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Text by Bernardino de Sahagún
The Florentine Codex is a 16th-century ethnographic research study in Mesoamerica by the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún. Sahagún originally
Florentine_Codex
Manuscripts painted by pre-Columbian and colonial Aztec
property plans. Codex Mendoza and the Florentine Codex are among the important and popular colonial-era codices. The Florentine Codex, for example is
Aztec_codex
Tlahtoāni of the Aztec Empire until 1520
compiled the Florentine Codex, was also a Franciscan priest. Bernardino de Sahagún (1499–1590) includes in Book 12 of the Florentine Codex eight events
Moctezuma_II
Library in Florence, Italy
Codex Laurentianus. The library conserves the Littera Florentina, the Vergilius Mediceus, the Nahuatl Florentine Codex, the Rabula Gospels, the Codex
Laurentian_Library
Blood held a central place in Mesoamerican cultures. The 16th-century Florentine Codex by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún reports that in one of the
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture
Ethnic group of central Mexico and its civilization
famous illustrated, bilingual (Spanish and Nahuatl), twelve-volume Florentine Codex created by the Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún, in collaboration
Aztecs
the Florentine Codex. Now, since 2012, it is available digitally and fully accessible to those interested in Mexican and Aztec History. The Florentine Codex
History_of_books
16th-century Franciscan friar and missionary in colonial Mexico
most famous extant manuscript of the Historia general is the Florentine Codex. It is a codex consisting of 2,400 pages organized into twelve books, with
Bernardino_de_Sahagún
Aztec war and solar deity
Huitzilopochtli in his palace (in the south, or left). From a description in the Florentine Codex, Huitzilopochtli was so bright that the warrior souls had to use their
Huītzilōpōchtli
Aztec deity of darkness and violence
centrality in Aztec worship. Bernardino de Sahagún, in Book VI of the Florentine Codex, refers to Tezcatlipoca with 360 different forms. These include: Tloque
Tezcatlipoca
Mexican hominy and meat soup
Puebloan people of New Mexico. Pozole was mentioned in the 16th century Florentine Codex by Bernardino de Sahagún. Since maize was a sacred plant for the Aztecs
Pozole
Uto-Aztecan language of Mexico
Nahuatl literature was composed during this period, including the Florentine Codex, a twelve-volume compendium of Aztec culture compiled by Franciscan
Nahuatl
16th-century Spanish invasion of Mesoamerica
Sahagún's General History of the Things of New Spain and published as the Florentine Codex, in parallel columns of Nahuatl and Spanish, with pictorials. Less
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire
Edible seeds of Salvia hispanica or related
pictured in the Codex Mendoza and the Florentine codex, Aztec codices created between 1540 and 1585. Tribute records from the Mendoza Codex, Matrícula de
Chia_seed
God of maize in Aztec mythology
still on the cob" and teōtl [ˈteoːt͡ɬ] means "deity". According to the Florentine Codex, Centeōtl is the son of the earth goddess Tlazōlteōtl and solar deity
Centeōtl
Many of these deities are sourced from Codexes (such as the Florentine Codex (Bernardino de Sahagún), the Codex Borgia (Stefano Borgia), and the informants)
List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings
List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings
Rack or palisade that displays human skulls
tzompantli is depicted in the twelfth book of the Florentine Codex. This taunting is also depicted in an Aztec codex which relates the story, and the subsequent
Tzompantli
Aztec deity
mythology and belief systems, such as the Histoyre du méchique, Florentine Codex, and Codex Bodley, both compiled in the sixteenth century. Tlaltecuhtli
Tlaltecuhtli
Deity in Aztec religion; a god of rain and thunder, fertility, and water
ISBN 978-0-8061-3452-9. OCLC 50090230. Sahagun, Fray Bernardino de (1569). Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. p. 2. To him was attributed
Tláloc
Aztec goddess of water, seas, oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, rain, storms, and baptism
Pre-Columbian Codex Borgia (plates 11 and 65), the 16th century Codex Borbonicus (page 5), the 16th century Codex Ríos (page 17), and the Florentine Codex (plate
Chalchiuhtlicue
Aztec goddess
16th century Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún wrote in his Florentine Codex that Indians traveled to Tepeyac to worship Tonantzin. In her book
Tonantzin
Spanish conquistador and explorer (1485–1547)
revision of the conquest narrative first codified as Book XII of the Florentine Codex, there are laudatory references to Cortés that do not appear in the
Hernán_Cortés
Weapon used by pre-columbian mesoamericans
prisoners: fitting spaced instead of contiguous blades, as seen in many codex illustrations, would intentionally limit the wound depth from a single blow
Macuahuitl
Nahuatl word
hasten. — Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex Roith, Christian (2018). "Representations of hands in the Florentine Codex by Bernardino de Sahagún (ca
Painal
Species of grass cultivated as a food crop
god emerging from an ear of corn, 600–900 AD Aztecs storing maize, Florentine Codex, 1540/1585 Water tower in Rochester, Minnesota being painted as an
Maize
Nahua aide to Hernán Cortés
Tetiquipaque, although the nature of this relationship is unclear. In the Florentine Codex, Malinche's homeland is mentioned as "Teticpac", which is most likely
La_Malinche
Aztec merchants
and bloody clan war. The pochteca are the subject of Book 9 of the Florentine Codex (1576), compiled by Bernardino de Sahagún. Pochteca occupied a high
Pochteca
Aztec goddess
celebrated her comes from Bernardino de Sahagún's manuscripts. His Florentine Codex explains how Huixtocihuatl became the salt god. It records that Huixtocihuatl
Huixtocihuatl
Traditional medicinal wood
Sahagún. In the most famous surviving manuscripts of the work, the Florentine Codex, Sahagún called it by its Nahuatl name, coatli, given by Aztec healers
Lignum_nephriticum
Pre-Columbian cultural area in the Americas
twelve-volume General History of the Things of New Spain, known as the Florentine Codex, compiled in the third quarter of the sixteenth century. Bernardino
Mesoamerica
Marian apparitions in December 1531
his General History of the Things of New Spain, also known as the "Florentine Codex": At this place [Tepeyac], [the Indians] had a temple dedicated to
Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe
Central deity in Aztec religion
According to the Codex Ríos, the History of the Mexicans as Told by Their Paintings, the Histoyre du Mechique, and the Florentine Codex, Tōnacācihuātl and
Tōnacācihuātl
1521 conquest of the Aztec capital by the Spanish Empire and rival indigenous tribes
jewellery as a gift, which greatly pleased the Spaniards. According to the Florentine Codex, Lib. 12, f.6r., Moctezuma also ordered his messengers to carry the
Fall_of_Tenochtitlan
Aztec dual deity
able to reproduce all creation. Multiple Nahuatl sources, notably the Florentine Codex, name the highest level of heaven Ōmeyōcān or "place of duality" (Sahagún
Ōmeteōtl
Transfers between the Old and New Worlds
1519–1521, with horses, pigs, cattle, and sheep being landed from ships. Florentine Codex. Native Americans learned to use horses, dramatically expanding their
Columbian_exchange
Nahuatl-speaking Indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico
(1–2): 223–239. doi:10.1080/10609169208569797. ISSN 1060-9164. Sahagún, Florentine Codex: Introduction and Indices, pp.93-94,98. Callaway, Ewen (2017-02-01)
Mexica
Aztec goddess of the maguey plant
History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún: The Florentine Codex — Viewer — World Digital Library". www.wdl.org. Retrieved 2018-10-07
Mayahuel
Aztec deity
and the Maya. Thames & Hudson. de Sahagun, Bernardino (1982) [1545]. Florentine Codex: History of the Things of New Spain. Monographs of the school of American
Tlazōlteōtl
Word used in English language for several purposes
p. 44. Bovilsky, Lara (2011). "Early modern ecostudies: From the Florentine Codex to Shakespeare (review)". Shakespeare Quarterly. 62 (2): 292–295. doi:10
That
Homosexual woman or girl
Courtesans.. In the Aztec Empire, female homosexuality is described in the Florentine Codex, a 16th-century study of the Aztec world, including its violent repression
Lesbian
Aztec god of fire, heat, and time
manifestation of Ometecuhtli, the Lord of Duality, and according to the Florentine Codex Xiuhtecuhtli was considered to be the father of the Gods, who dwelled
Xiuhtecuhtli
codices are preserved, most notably the Codex Mendoza, the Florentine Codex, and the works by Diego Durán. Codex Mendoza (around 1541) is a mixed pictorial
Mesoamerican_writing_systems
1017/S0956536121000481. ISSN 0956-5361. "Book 9 Folio 5v | Digital Florentine Codex'". Digital Florentine Codex. Retrieved 10 December 2025. Obregón, Marco Antonio Cervera
Stone_tool
Medicine in Aztec folklore
Sahagún, Bernardino : General History of the Things of New Spain: The Florentine Codex. Book X: The People, Their Virtues and Vices, and Other Nations. 1577
Aztec_medicine
Type of elite Aztec warrior
Greenwood Press, 1998. Carrasco, D. 1998, 200. Sahagun, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated and edited
Jaguar_warrior
Traditional Mesoamerican dish
eaten and sold in Aztec markets are well documented in the extensive Florentine Codex written by Reverend Bernardino de Sahagún. In book X he describes how
Tamale
Aztec manuscript
tlacuiloque of the pre-Conquest and early Colonial period, per the Florentine Codex. Those two colors were also of great importance to pre-Conquest tlacuiloque
Codex_Boturini
Aztec goddess
A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks: 79, 81. Sahagún, Bernadino (1569). Florentine Codex Book 3. Durán, Fray Diego (1964). Heyden, Doris; Horcasitas, Fernando
Coyolxāuhqui
Calendar system that was used by the Aztecs
cencalli tonalli" (a family of days), according to Book IV of the Florentine Codex. Each trecena is named according to the calendar date of the first
Aztec_calendar
Aztec herbal manuscript of 1552
highly sophisticated. As with Book 11, "The Earthly Things" of the Florentine Codex by Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún, the Badianus manuscript gives
Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis
Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis
School for the sons of Aztec nobility
Bernardino de Sahagún's Florentine Codex of the General History of the Things of New Spain (Books III, VI, and VIII) and part 3 of the Codex Mendoza. The calmecac
Calmecac
Aztec deity
teixiptla in order to accurately imbue them with “god qualities”. The Florentine Codex gives an account of the adornment of both a priest (titled Topiltzin
Teixiptla
modifications and the Aztec certainly practiced these as well. Book 8 of the Florentine Codex speaks of a practice that the Aztec used in ritualistic ceremonies
Aztec_body_modification
Literature written in or related to indigenous Mesoamerica
texts in indigenous Mesoamerican languages were generated. Codex Mendoza Florentine Codex. A twelve-volume work composed under the direction of Franciscan
Mesoamerican_literature
Vengeful ghost in Latin American folklore
pregnancy. Then they must stay in this world for a period of time. The Florentine Codex is an important text about the Spanish invasion of Mexico in 1519.
La_Llorona
colors used by painters and documented his research in the Florentine Codex. The Florentine Codex is a primary resource for understanding the creation and
Conservation and restoration of Mesoamerican codices
Conservation_and_restoration_of_Mesoamerican_codices
Central deity in Aztec religion
as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex written down some 50 years after the conquest. In the Codex's description of the first meeting between
Quetzalcōātl
16th century epidemics in New Spain
cocoliztli was Bernardino de Sahagún, a Spanish clergyman and author of the Florentine Codex, who contracted the disease in 1546. Sahagún suffered cocoliztli a
Cocoliztli_epidemics
Mockotain
According to the Codex Ríos, the History of the Mexicans as Told by Their Paintings, the Histoyre du Mechique, and the Florentine Codex, the goddess of
Ōmeyōcān
Central deity in Aztec religion
According to the Codex Ríos, the History of the Mexicans as Told by Their Paintings, the Histoyre du Mechique, and the Florentine Codex, Tōnacātēcuhtli
Tōnacātēcuhtli
Area of study on 15th–19th century territory
his General History of the Things of New Spain, often known as the Florentine Codex. Revisionist history of the conquest was being written as early as
Historiography of Colonial Spanish America
Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America
Culinary traditions in the Aztec Empire
have been more tolerated for elderly people; Spanish translations of the Codex Mendoza note that there were specific circumstances that allowed the elderly
Aztec_cuisine
in birth, and additionally to providing prenatal care advice. The Florentine Codex outlines much of the advice the tlamatlquiticitl gave to expecting
Women_in_Aztec_civilization
Aztec god of fire and lightning
fell out of their sockets. According to the creation recounted in the Florentine Codex, after the Fifth Sun was initially created, it did not move. Ehecatl
Xolotl
discovered in San José Mogote.[full citation needed] Aztec codices (singular codex) are books that were written by pre-Columbian and colonial-era Aztecs. These
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Fall of a complex human society
Aztec victims of smallpox, from the Florentine Codex (1540–85)
Societal_collapse
16th or 17th century Aztec pictorial manuscript
The Codex Azcatitlan is an Aztec codex detailing the history of the Mexica and their migration journey from Aztlán to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec
Codex_Azcatitlan
Nahua writer, Mexican governor
the twelve-volume General History of the Things of New Spain, the Florentine Codex, He served as judge-governor of both his home, Azcapotzalco, and of
Antonio_Valeriano
Species of insect producing the crimson dye carmine
also used cochineal pigments in their manuscripts. The 16th century Florentine Codex contains a variety of illustrations with multiple variations of the
Cochineal
Azure blue pigment made in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
in the Florentine Codex written by Bernardino de Sahagún contain the Maya blue color. The use of Maya blue was corroborated in the Grolier Codex, and helped
Maya_blue
Manuscript that presents traits of the Mesoamerican indigenous pictoric tradition
Duran Codex, Ramírez Codex, the illustrations of Sahagun's Primeros Memoriales and the Florentine Codex, Codex Ríos, Codex Telleriano Remensis, Codex Ixtlilxochitl
Mesoamerican_codices
Fluid injection into the large intestine
employed enemas, as documented during the colonial period, e.g., in the Florentine Codex. The indigenous peoples of North America employed tobacco smoke enemas
Enema
Mythical place
Underworld of Mictlan. According to a figurative etymology in the Florentine Codex of Sahagún (bk. 10, ch. 29, para. 14), "Tamoanchan probably means "We
Tamoanchan
discover new spices and indigenous American medicinal recipes. The Florentine Codex, a 16th-century ethnographic research study in Mesoamerica by the Spanish
History_of_medicine
Culinary traditions of Mexico
común, pambazo and cemita. Pozole is mentioned in the 16th century Florentine Codex by Bernardino de Sahagún. In the eighteenth century, an Italian Capuchin
Mexican_cuisine
Aztec textual and pictorial history book
Aztec Empire in the Florentine Codex, which is primarily from the Tlatelocan viewpoint and denigrates the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, Codex Aubin offers the
Aubin_Codex
Hot pepper
Aztecs prior to the Spanish conquest; Bernardino de Sahagún in the Florentine Codex writes of Aztec markets selling chipotles (smoked jalapeños) and mole
Jalapeño
Species of bird in North America
range in the Western Hemisphere. The account was documented in the Florentine Codex, making the account itself amongst the earliest peer-reviewed research
Great-tailed_grackle
Aztec deity
Fair Winds Press. p. 239. ISBN 9781592334667. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain (Translation of and Introduction
Chicomecōātl
Color
Colors of the New World: Artists, Materials, and the Creation of the Florentine Codex. Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute. p. 43. ISBN 978-1606063293
Blue-green
Mexican dish of grasshoppers
Bernardino de Sahagún, General History of the Things of New Spain: Florentine Codex, Book 11 Earthly Things Vinh, Tan (17 April 2017). "Get your fried
Chapulines
Society in central Mexico prior to the Spanish conquest
century after the Spanish conquest. Important among these are the Florentine Codex, a 12 volume ethnographic description of precolumbian Aztec society
Aztec_society
University of New Mexico Press 1986, pp. 140-141. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: The General History of the Things of New Spain, volume 8, p. 88. Salt
Land_reform_in_Mexico
Nahuatl term for divinity
identifies major characteristics of teotl as the term is used in the Florentine Codex to get further insight on Aztec religion as described in other codices
Teotl
Species of flowering plant in the laurel family
already intermingled in pre-Columbian America and were described in the Florentine Codex. As a result of artificial selection, the fruit and correspondingly
Avocado
Aztec god of the dead
symbolise the dichotomy of light and darkness.[citation needed] In the Colonial Codex Vaticanus 3738, Mictlantecuhtli is labelled in Spanish as "the lord of the
Mictlāntēcutli
Aztec goddess – heart of the Earth
venerated by curers of ailments and midwives. In the 16th century Florentine Codex compiled by Bernardino de Sahagún, Toci is identified with temazcalli
Toci
Entheogenic use by ancient Aztecs
involvement with psychoactive substances in the Aztec lifestyle. The Florentine codex contains multiple references to the use of psychoactive plants among
Aztec_use_of_entheogens
Mesoamerican blunt weapon
This quauholōlli is represented in the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, Codex Duran and the Florentine codex. The warriors that wield it in these depictions, always have
Quauholōlli
Indigenous people of Mexico
(1975). Anderson, Arthur James Outram; Dibble, Charles Elliot (eds.). Florentine Codex: general history of the things of New Spain in 13 parts. Monographs
Tlaxcaltec
Eleventh and final Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan
rulers La Noche Triste Tlatoani Moctezuma II Cuitláhuac Aztec warfare Florentine Codex Vargas Pacheco, Ernesto (November 23, 2018). "El viaje de Cortés a
Cuauhtémoc
Ruler of a Mesoamerican āltepētl (city-state)
Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. [ISBN missing] Sahagun, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated and edited
Tlatoani
Widespread, often global, epidemic of severe infectious disease
Aztecs dying of smallpox, Florentine Codex (compiled 1540–1585)
Pandemic
Spice extracted from Vanilla orchids
Drawing of the Vanilla plant from the Florentine Codex (c. 1580) and description of its use and properties written in the Nahuatl language
Vanilla
Type of Mesoamerican agriculture
groups of seven. One scholar has calculated the size of chinampas using Codex Vergara as a source, finding that they usually measured roughly 30 m × 2
Chinampa
Quetzalcōātl
the Mexica to more easily rule over the Toltecs. According to the Florentine Codex, which was written under the direction of the Franciscan missionary
Cē_Ācatl_Topiltzin
from captivity where he was being fattened for sacrifice himself. The Florentine Codex (1576), compiled by Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún from information
Cannibalism_in_the_Americas
Fourth Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan
Valley of Mexico against Cuauhnahuac (Cuernavaca). According to the Florentine Codex, Itzcoatl ordered the burning of all historical codices because it
Itzcoatl
History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún: The Florentine Codex – Viewer – World Digital Library". www.wdl.org. Retrieved 7 October
History of alcoholic beverages
History_of_alcoholic_beverages
well as the day of the founding of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Unlike the Florentine Codex and its account of the conquest of Mexico, the Annals of Tlatelolco
History_of_Nahuatl
FLORENTINE CODEX
FLORENTINE CODEX
Male
Russian
(Флорентий) Russian form of Latin Florentius, FLORENTIY means "blossoming."
Male
Spanish
Portuguese and Spanish form of Latin Florentius, FLORENCIO means "blossoming."
Boy/Male
Latin
Flowering.
Girl/Female
Latin
Blooming.
Male
Italian
Florentine Italian form of Latin Angelus, ANGIOLO means "angel, messenger."
Female
Italian
Feminine form of Italian Florentino, FLORENTINA means "blossoming."
Male
German
German form of Latin Florentius, FLORENZ means "blossoming."
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English, French, German, Latin, Swedish
Florence; Blooming; Flowering; In Bloom
Male
Italian
Italian form of Latin Florentius, FIORENZO means "blossoming."
Male
French
French form of Latin Florentius, FLORENTIN means "blossoming."
Boy/Male
Spanish
Blooming.
Girl/Female
Danish, French, German, Latin, Swedish
Blooming; Flowering; In Bloom
Girl/Female
Latin
Blooming.
Girl/Female
Latin Spanish Italian
Blooming.
Male
Italian
Italian form of Latin Florentius, FLORENTINO means "blossoming."
Boy/Male
French, German, Latin, Swedish
Blossoming; Charming
Boy/Male
British, English, French, German, Latin
In Flower; Prosperous; Flourishing; Blooming
Boy/Male
Latin
Flowering.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Chinese, French, Spanish
Blooming; Flower
Girl/Female
Australian, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Latin, Spanish, Swedish
Flowering; Florence; Blooming; In Bloom
FLORENTINE CODEX
FLORENTINE CODEX
Boy/Male
Sikh
Master, Gentleman, Companion
Boy/Male
Armenian
Name of a king.
Boy/Male
Hindu
A Lucky bird, A sage
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Clock
Boy/Male
German
Bold Venture
Girl/Female
American, British, English, French, German, Hebrew, Latin
Medieval Male Name Adopted as a Feminine Name; A Member of the German Tribe; The Gauts; Joyful; Happy
Female
Chinese
pure; virtuous.
Boy/Male
Indian
King of Sky
Girl/Female
Tamil
Satyapriya | ஸதà¯à®¯à®ªà¯à®°à®¿à®¯
Devoted to truth, Love to truth
Girl/Female
Australian, Greek, Latin
Goddess of Strife
FLORENTINE CODEX
FLORENTINE CODEX
FLORENTINE CODEX
FLORENTINE CODEX
FLORENTINE CODEX
n.
A book; a manuscript.
n.
A collection of canons.
n.
An ancient manuscript of the Sacred Scriptures, or any part of them, particularly the New Testament.
n.
A native or inhabitant of Florence, a city in Italy.
n.
A kind of pudding or tart; a kind of meat pie.
a.
Belonging or relating to Florence, in Italy.
n.
A plant of the genus Iris (I. Florentina); a kind of flower-de-luce. Its rootstock has an odor resembling that of violets.
pl.
of Codex
n.
One of a order of nuns founded in 1812 at Loretto, in Kentucky. The members of the order (called also Sisters of Loretto, or Friends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross) devote themselves to the cause of education and the care of destitute orphans, their labors being chiefly confined to the Western United States.
n.
A kind of silk.
n.
A collection or digest of laws; a code.
a.
Relating to a codex, or a code.
n.
A pigment formed by combining some coloring matter, usually by precipitation, with a metallic oxide or earth, esp. with aluminium hydrate; as, madder lake; Florentine lake; yellow lake, etc.