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Subarea of scattering in physics
Fiber diffraction is a subarea of scattering, an area in which molecular structure is determined from scattering data (usually of X-rays, electrons or
Fiber_diffraction
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
obtain less detailed information; such methods include fiber diffraction, powder diffraction and (if the sample is not crystallized) small-angle X-ray
X-ray_diffraction
1952 X-ray diffraction photograph of DNA
Photo 51 is a 1952 X-ray based fiber diffraction image of a paracrystalline gel composed of DNA fiber taken by Rosalind Franklin's PhD student Raymond
Photo_51
Interference phenomenon of waves
Diffraction from slits Diffraction spike Diffraction vs. interference Diffractive solar sail Diffractometer Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction Fiber
Diffraction
Lines radiating from bright light sources in photographs
how fine these support rods are, they diffract the incoming light from a subject star. This appears as diffraction spikes, which are the Fourier transform
Diffraction_spike
Type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber
before it is drawn into fiber. Bragg's law Dielectric mirror Diffraction Diffraction grating Distributed temperature sensing by fiber optics Hydrogen sensor
Fiber_Bragg_grating
Light-conducting fiber
fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers are widely used in fiber-optic
Optical_fiber
Laser using an optical fiber as the active gain medium
diffraction-limited, high-quality optical beam. Fiber lasers are compact compared to solid-state or gas lasers of comparable power, because the fiber
Fiber_laser
Optical component which splits light into several beams
In optics, a diffraction grating is a grating with a periodic structure of appropriate scale so as to diffract light, or another type of electromagnetic
Diffraction_grating
native RNA polymers for fiber diffraction analysis. In part because of heterogeneity of the samples tested, early fiber diffraction patterns were usually
History_of_molecular_biology
Physical law regarding scattering angles of radiation through a medium
periodic microscale lattices. Bragg diffraction (also referred to as the Bragg formulation of X-ray diffraction) was first proposed by Lawrence Bragg
Bragg's_law
Type of optical fiber mostly used for communication over short distances
Multi-mode optical fiber is a type of optical fiber mostly used for communication over short distances, such as within a building or on a campus. Multi-mode
Multi-mode_optical_fiber
Main protein structure of fibrous collagen
advanced a structure for the collagen triple helix on the basis of fiber diffraction data. It consists of a triple helix made of the repetitious amino
Collagen_helix
Polymer of glucose and structural component of cell wall of plants and green algae
Hydrogen-Bonding System in Cellulose Iβ from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (31): 9074–9082. Bibcode:2002JAChS.124.9074N
Cellulose
supported a broad range of science, including pioneering work on X-ray diffraction, structural molecular biology, surface physics and chemistry, materials
Synchrotron_Radiation_Source
Virus affecting plants of the Solanaceae family
protected from the action of cellular enzymes by the coat protein. X-ray fiber diffraction structure of the intact virus was studied based on an electron density
Tobacco_mosaic_virus
Form of electromagnetic radiation
analysed to reveal the nature of that lattice. A related technique, fiber diffraction, was used by Rosalind Franklin to discover the double helical structure
X-ray
Type of optical fiber
coupling of the pump, and diffraction-limited output. S. Kawakami, S. Nishida (1974). "Characteristics of a doubly clad optical fiber with a low-index inner
Double-clad_fiber
Type of secondary structure of proteins
in the X-ray fiber diffraction of moist wool or hair fibers upon significant stretching. The data suggested that the unstretched fibers had a coiled molecular
Alpha_helix
Insoluble protein aggregate with a fibrillar morphology
nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), X-ray crystallography, or X-ray fiber diffraction (often considered the "gold-standard" test to see whether a structure
Amyloid
Characteristic of an optical system
and resolution), and in fiber optics, in which it describes the range of angles within which light that is incident on the fiber will be transmitted along
Numerical_aperture
Genus of green algae
cellulose Iβ was studied by Finkenstadt and Millane (1998). Using X-ray fiber diffraction analysis, they resolved ambiguities in the cellulose structure that
Valonia_(alga)
Class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals
the transverse directions as in PCF. Both PCFs and fiber Bragg gratings employ Bragg diffraction phenomena, albeit in different directions.) The lowest
Photonic-crystal_fiber
Family of viruses
determined using a number of physical techniques, especially X-ray fiber diffraction, solid-state NMR and cryo-electron microscopy. The structures of the
Filamentous_bacteriophage
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer can produce
X-ray_crystallography
Type of laser diode
quantum-cascade laser or optical-fiber laser where the active region of the device contains a periodically structured element or diffraction grating. The structure
Distributed-feedback_laser
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
top or end address. Polar pattern is influenced by shielding (meaning diffraction, dissipation or absorption) by the housing itself and electronically
Microphone
Bacterial virulence factor
Shigella flexneri was resolved at a resolution of 16 Å using X-ray fiber diffraction in 2003, and a year later a 17-Å 3D structure of NCs from Salmonella
Type_III_secretion_system
Periodic optical nanostructure that affects the motion of photons
same way that the structure of natural crystals gives rise to X-ray diffraction and that the atomic lattices (crystal structure) of semiconductors affect
Photonic_crystal
aspects of crystallography, including fiber diffraction, electron diffraction, neutron scattering, and powder diffraction. A quarterly magazine, called ACA
American Crystallographic Association
American_Crystallographic_Association
Group of viruses
(the assembly of p8 subunit proteins) has been determined by X-ray fiber diffraction, and structural models have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank
Ff_phages
Most abundant structural protein in animals
functions: Guiding: collagen fibers guide fibroblasts because they migrate along a connective tissue matrix. Chemotaxis: collagen fibers have a large surface
Collagen
Connective tissue in the breast that help maintain structural integrity
described them in 1840. Their anatomy can be revealed using transmission diffraction tomography. Cooper's suspensory ligament should not be confused with
Cooper's_ligaments
A long-period fiber grating couples light from a guided mode into forward propagating cladding modes where it is lost due to absorption and scattering
Long-period_fiber_grating
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
strength of current to the intermediate lens, the diffraction pattern is projected on a screen. Diffraction is a very powerful tool for doing a cell reconstruction
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Type of optical fiber waveguide
terms to diffraction free beams. These too can be made by using air channels appropriately positioned on the virtual zones of the optical fiber. Photonic
Microstructured_optical_fiber
wavelength used for recording. In this case diffraction of light from the hologram is possible only as Bragg diffraction, i.e., the light has to have the right
Volume_hologram
Idealized model of light
extended to describe edge diffraction, with modifications such as the geometric theory of diffraction, which enables tracing diffracted rays. More complicated
Ray_(optics)
U.S. fiber laser company
multi-kilowatt diode-pumped fiber lasers. In 2000, IPG introduced a 100-W diffraction-limited fiber laser using its multi-fiber side-coupling technology
IPG_Photonics
American chemist
between the DNA base pairs and unwound the double helix. Using fiber X-ray diffraction, Peter Bond and others were able to display the intercalated platinum
Stephen_J._Lippard
Dispersive optical device
grating, since it also uses high diffraction orders. To overcome this disadvantage, the VIPA can be combined with a diffraction grating. The VIPA is a compact
Virtually_imaged_phased_array
Use of viruses as a source of nanoparticles for biomedical purposes
strain of tobacco mosaic virus refined at 3.5 a resolution using X-ray fiber diffraction". Journal of Molecular Biology. 228 (2): 516–28. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90839-C
Virus_nanotechnology
New Zealand-born British biophysicist (1916–2004)
separation, optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. He is most noted for initiating and leading early X-ray diffraction studies on DNA at King's College London
Maurice_Wilkins
English biochemist
English physicist and molecular biologist who made pioneering X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin provided the foundation
William_Astbury
Reflection which reverses the direction of a wave, particle, or signal
important in fiber optics, see below; Elastic collisions between accelerated ions and a sample (Rutherford backscattering) Bragg diffraction from crystals
Backscatter
Microscopy technique
each image point due to diffraction. Unless the aperture of the optical component is large enough to collect all the diffracted light, the finer aspects
Near-field scanning optical microscope
Near-field_scanning_optical_microscope
Optical frequency response of which includes two narrowband components
An addressed fiber Bragg structure (AFBS) is a fiber Bragg grating, the optical frequency response of which includes two narrowband components with the
Addressed fiber Bragg structure
Addressed_fiber_Bragg_structure
A scanning fiber endoscope is a technology that uses a flexible, small (< 6Fr) peripheral or coronary catheter to provide wide-field, high-quality, full-color
Scanning_fiber_endoscope
Poon, H.-C.; P. Schwander, M. Uddin, & D. K. Saldin (2011). "Fiber Diffraction without Fibers" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 19 (18): 17318–17335. Bibcode:2013PhRvL
Fluctuation_X-ray_scattering
Form of petroleum primarily used in road construction
between 0.1 and 50 μm with a main fraction between 1 μm and 10 μm. Laser diffraction techniques can be used to determine the particle size distribution quickly
Bitumen
Interaction of light with material waves in a medium
energy) in preferential directions, as if by diffraction caused by an oscillating 3-dimensional diffraction grating. If the medium is a solid crystal, a
Brillouin_scattering
Scientific instruments
variety of technologies available for detecting and recording the images, diffraction patterns, and electron energy loss spectra produced using transmission
Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy
Branch of physics that studies light
of situations such as diffraction through a single gap, diffraction through multiple slits, or diffraction through a diffraction grating that contains
Optics
Optical fiber instrument
optical fiber, After the collimating lens (L1) post-directed to the grating，the optical signals of different wavelengths due to the different diffraction angle
Fiber-optic_filter
Secondary protein structure
alpha sheet, they suggested that it agreed well with fiber diffraction results from beta-keratin fibers. However, since the alpha sheet did not appear to
Alpha_sheet
New Zealand engineer
Deponte DP., Bean R. and Beyerlein KR. (2017) Flow-aligned, single-shot fiber diffraction using a femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser. Cytoskeleton Wojtas
Rick_Millane
Device that emits light via optical amplification
broad spectrum but durations measured in attoseconds. Lasers are used in fiber-optic and free-space optical communications, optical disc drives, laser
Laser
Conduit for signal propagation
fiber or a copper cable is used as transmission media. Electromagnetic radiation can be transmitted through an optical medium, such as optical fiber,
Transmission_medium
Optical multiplexer component
Light is coupled into the device via an optical fiber (1) connected to the input port. Light diffracting out of the input waveguide at the coupler/slab
Arrayed_waveguide_grating
closely approximates that of another object (such as a lens, material, fiber-optic, etc.). When two substances with the same index are in contact, light
Index-matching_material
several orders of magnitude higher than that of diffraction grating or dispersion compensating fiber-based dispersive elements. The ability to control
Chromo-modal_dispersion
Instrument to measure the properties of visible light
graduations marking wavelengths of light. Modern spectroscopes generally use a diffraction grating, a movable slit, and some kind of photodetector, all automated
Optical_spectrometer
Structure used in waveguides
displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Diffraction – Interference phenomenon of waves Diffraction grating – Optical component which splits light
Distributed_Bragg_reflector
Colour in living creatures caused by interference effects
interference is created by a range of photonic mechanisms, including diffraction gratings, selective mirrors, photonic crystals, crystal fibres, matrices
Structural_coloration
Distribution of crystallographic orientations in a polycrystalline material
the most widely used is X-ray diffraction using texture goniometers, followed by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method in scanning electron
Crystallographic_texture
Microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline form of silica
Chalcedony fibers are twisted along their length, giving them a helical shape. Individual fibers in agates were determined by X-ray diffraction to be 0.1-1
Chalcedony
Research of materials
with different orientations. Because of this, the powder diffraction method, which uses diffraction patterns of polycrystalline samples with a large number
Materials_science
Chemical compound
Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9. Skinner, L.B.; et al. (2013). "Joint diffraction and modeling approach to the structure of liquid alumina". Phys. Rev
Aluminium_oxide
Optical device which splits a beam of light in two
1103/PhysRevA.98.062314. Diffraction Gratings and Applications, Loewen, Erwin C. and Popov, Evgeny. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1997. Digital diffractive optics: an introduction
Beam_splitter
Semiconductor laser
wavelength-selective mirror is a periodically structured diffraction grating with high reflectivity. The diffraction grating is within a non-pumped, or passive, region
Laser_diode
Accounting of signal gains and losses in communications
communication medium such as radio waves, cables, waveguides, or optical fibers, to the receiver. It is an equation giving the received power from the transmitter
Link_budget
Type of common-path interferometer
a diffraction grating interferometer by Kwon and the Phase-Shifting Point Diffraction Interferometer. Gary Sommargren proposed a point diffraction interferometer
Point diffraction interferometer
Point_diffraction_interferometer
Spherical lens
lenses convert such images into Bessel wavefronts, which have reduced diffraction effects and can be imaged in the far field as well as in the near field
Ball_lens
Components used for routing signals between optical fibres on a per-wavelength basis
example, an 88 channel WDM system can be routed from a “common” fiber to any one of N fibers by employing 88 1 x N switches. This represents a significant
Wavelength selective switching
Wavelength_selective_switching
Device used to reduce the power level of an optical signal
attenuator, or fiber optic attenuator, is a device used to reduce the power level of an optical signal, either in free space or in an optical fiber. The basic
Optical_attenuator
Banded variety of chalcedony
determined by X-ray diffraction to be 0.1-1.0 µm in diameter and up to several millimeters long. There are two different types of chalcedony fibers: length-slow
Agate
reflectance model Differential group delay Diffraction Diffraction grating Diffraction spike Diffractive optics Digital handheld refractometer Dispersion
Index_of_optics_articles
Fine grained natural soil
minerals. Clay minerals in clays are most easily identified using X-ray diffraction rather than chemical or physical tests. Varve (or varved clay) is clay
Clay
Regions of an electromagnetic field
approaches the far field. Local effects Fraunhofer diffraction for more on the far field Fresnel diffraction for more on the near field Inductive heating of
Near_and_far_field
Last leg of telecommunications delivery
increase the loss above the free space value. Reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves can also alter their transmission characteristics and require
Last mile (telecommunications)
Last_mile_(telecommunications)
yielded the first observation of diffraction patterns superimposed over propagating interferograms. These diffraction patterns (as shown in the first photograph)
N-slit_interferometer
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
Physical optics incorporates wave properties and is needed to understand diffraction and interference. Quantum optics applies when studying individual photons
Light
Time of electromagnetic wave coherence
be reduced by propagation factors such as dispersion, scattering, and diffraction. The coherence time, usually designated τ, is calculated by dividing
Coherence_time
Microscope that uses visible light
It is these impacts of diffraction that limit the ability to resolve fine details. The extent and magnitude of the diffraction patterns are affected by
Optical_microscope
holographic microscopy Holography Numerical aperture Raman microscope Diffraction limited Kuznetsova, Yuliya; Neumann, Alexander; Brueck, S. R. (2007)
Interferometric_microscopy
Light scattering by small particles
optically "soft" (i.e., with a refractive index close to 1). Anomalous diffraction theory applies to optically soft but larger particles. In 1869, while
Rayleigh_scattering
Range of spectroscopic analysis
collected after the cuvette by a glass fiber and driven into a spectrograph. The spectrograph consists of a diffraction grating that separates the light into
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
Ultraviolet–visible_spectroscopy
Structural model of a folded, globular protein
proteins were not solved until the late 1960s. However, pioneering X-ray fiber diffraction data had been collected in the early 1930s for many natural fibrous
Cyclol
Type of microscopy
fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) gathers information by "feeling"
Atomic_force_microscopy
Effect of a material on light
(such as microwaves in coaxial cable) or the pulses of light in optical fiber. In optics, one important and familiar consequence of dispersion is the
Dispersion_(optics)
Physical structure guiding light waves
the optical spectrum. Common types of optical waveguides include optical fiber waveguides, transparent dielectric waveguides made of plastic and glass
Waveguide_(optics)
Mineral (hydrated sodium calcium borate hydroxide)
study also provided the first powder x-ray diffraction analysis of ulexite. In 1963 ulexite's remarkable fiber optics qualities were explained by Weichel-Moore
Ulexite
Austrian-American chemist
the development of polymer science. Mark's X-ray diffraction work on the molecular structure of fibers provided important evidence for the macromolecular
Herman_Francis_Mark
Technique to analyze the infrared spectrum of matter
Measurements in the far infrared needed the development of accurately ruled diffraction gratings to replace the prisms as dispersing elements, since salt crystals
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy
Range of physical processes in physics
change) of alpha particles by gold nuclei, the Bragg scattering (or diffraction) of electrons and X-rays by a cluster of atoms, and the inelastic scattering
Scattering
3D conformation of a biological sequence, like DNA, RNA, proteins
1107/s0567739478001540. "Bessel functions and diffraction by helical structures". planetphysics.org.[permanent dead link] "X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Double-Helical Deoxyribonucleic
Biomolecular_structure
American mathematician (1923–2016)
mathematics. He was best known for his work on the "geometrical theory of diffraction" (GTD). Born in Paterson, New Jersey on July 31, 1923, Keller attended
Joseph_Keller
Method used to apply surface coatings
X-ray diffraction methods are useful techniques to analyze thin films. X-ray diffraction methods such as Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction can be used
Chemical_vapor_deposition
Measurement method using interference of waves
and is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber optics, engineering, metrology, optical metrology, oceanography, seismology
Interferometry
diagnostics is the point diffraction interferometer (PDI), invented by Linnik in 1933. The reference beam is generated by diffraction from a small pinhole
Common-path_interferometer
FIBER DIFFRACTION
FIBER DIFFRACTION
Boy/Male
Australian, Irish, Jamaican, Latin
Another Name for Dionysus; Free
Boy/Male
Australian, Biblical, Christian, French, German, Greek
The Son of Tiber; Of the Tiber (River)
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English, Portuguese
Bright Guardian; Of High Value; Of the Tiber
Biblical
the son of Tiber
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a maker or user of files, from an agent derivative of Middle English file ‘file’.English : occupational name for a spinner, from an agent derivative of Middle English, Old French fil ‘thread’ (Latin filum).English : Americanized spelling of German Feiler, cognate of 1.
Boy/Male
American, British, English, French, Latin
Bean Grower; Derived from the Roman Clan Name Fabius; A Name Given Several Roman Emperors and 16 Saints; One who Grows Beans
Boy/Male
Latin
Dionysus.
Girl/Female
Latin
From the Tiber.
Boy/Male
English Latin
Derived from the Roman clan name Fabius; a name given several Roman emperors and 16 saints.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a refiner of gold and other metals, from Middle English fine(n) ‘to refine or purify’ (a derivative of fine ‘fine’, ‘pure’).Probably a translated form of German Feiner.
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Roman Tiberius, TIBERIU means "of the Tiber (river)."
Boy/Male
Biblical
The son of Tiber.
Girl/Female
Italian Latin
From the Tiber.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, English, Portuguese
Bright Guardian; Of the Tiber; River
Boy/Male
British, English, Greek
Gujarati Words for String which Made by Coconut's Fibers
Male
Czechoslovakian
, of the Tiber (river).
Boy/Male
Italian
From the Tiber.
Boy/Male
Australian, Czechoslovakian, Danish, German, Hungarian, Slavic
Sacred Place; Of the River Tiber
Male
Yiddish
 Variant spelling of Yiddish Lieber, LIBER means "beloved." Compare with another form of Liber.
Girl/Female
Afghan, American, Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Telugu
Superior; Finer; Rising; Ascending; High-born; The High; Exalted One
FIBER DIFFRACTION
FIBER DIFFRACTION
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Tall; Towering; Lofty
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
A Rosary of Rudrksa
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Highly Controlled
Boy/Male
Tamil
A pet name for girl child
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Another Name for God; Pile; Treasury
Biblical
variation of Eve from Chavvah Ava means life, or Ivah, iniquity
Girl/Female
Anglo Saxon
Wealthy.
Girl/Female
Indian
Name of a flower
Male
Yiddish
Pet form of Yiddish Mordche, MOTKE means "devotee of Marduk."Â
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Intelligent skillful
FIBER DIFFRACTION
FIBER DIFFRACTION
FIBER DIFFRACTION
FIBER DIFFRACTION
FIBER DIFFRACTION
n.
One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle.
n.
A small cord, ligature, or fiber.
a.
Composed of, or resembling, muscular fiber.
n.
Alt. of Fibre
a.
Alt. of Fibre-faced
a.
Having fibers; made up of fibers.
n.
Any fine, slender thread, or threadlike substance; as, a fiber of spun glass; especially, one of the slender rootlets of a plant.
a.
Having a visible fiber embodied in the surface of; -- applied esp. to a kind of paper for checks, drafts, etc.
n.
The longer and finer fiber of flax.
n.
An enlargement or swelling in a vessel, fiber, or the like; a varix; as, the varicosities of nerve fibers.
a.
Having the form of a fiber or fibers; resembling a fiber.
n.
The inner bark of plants, lying next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is, therefore, the part from which the fiber of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc.
n.
Gomuti fiber. See Gomuti.
a.
Having no fibers; destitute of fibers or fiber.
n.
A small fiber; the branch of a fiber; a very slender thread; a fibrilla.
n.
Sinew; strength; toughness; as, a man of real fiber.
n.
The plant which yields the fiber.