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Mathematical program specifications
In computer science, formal methods are mathematically rigorous techniques for the specification, development, analysis, and verification of software and
Formal_methods
Software research and information organisation
Formal Methods Europe (FME) is an organization whose aim is to encourage the research and application of formal methods for the improvement of software
Formal_Methods_Europe
Proving or disproving the correctness of certain intended algorithms
using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification is a key incentive for formal specification of systems, and is at the core of formal methods. It
Formal_verification
Study of abstract structures described by formal systems
theoretical and empirical methods, the formal sciences use language tools concerned with characterizing abstract structures described by formal systems and the
Formal_science
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings whose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet". The alphabet of a formal language consists
Formal_language
Analysis of computer programs without executing them
vary from highlighting possible coding errors (e.g., the lint tool) to formal methods that mathematically prove properties about a given program (e.g., its
Static_program_analysis
Aspect of computer science
product design. Formal specifications are one such way to achieve this in software engineering reliability as once predicted. Other methods such as testing
Formal_specification
Mathematical model for deduction or proof systems
A formal system (or deductive system) is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems
Formal_system
Department of the Oxford University Computing Laboratory
member of the PRG. The PRG was a centre of excellence in the field of formal methods, playing a leading role in the development of the Z notation (initiated
Programming_Research_Group
Higher-order logic (HOL) automated theorem prover
specific support for a variety of formal methods. It can be seen as an integrated development environment (IDE) for formal methods. In recent years, a substantial
Isabelle_(proof_assistant)
Processing of knowledge to accomplish organizational goals
There are various methods for knowledge protection and those methods are often divided into two categories by their formality: formal protection and informal
Knowledge_management
Topics referred to by the same term
calculus Formal methods, mathematically based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems Formal specification
Formal
Method of software development
The B-Method is a method of software development based on B, a tool-supported formal method based on an abstract machine notation, used in the development
B-Method
over-approximating a rigorous model, formal methods approach to static analysis (e.g., using static program assertions). Sound methods contain no false negatives
List of tools for static code analysis
List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis
Stage of electronic circuit design verification
Formal equivalence checking process is a part of electronic design automation (EDA), commonly used during the development of digital integrated circuits
Formal_equivalence_checking
Engineering WWDC - Worldwide Developers Conference Conferences on formal methods (including formal verification), logic, and automated reasoning: CAV – Computer
List of computer science conferences
List_of_computer_science_conferences
Method of computer program specification
Predicative programming is the original name of a formal method for program specification and refinement, more recently called a Practical Theory of Programming
Predicative_programming
Study of computation
and programs that can be deductively reasoned through mathematical formal methods. Computer scientists Edsger W. Dijkstra and Tony Hoare regard instructions
Computer_science
Theoretical study of knowledge
Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological
Formal_epistemology
Mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages
variations in formal semantic systems arise from the choice of supporting mathematical formalism.[citation needed] Some variations of formal semantics include
Semantics (programming languages)
Semantics_(programming_languages)
2025. The verification of agent behaviour can be conducted by formal or informal methods. Informal verification requires less mathematical skill. But when
Agent_verification
International aeronautics software standard
replacing some or all software testing activities with model simulation or formal methods. The release of DO-178C and the companion documents DO-278A (Ground
DO-178C
Academic fields of study or professions
engineering Formal methods (Formal verification) Game Development Theoretical computer science Theory of computation Automata theory (Formal languages)
Outline of academic disciplines
Outline_of_academic_disciplines
Subfield of computer science and mathematics
(2001-08-06). "What is Formal Methods?". Retrieved 2006-11-16. C. Michael Holloway. "Why Engineers Should Consider Formal Methods" (PDF). 16th Digital Avionics
Theoretical_computer_science
Spanish computer scientist
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He leads the university's Formal Methods and Declarative Languages Laboratory. José Meseguer obtained his PhD
Jose_Meseguer
Object-oriented programming principle
their methods (encapsulation). Because subtypes may introduce methods that are not present in the supertype, the introduction of these methods may allow
Liskov_substitution_principle
Study of politics using formal methods
Formal theory, also known as positive political theory, is the subfield of political science that uses formal methods such as social choice theory, game
Formal theory (political science)
Formal_theory_(political_science)
Process in software project management, software testing, and software engineering
requirements for both as well as formal procedures or protocols for determining compliance. Ideally, formal methods provide a mathematical guarantee that
Software verification and validation
Software_verification_and_validation
Dutch computer scientist
software engineering, especially on formal methods for system design. He is best known as an expert on algebraic methods for the specification of data and
Jan_Bergstra
equations on elementary flows describing both data and control. The SIGNAL formal model provides the capability to describe systems with several clocks (polychronous
SIGNAL_(programming_language)
Formally verified capability-based microkernel
L4 microkernel lineage but is implemented using high-assurance methods. seL4 uses formal mathematical verification to prove the system's confidentiality
SeL4
Terms used to differentiate between abstract and concrete concepts in certain topics
instructions. In formal methods, a high-level formal specification can be related to a low-level executable implementation (e.g., formally by mathematical
High-_and_low-level
Branch of mathematics that studies sets
model. Forcing is also one of two methods for proving relative consistency by finitistic methods, the other method being Boolean-valued models. A cardinal
Set_theory
Formal specification language
TLA+ is a formal specification language developed by Leslie Lamport. It is used for designing, modelling, documentation, and verification of programs,
TLA+
Structure of a formal language
A formal grammar is a set of symbols and the production rules for rewriting some of them into every possible string of a formal language over an alphabet
Formal_grammar
(2001-08-06). "What is Formal Methods?". Retrieved 2006-11-16. C. Michael Holloway. Why Engineers Should Consider Formal Methods (PDF). 16th Digital Avionics
Glossary_of_computer_science
Computation model defining an abstract machine
which the machine can perform read and write operations. In the context of formal language theory, a Turing machine (automaton) is capable of enumerating
Turing_machine
(SMT) solver which is SMTLIB2-compliant, such as the Z3 Theorem Prover. Formal verification Vazou, Niki (2016). Liquid Haskell: Haskell as a theorem prover
Liquid_Haskell
Academic computer science journal
associated with the BCS-FACS Specialist Group on Formal Aspects of Computing Science and Formal Methods Europe. A comment from Christopher Strachey inspired
Formal_Aspects_of_Computing
at its syntactic rather than semantic level. Syntactic methods are often used when formal methods are not an option, and are often a simpler and, more importantly
Syntactic_methods
Computer programming testing tool
for Model-Based Testing". Formal Methods and Software Engineering, 11th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2009. Rio de Janeiro
Fastest
Integration of software development and operations
world, which dates (informally) to the 1990s, and formally to 2001. Agile development teams using methods such as extreme programming couldn't "satisfy the
DevOps
Computer science professor
Proofs in a Program Verifier International Symposium on Formal Methods, pp. 382-398. Formal Systems Laboratory | Circ Prover. https://fsl.cs.illinois
Grigore_Roșu
Modelling in Event-B
Stefan Hallerstede (2007). The Rodin formal modelling tool (PDF). FACS 2007 Christmas Workshop: Formal Methods in Industry. pp. 1–5.{{cite conference}}:
Rodin_tool
Formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems
Tools (CZT) project Other formal methods (and languages using formal specifications): VDM-SL, the main alternative to Z B-Method, developed by Jean-Raymond
Z_notation
Acronym Rigorous Approach to Industrial Software Engineering
site and around the world, especially in developing countries. Formal methods Formal specification RAISE Virtual Library entry RAISE – Rigorous Approach
Rigorous Approach to Industrial Software Engineering
Rigorous_Approach_to_Industrial_Software_Engineering
Software engineering methodology
developing software. Behavior-driven development Design by contract Formal methods Model-driven engineering Test-driven development Liu, Shaoying; Li,
Specification-driven development
Specification-driven_development
Software design methodology
reliability. The central principles are software development based on formal methods, incremental implementation under statistical quality control, and statistically
Cleanroom software engineering
Cleanroom_software_engineering
Formal method for the development of computer-based systems
The Vienna Development Method (VDM) is one of the longest-established formal methods for the development of computer-based systems. Originating in work
Vienna_Development_Method
European collaborative research project
ending in 1997. The projects aimed to connect computer-based systems in a formal manner at different levels of abstraction, including requirements, specifications
ProCoS
Formal methods terminology
"Smalltalk Blocks And Closures". C2.com. 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2010-10-09. Formal Methods Europe, Frequently Asked Questions, part 13 Archived 2005-03-12 at the
Reification (computer science)
Reification_(computer_science)
Computer program for the Boolean satisfiability problem
In computer science and formal methods, a SAT solver is a computer program which aims to solve the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT). On input a formula
SAT_solver
Logic for proving computer program correctness
language Operational semantics — in terms of the state of the computation Formal semantics of programming languages — overview Predicate transformer semantics
Axiomatic_semantics
Instructions a computer can execute
functionality, so developers often focus on the most critical functionality. Formal methods are used in some safety-critical systems to prove the correctness of
Software
In formal language theory, a picture language is a set of pictures, where a picture is a 2D array of characters over some alphabet. For example, the language
Picture_language
Logic used to describe behaviours of concurrent systems
specification language using a Python-like syntax (Starlark) designed to bring formal methods for mainstream software engineers working on distributed systems. While
Temporal_logic_of_actions
Programming language
context of automated theorem proving, and is used in static analysis and formal methods software. Beyond these areas, it has found use in systems programming
OCaml
Dutch computer scientist (born 1974)
cryptography, ISO standards, automated verification of security protocols, and formal methods. His thesis was entitled "Scyther - Semantics and Verification of Security
Cas_Cremers
View that mathematics does not necessarily represent reality, but is more akin to a game
program to establish the consistency of mathematics through purely formal methods. The early mathematical formalists attempted "to block, avoid, or sidestep
Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)
Formalism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)
through structured programming, code inspections, and early formal verification methods. The widespread adoption of open-source components, complex software
Software_understanding
American scientist (1927–2011)
and ALGOL 68. Around 1959, he invented so-called "garbage collection" methods, a kind of automatic memory management, to solve problems in Lisp. During
John McCarthy (computer scientist)
John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)
Processing of natural language by a computer
drawback of statistical methods is that they require elaborate feature engineering. Since 2015, neural network–based methods have increasingly replaced
Natural_language_processing
British computer scientist (born 1956)
at London South Bank University. His main contribution has been in formal methods, especially the Z notation. In addition, he has worked in the area of
Jonathan_Bowen
Norwegian computer scientist
his career advanced, Dahl grew increasingly interested in the use of formal methods, to rigorously reason about object-orientation for example. His expertise
Ole-Johan_Dahl
enable their formal verification. In formal methods, program refinement is the verifiable transformation of an abstract (high-level) formal specification
Refinement_(computing)
American computer scientist (born 1956)
fundamental contributions to formal methods, programming languages, and programming methodology, and for promoting the use of formal methods in software development"
Jeannette_Wing
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
Y. (2001). "Bounded Model Checking Using Satisfiability Solving". Formal Methods in System Design. 19: 7–34. doi:10.1023/A:1011276507260. S2CID 2484208
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Process to create executable computer programs
development is known as software engineering, especially when it employs formal methods or follows an engineering design process. Programmable devices have
Computer_programming
principle is to develop a formal specification and refine the specification to code. Even though the tool is founded on formal methods, the suppliers claim
Perfect_Developer
Umbrella term for certain approaches to software development
system development methods, or agile methods specifically, by the book, often choosing to omit or tailor some of the practices of a method in order to create
Agile_software_development
American computer scientist
systems (CPS), real-time computing, high-confidence medical devices, formal methods and tools, and run-time verification. Much of his recent work has been
Insup_Lee
Theory of trace monoids
analogous to the way that the free monoid provides the underpinning for formal languages. The power of trace theory stems from the fact that the algebra
Trace_theory
System which must be highly reliable
formal mathematical methods of software development have been successfully used for safety and security critical systems. One reason why these formal
Critical_system
International conference series
Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM) is an international academic conference in the field of software engineering with a specialization in formal methods. Until
International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods
International_Conference_on_Software_Engineering_and_Formal_Methods
Brazilian computer scientist
Sampaio (born 1964) is a Brazilian computer scientist who works with formal methods and language semantics. Augusto Sampaio is from Recife, Pernambuco,
Augusto_Sampaio
Italian software engineer
computer scientist and software engineer whose research topics include formal methods and model-driven engineering. Educated in Italy, she has worked in Italy
Tiziana_Margaria
Study of computable functions and Turing degrees
science field focus on the theory of subrecursive hierarchies, formal methods, and formal languages. The study of which mathematical constructions can be
Computability_theory
(April 1996). Saiedian, Hossein (ed.). "An Invitation to Formal Methods : Lightweight Formal Methods". IEEE Computer. 29 (4): 16. doi:10.1109/MC.1996.488298
Daniel Jackson (computer scientist)
Daniel_Jackson_(computer_scientist)
other instances, informal methods are simply the best available option. Informal methods are not less effective than formal methods and should be performed
Informal methods of validation and verification
Informal_methods_of_validation_and_verification
Canadian computer scientist
research concerns software engineering, and particularly the use of formal methods to assure the safety and reliability of software in industrial and health
Marsha_Chechik
Branch of computer science
compiler using formal methods and using rigorous testing (often called compiler validation) on an existing compiler. Two main formal verification approaches
Compiler_correctness
Scientist specializing in computer science
information theory and coding theory, programming language theory, and formal methods Computer systems – including computer architecture and computer engineering
Computer_scientist
Tool used for project and business process management
Retrieved 18 May 2023. Tiziana Margaria: Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification, and Validation: 4th International Symposium on Leveraging
Responsibility assignment matrix
Responsibility_assignment_matrix
luigi participates in LARSI. Formal methods in security, privacy and governance including: Formal specification, formal design, validation, verification
Luigi_Logrippo
Concept in computer science
the fundamental concept in Guarded Command Language, a language in formal methods. Guards can be used to augment pattern matching with the possibility
Guard_(computer_science)
Quality of an algorithm being correct with respect to a specification
proof in this way is called program extraction. Hoare logic is a specific formal system for reasoning rigorously about the correctness of computer programs
Correctness (computer science)
Correctness_(computer_science)
Irish computer scientist
(at St John's College) for his PhD. Hinchey has been a promulgator of formal methods throughout his career, especially CSP and the Z notation. He was Director
Michael_Hinchey
Dutch computer scientist (1930–2002)
Brechtje Cornelia Kluijver (1900–1994) was a mathematician but never had a formal job. Dijkstra had considered a career in law and had hoped to represent
Edsger_W._Dijkstra
Type system used in computer programming and mathematics
rediscovered by Robin Milner. Luis Damas contributed a close formal analysis and proof of the method in his PhD thesis. Among HM's more notable properties are
Hindley–Milner_type_system
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
from the singular hypothesis-testing method to a broader conception of scientific methods. These scientific methods, which are rooted in scientific practices
Scientific_method
Computer science field
Y. (2001). "Bounded Model Checking Using Satisfiability Solving". Formal Methods in System Design. 19: 7–34. doi:10.1023/A:1011276507260. S2CID 2484208
Model_checking
Specialist Group of the BCS
for its members and others on formal methods and related computer science topics. There is an associated journal, Formal Aspects of Computing, published
BCS-FACS
Formal specification language created by Leslie Lamport
PlusCal (formerly called +CAL) is a formal specification language created by Leslie Lamport, which transpiles to TLA+. In contrast to TLA+'s action-oriented
PlusCal
Representation of an expression as a generalized graph
rewriting" is often used when discussing graph rewriting methods for transforming expressions in formal languages. Considered from the point of view of graph
Term_graph
complex systems. CADP includes tools to support use of two approaches in formal methods, both of which are needed for reliable systems design: Models provide
Construction and Analysis of Distributed Processes
Construction_and_Analysis_of_Distributed_Processes
supporting tool environment for high-level design, experimental validation, and formal verification (where appropriate) of abstract system models. Abstract state
CoreASM
Structured visual modeling technique
NASA Langley Formal Methods Workshop (LFM 2000), 2000, pp. 187–196. Rushby, J. Automated Formal Methods 2006 AFM-2006, Automated Formal Methods 2006, Seattle
Behavior_tree
Huisman, M. (2002). Formal Specification and Static Checking of Gemplus' Electronic Purse Using ESC/Java. FME 2002:Formal Methods—Getting IT Right. Lecture
ESC/Java
Methodology of programming
based on the formal semantics of program statements. A combined programming and specification language, connected to a powerful formal proof system,
Invariant-based_programming
Production Cell: Software Development Case Study, ASM model Railcrossing: Formal Methods for Real-Time Computing, ASM model Light Control: Requirements Engineering
Abstract_state_machine
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
Male
Scottish
Scottish form of Irish Gaelic Cormac, CORMAG means "son of defilement."
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Greek Ieremias (Hebrew Yirmeyahu), JORMA means "Jehovah casts forth" or "Jehovah hurls."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from the place on Merseyside, so named from Old Norse forn ‘old’ (or perhaps a byname Forni with this meaning) + býr ‘farm’, ‘settlement’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Forman 1 and 2.Respelling of North German Formann, a variant of Fuhrmann.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Forman 1 and 2.
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Gormáin and Ó Gormáin ‘son (or descendant) of Gormán’, a personal name from a diminutive of gorm ‘dark blue’, ‘noble’. Compare O’Gorman.English : from the Middle English personal name Gormund, Old English GÄrmund, composed of the elements gÄr ‘spear’ + mund ‘protection’.English : topographic name for someone who lived by or on a triangular patch of land (see Gore).German (Görmann) : variant of Gehrmann.German (Görmann) : of Slavic origin, occupational name for a miner, from Slavic góra ‘mountain’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a keeper of swine, Middle English foreman, from Old English fÅr ‘hog’, ‘pig’ + mann ‘man’.English : status name for a leader or spokesman for a group, from Old English fore ‘before’, ‘in front’ + mann ‘man’. The word is attested in this sense from the 15th century, but is not used specifically for the leader of a gang of workers before the late 16th century.Czech and Jewish (from Bohemia, Moravia) : occupational name for a carter, Czech forman, a loanword from German.
Boy/Male
Indian
Order, Decree
Female
English
English name derived from the gem name, from Latin corallium, probably ultimately from Hebrew goral, CORAL means "small pebble."
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from an Old Norse personal name, Farmaðr, denoting a seafarer or traveling merchant.English : occupational name for a peddler or itinerant merchant, Middle English far(e)man, from an Old Norse word meaning ‘traveling man’ (see 1).Muslim : from the Arabic personal name based on faraman ‘command’, ‘order’, ‘decree’. It is also found in compound names such as Faraman-ullah ‘order of Allah’.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Fearghal, FERGAL means "man of valor."
Boy/Male
Arabic
Form of Jamal
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old English personal name Dēormann, composed of Old English dēor (see Dear) + mann ‘man’. This surname became established in Ireland in the 17th century; sometimes it is found as a variant of Dornan.German (Dormann) : occupational name for a doorkeeper or gatekeeper or topographic name for someone who lived by the gate of a town or city. Compare Dorer, Dorwart.Hungarian (Dormán) : from the old secular personal name Dormán.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Firmin.Muslim : variant of Farman.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Boy/Male
Irish
It seems to come from fearghal “â€brave, courageous, valorous.â€â€ Fergal Mac Maolduin was an eighth-century High King renowned for his efforts in battle.
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : habitational name from Wormald in West Yorkshire or Wormhill in Derbyshire, which is named from an Old English personal name Wyra + hyll ‘hill’.
Male
English
English form of Teutonic Nordemann, NORMAN means "northman."
Surname or Lastname
English, Irish (Ulster), Scottish, and Dutch
English, Irish (Ulster), Scottish, and Dutch : name applied either to a Scandinavian or to someone from Normandy in northern France. The Scandinavian adventurers of the Dark Ages called themselves norðmenn ‘men from the North’. Before 1066, Scandinavian settlers in England were already fairly readily absorbed, and Northman and Normann came to be used as bynames and later as personal names, even among the Saxon inhabitants. The term gained a new use from 1066 onwards, when England was settled by invaders from Normandy, who were likewise of Scandinavian origin but by now largely integrated with the native population and speaking a Romance language, retaining only their original Germanic name.French : regional name for someone from Normandy.Dutch : ethnic name for a Norwegian.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Nordman.Jewish : Americanized form of some like-sounding Ashkenazic name.Swedish : from norr ‘north’ + man ‘man’.Albert Andriessen Bradt, a settler in Rensselaerswijck on the upper Hudson River in NY, was originally from Norway and was known as de Norrman (‘the Norwegian’). The waterway south of Albany which powered his mills became known as the Normanskill (‘the Norman’s Waterway’), by which name it is still known today.
Surname or Lastname
Polish, Czech, Slovak, Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic), and Slovenian
Polish, Czech, Slovak, Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic), and Slovenian : occupational name for a carter or drayman, the driver of a horse-drawn delivery vehicle, from Polish, Yiddish, and Slovenian furman, a loanword from German (see Fuhrmann).English : variant of Firmin.Americanized spelling of German Fuhrmann.
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
Boy/Male
Tamil
Boy/Male
Indian, Muslim
Intelligent
Surname or Lastname
English
English : Reaney suggests this is a variant of Angus, citing two late examples from Bardsley: Margaret Anguisshe (1530), Erl of Anguyshe (1563). However, the surname is not found in Scotland (in the 1881 British census it occurs predominantly in East Anglia). It is likely that it is a nickname from Anglo-Norman French anguisse, from Old French angoisse ‘anger’, ‘violence’, cognate with French Anguise.
Boy/Male
Hindu
God has given
Boy/Male
Australian, Greek
Name of Dionysus
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Ploughman.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Agreeable, virtuous.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Follower of Epicurus i.e. of one who gives assistance.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Christian
Jay Bird; Victory
Girl/Female
Indian
Glad, Happy, Joyful, Delight, Magnificent, Splendid
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
a.
Sound; normal.
a.
Dependent in form; conventional.
adv.
In a formal manner; essentially; characteristically; expressly; regularly; ceremoniously; precisely.
a.
Devoted to, or done in accordance with, forms or rules; punctilious; regular; orderly; methodical; of a prescribed form; exact; prim; stiff; ceremonious; as, a man formal in his dress, his gait, his conversation.
n.
See Wormil.
n.
A written confession of faith; a formal statement of foctrines.
a.
Not in the regular, usual, or established form; not according to official, conventional, prescribed, or customary forms or rules; irregular; hence, without ceremony; as, an informal writting, proceeding, or visit.
a.
Human; belonging to man, who is mortal; as, mortal wit or knowledge; mortal power.
a.
Denoting certain hypothetical compounds, as acids from which the real acids are obtained by dehydration; thus, normal sulphuric acid and normal nitric acid are respectively S(OH)6, and N(OH)5.
n.
See Wormil.
n.
See Mormal.
a.
According to a square or rule; perpendicular; forming a right angle. Specifically: Of or pertaining to a normal.
n.
A salt of formic acid.
n.
A univalent radical, H.C:O, regarded as the essential residue of formic acid and aldehyde.
a.
Having the form or appearance without the substance or essence; external; as, formal duty; formal worship; formal courtesy, etc.
a.
Belonging to the constitution of a thing, as distinguished from the matter composing it; having the power of making a thing what it is; constituent; essential; pertaining to or depending on the forms, so called, of the human intellect.
a.
Done in due form, or with solemnity; according to regular method; not incidental, sudden or irregular; express; as, he gave his formal consent.
a.
Containing, or belonging to, a flower; as, a floral bud; a floral leaf; floral characters.
a.
Denoting that series of hydrocarbons in which no carbon atom is united with more than two other carbon atoms; as, normal pentane, hexane, etc. Cf. Iso-.
a.
Belonging to the form, shape, frame, external appearance, or organization of a thing.