generalized linear model (GLM) in which the linear predictor contains random
Generalized linear mixed model
Generalized_linear_mixed_model
Calculus of vector-valued functions
eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix at these zeros. Vector calculus can also be generalized to other 3-manifolds and higher-dimensional spaces. Vector calculus is
Vector_calculus
Distributions on spaces of differential forms
integration over a submanifold, generalizing the Dirac delta function, or more generally even directional derivatives of delta functions (multipoles) spread out
Current_(mathematics)
Mathematical function, denoted exp(x) or e^x
current value of f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} . The exponential function can be generalized to accept complex numbers as arguments. This reveals relations
Exponential_function
Calculus of functions of several variables
differentiation and integration are made to functions of a single variable. In multivariate calculus, it is required to generalize these to multiple variables, and
Multivariable_calculus
Fundamental construction of differential calculus
for functions u ∈ C | α | ( R n ) {\displaystyle u\in C^{|\alpha |}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right)} , and can be extended to a type of generalized functions
Generalizations of the derivative
Generalizations_of_the_derivative
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