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FUMONISIN

  • Fumonisin

    • Group of chemical compounds

    Fumonisin refers to any one of a class of related chemical structures, the fumonisins, that constitute a group of fungal mycotoxins originally identified

    Fumonisin

    Fumonisin

    Fumonisin

  • Fumonisin B1

    • Chemical compound

    Fumonisin B1 is the most prevalent member of a family of toxins, known as fumonisins, produced by multiple species of Fusarium molds, such as Fusarium

    Fumonisin B1

    Fumonisin B1

    Fumonisin_B1

  • Fumonisin B2

    • Chemical compound

    analog of fumonisin B3, while it is lacking one hydroxy group compared to fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B2 is more cytotoxic than fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B2 inhibits

    Fumonisin B2

    Fumonisin B2

    Fumonisin_B2

  • IARC group 2B

    • Classification of agents that are possibly carcinogenic to humans

    chromium and 7% iron 2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole Fumonisin B1 Furan Gentian violet Ginkgo biloba extract Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1

    IARC group 2B

    IARC_group_2B

  • Alternaria alternata

    • Pathogenic fungus

    essential for pathogenicity on tomato. This host specific mycotoxin is called fumonisin B1. It was identified and confirmed by research conducted on fast atom

    Alternaria alternata

    Alternaria alternata

    Alternaria_alternata

  • Fumonisin B1 esterase

    • Enzyme

    The enzyme fumonisin B1 esterase (EC 3.1.1.87, fumD (gene); systematic name fumonisin B1 acylhydrolase) catalyses the reaction fumonisin B1 + 2 H2O ⇌

    Fumonisin B1 esterase

    Fumonisin_B1_esterase

  • Fumonisin B4

    • Chemical compound

    Fumonisin B4 (or FB4) is a fumonisin mycotoxin produced mainly by the fungi Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides (formerly Fusarium moniliforme)

    Fumonisin B4

    Fumonisin B4

    Fumonisin_B4

  • Mycotoxin

    • Toxin produced by a fungus

    mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and ergot alkaloids

    Mycotoxin

    Mycotoxin

  • Fusarium

    • Genus of fungi

    the food chain; the main toxins produced by Fusarium species are the fumonisin and trichothecene families, and zearalenone. Despite most species being

    Fusarium

    Fusarium

    Fusarium

  • Clostridium perfringens

    • Species of bacterium

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Clostridium perfringens

    Clostridium perfringens

    Clostridium_perfringens

  • Cardiotoxicity

    • Poisoning of heart electrophysiology or muscle

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Cardiotoxicity

    Cardiotoxicity

  • Bufagin

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Bufagin

    Bufagin

  • Ricin

    • Type of toxic lectin

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Ricin

    Ricin

    Ricin

  • Sugarcane juice

    • Liquid extracted from sugarcane

    health risks due to contamination with the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. Sugarcane juice, known locally as caldo de cana, or garapa, is commonly

    Sugarcane juice

    Sugarcane juice

    Sugarcane_juice

  • Aflatoxin

    • Group of poisons produced by molds

    E, Mduma ER, Patil CL, Wu F (March 2018). "Exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin in children at risk for growth impairment in rural Tanzania". Environment

    Aflatoxin

    Aflatoxin

    Aflatoxin

  • Poison dart frog

    • Family of amphibians

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Poison dart frog

    Poison dart frog

    Poison_dart_frog

  • Fish

    • Gill-bearing non-tetrapod aquatic vertebrates

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Fish

    Fish

    Fish

  • Ciguatera fish poisoning

    • Foodborne illness

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Ciguatera fish poisoning

    Ciguatera_fish_poisoning

  • Fungus

    • Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi

    humans, ochratoxins, patulin, and trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 mycotoxin) and fumonisins, which have significant impact on human food supplies or animal livestock

    Fungus

    Fungus

    Fungus

  • Clostridium botulinum

    • Species of endospore forming bacterium

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Clostridium botulinum

    Clostridium botulinum

    Clostridium_botulinum

  • Botulinum toxin

    • Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Botulinum toxin

    Botulinum toxin

    Botulinum_toxin

  • Fusarium acutatum

    • Species of fungus

    feet from diabetic patients. Fusarium acutatum produces fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, fumonisin B3 and 8-O-Methyl-fusarubin. "Fusarium acutatum Nirenberg

    Fusarium acutatum

    Fusarium_acutatum

  • Lipopolysaccharide

    • Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Lipopolysaccharide

    Lipopolysaccharide

    Lipopolysaccharide

  • Mycotoxicology

    • Study of toxins produced by fungi

    aflatoxin research. Fumonisins were first described and characterized in 1988. The most abundantly produced member of the family is fumonisin B1. They are thought

    Mycotoxicology

    Mycotoxicology

  • Neurotoxin

    • Toxin harmful to nervous tissue

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Neurotoxin

    Neurotoxin

    Neurotoxin

  • Tetanus toxin

    • Extremely potent neurotoxin

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Tetanus toxin

    Tetanus toxin

    Tetanus_toxin

  • Cantharidin

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Cantharidin

    Cantharidin

    Cantharidin

  • Snake venom

    • Highly modified saliva containing zootoxins

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Snake venom

    Snake venom

    Snake_venom

  • Enterotoxin

    • Toxin from a microorganism affecting the intestines

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Enterotoxin

    Enterotoxin

    Enterotoxin

  • Fermented tea

    • Tea that has undergone microbial fermentation

    acidus from Puerh tea and black tea does not produce ochratoxin A and fumonisin B2". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 132 (2–3): 141–144. doi:10

    Fermented tea

    Fermented tea

    Fermented_tea

  • Aflatoxin B1

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Aflatoxin B1

    Aflatoxin B1

    Aflatoxin_B1

  • Histrionicotoxins

    • Group of chemical compounds

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Histrionicotoxins

    Histrionicotoxins

    Histrionicotoxins

  • List of biomolecules

    • stimulating hormone (FSH) Formaldehyde Formic acid Forskolin Fructose Fumonisin B1 Galactose Gangalioside Gamma globulin Gamma-aminobutyric acid Gamma-butyrolactone

    List of biomolecules

    List_of_biomolecules

  • Ciguatoxin

    • Group of chemical compounds

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Ciguatoxin

    Ciguatoxin

  • Sphingolipid

    • Family of chemical compounds

    Merrill AH, Riley RT (February 2009). "Ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisin B1 causes accumulation of 1-deoxysphinganine: a novel category of bioactive

    Sphingolipid

    Sphingolipid

    Sphingolipid

  • Nixtamalization

    • Procedure for preparing corn to eat

    mycotoxins which are putative carcinogens. Aflatoxins are reduced by 90–94%. Fumonisins are reduced by 82%. Thigpen, Susan (October 1983). "Hominy – Mountain

    Nixtamalization

    Nixtamalization

    Nixtamalization

  • Panton–Valentine leukocidin

    • Cytotoxin forming pores in cell membranes

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Panton–Valentine leukocidin

    Panton–Valentine leukocidin

    Panton–Valentine_leukocidin

  • Virulence factor

    • Type of molecules produced by a pathogen that might cause potential harmful effects

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Virulence factor

    Virulence_factor

  • Notexin

    • beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Notexin

    Notexin

    Notexin

  • Exfoliatin

    • Exotoxin

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Exfoliatin

    Exfoliatin

  • Vomitoxin

    • Fungal toxic chemical in grains

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Vomitoxin

    Vomitoxin

    Vomitoxin

  • Bufotoxin

    • Class of chemical compounds

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Bufotoxin

    Bufotoxin

  • Shiga toxin

    • Family of related toxins

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Shiga toxin

    Shiga toxin

    Shiga_toxin

  • Mold

    • Wooly, dust-like fungal structure or substance

    metabolites, collectively termed mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, citrinin, and patulin. These toxic properties may be

    Mold

    Mold

    Mold

  • Satratoxin-H

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Satratoxin-H

    Satratoxin-H

    Satratoxin-H

  • Leukocidin

    • Pore-forming toxin produced by the bacteria Staphylococcus

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Leukocidin

    Leukocidin

  • Taipoxin

    • Neurotoxic phospholipase

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Taipoxin

    Taipoxin

  • Amatoxin

    • Family of toxins

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Amatoxin

    Amatoxin

  • Exotoxin

    • Toxin from bacteria that destroys or disrupts cells

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Exotoxin

    Exotoxin

    Exotoxin

  • Hemotoxin

    • Toxins that destroy red blood cells

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Hemotoxin

    Hemotoxin

  • Lipid A

    • Lipid component of lipopolysaccharide endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Lipid A

    Lipid A

    Lipid_A

  • Batrachotoxin

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Batrachotoxin

    Batrachotoxin

    Batrachotoxin

  • Chinese pickles

    • Vegetables or fruits that have been fermented by pickling with salt and brine

    much higher concentrations than in samples from low-incidence areas. Fumonisin mycotoxins have been shown to cause liver and kidney tumours in rodents

    Chinese pickles

    Chinese_pickles

  • Diphtheria toxin

    • Exotoxin

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Diphtheria toxin

    Diphtheria toxin

    Diphtheria_toxin

  • Toxin

    • Naturally occurring organic poison

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Toxin

    Toxin

    Toxin

  • Clumping factor A

    • Protein

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Clumping factor A

    Clumping_factor_A

  • Gliotoxin

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Gliotoxin

    Gliotoxin

    Gliotoxin

  • Resiniferatoxin

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Resiniferatoxin

    Resiniferatoxin

    Resiniferatoxin

  • Tetanolysin

    • beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Tetanolysin

    Tetanolysin

  • B1

    • Topics referred to by the same term

    found in cinnamon Combretastatin B-1, a stilbenoid found in Combretum sp. Fumonisin B1, a toxins produced by several species of Fusarium molds B-1 cell, a

    B1

    B1

  • Cholera toxin

    • Bacteria-produced protein complex and disease agent

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Cholera toxin

    Cholera toxin

    Cholera_toxin

  • Foodborne illness

    • Illness from eating spoiled or contaminated food

    alkaloids – ergotamine Fumonisins – Crop corn can be easily contaminated by the fungi Fusarium moniliforme, and its fumonisin B1 will cause leukoencephalomalacia

    Foodborne illness

    Foodborne_illness

  • Scyllatoxin

    • Scorpion toxin

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Scyllatoxin

    Scyllatoxin

    Scyllatoxin

  • Genetically modified crops

    • Plants used in agriculture

    predecessors: yield was 5.6 to 24.5% higher with less mycotoxins (−28.8%), fumonisin (−30.6%) and thricotecens (−36.5%). Non-target organisms were unaffected

    Genetically modified crops

    Genetically modified crops

    Genetically_modified_crops

  • Β-Amanitin

    • Cyclic peptide part of a group of toxins present in Amanita mushrooms

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Β-Amanitin

    Β-Amanitin

    Β-Amanitin

  • Pu'er tea

    • Variety of fermented tea produced in Yunnan Province, China

    acidus from Puerh tea and black tea does not produce ochratoxin A and fumonisin B-2". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 132 (2–3): 141–144.

    Pu'er tea

    Pu'er tea

    Pu'er_tea

  • Α-Amanitin

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Α-Amanitin

    Α-Amanitin

    Α-Amanitin

  • Pumiliotoxin 251D

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Pumiliotoxin 251D

    Pumiliotoxin 251D

    Pumiliotoxin_251D

  • AB toxin

    • Protein family

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    AB toxin

    AB toxin

    AB_toxin

  • Ochratoxin

    • Group of chemical compounds

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Ochratoxin

    Ochratoxin

    Ochratoxin

  • Cytochalasin

    • Group of chemical compounds

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Cytochalasin

    Cytochalasin

  • Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

    • Chemical compound

    3-tricarboxylic acid are found in natural products such as the mycotoxins fumonisins B1 and B2 and AAL toxin TA, and in macrocyclic inhibitors of Ras farnesyl-protein

    Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

    Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

    Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic_acid

  • Streptolysin

    • Group of proteins

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Streptolysin

    Streptolysin

  • Tetrodotoxin

    • Neurotoxin

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Tetrodotoxin

    Tetrodotoxin

    Tetrodotoxin

  • Taicatoxin

    • Snake toxin

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Taicatoxin

    Taicatoxin

  • Kappa-Bungarotoxin

    • Protein neurotoxin of the bungarotoxin family

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Kappa-Bungarotoxin

    Kappa-Bungarotoxin

    Kappa-Bungarotoxin

  • Oxotoxin

    • Group of spider neurotoxins

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Oxotoxin

    Oxotoxin

  • 3-Nitropropionic acid

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    3-Nitropropionic acid

    3-Nitropropionic acid

    3-Nitropropionic_acid

  • Mycotoxins in animal feed

    • Toxin found in animal feed

    Fumonisins were the most recent mycotoxin found to affect humans and animals negatively. The most produced toxin for this group of fungi is fumonisin

    Mycotoxins in animal feed

    Mycotoxins_in_animal_feed

  • Pickling

    • Procedure of preserving food in brine or vinegar

    much higher concentrations than in samples from low-incidence areas. Fumonisin mycotoxins have been shown to cause liver and kidney tumours in rodents

    Pickling

    Pickling

    Pickling

  • Citrinin

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Citrinin

    Citrinin

    Citrinin

  • Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin

    • Toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin

    Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin

    Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin

  • Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin

    • beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin

    Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin

    Staphylococcus_aureus_alpha_toxin

  • Γ-Amanitin

    • Cyclic peptide part of a group of toxins present in Amanita mushrooms

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Γ-Amanitin

    Γ-Amanitin

    Γ-Amanitin

  • Pseudomonas exotoxin

    • Exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Pseudomonas exotoxin

    Pseudomonas exotoxin

    Pseudomonas_exotoxin

  • Heat-stable enterotoxin

    • Class of bacterial toxins

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Heat-stable enterotoxin

    Heat-stable enterotoxin

    Heat-stable_enterotoxin

  • Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin

    • beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin

    Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin

    Pandinus_imperator_(Pi3)_toxin

  • Muscarine

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Muscarine

    Muscarine

    Muscarine

  • Anthrax toxin

    • Tripartite protein complex secreted by virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Anthrax toxin

    Anthrax toxin

    Anthrax_toxin

  • Microbial toxin

    • Toxin produced by microorganisms

    the chance of survival for the embryo. Fumonisins, Fusarium verticillioides, are found in nature where fumonisin B1 has largely contaminated the area.

    Microbial toxin

    Microbial_toxin

  • Saxitoxin

    • Paralytic shellfish toxin

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Saxitoxin

    Saxitoxin

    Saxitoxin

  • Oxyopinin

    • beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Oxyopinin

    Oxyopinin

  • Clostridioides difficile toxin A

    • Cytotoxin produced by Clostridioides difficile

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Clostridioides difficile toxin A

    Clostridioides difficile toxin A

    Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_A

  • Ts15

    • beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Ts15

    Ts15

  • Epibatidine

    • Toxic chemical from some poison dart frogs

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Epibatidine

    Epibatidine

    Epibatidine

  • Trichothecene

    • Large family of chemically related mycotoxins

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Trichothecene

    Trichothecene

    Trichothecene

  • Phototoxin

    • Toxins that interact with light

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Phototoxin

    Phototoxin

  • Listeriolysin O

    • beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Listeriolysin O

    Listeriolysin_O

  • Cardiotoxin III

    • beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Cardiotoxin III

    Cardiotoxin III

    Cardiotoxin_III

  • Β-Bungarotoxin

    • Chemical compound

    beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4) Gliotoxin Ibotenic acid Lolitrem B Muscarine

    Β-Bungarotoxin

    Β-Bungarotoxin

    Β-Bungarotoxin

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Online names & meanings

  • GOLDA

    • Female

    English

    GOLDA

    (גּוֹלְדָה) Yiddish name GOLDA means "golden." Compare with masculine Golda.

  • Karmdeep

    • Boy/Male

    Gujarati, Hindu, Indian

    Karmdeep

    Light of Fate

  • Lage

    • Girl/Female

    Swedish

    Lage

    From the sea.

  • Nidhipa

    • Girl/Female

    Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu

    Nidhipa

    Treasure

  • Lunar

    • Boy/Male

    Australian, Indian, Modern

    Lunar

    Sun; Moon

  • Haarika | ஹாரிகா

    • Girl/Female

    Tamil

    Haarika | ஹாரிகா

    Is associated to Lord venkateswara, Goddess Parvati

  • Sriani | ஸ்ரீஅநீ

    • Girl/Female

    Tamil

    Sriani | ஸ்ரீஅநீ

  • Karolek

    • Boy/Male

    Russian

    Karolek

    Strong.

  • Conway

    • Boy/Male

    Australian, Christian, German, Greek, Irish, Welsh

    Conway

    Hound of the Plain; Holy River

  • Neknam

    • Boy/Male

    Sikh

    Neknam

    Good conduct

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