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Oldest surviving Chinese dictionary (3rd-century BCE)
The Erya or Erh-ya (Chinese: 爾雅; pinyin: Ěryǎ) is the earliest surviving Chinese dictionary. The sinologist Bernhard Karlgren concluded that "the major
Erya
Chinese name for giant panda and tapir
in the Erya yintu, the extant 1801 facsimile woodblock edition of the Yuan facsimile manuscript copy of an illustrated Song edition of theErya. The head
Mo_(Chinese_zoology)
Ancient Chinese territory
of ancient China mentioned in historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya and Rites of Zhou. There are four different theories regarding the origin
Yangzhou_(ancient_China)
The Xiao Erya (simplified Chinese: 小尔雅; traditional Chinese: 小爾雅; pinyin: Xiǎo Ěryǎ; Wade–Giles: Hsiao Erh-ya; "Little [Er]ya") was an early Chinese dictionary
Xiao_Erya
Species of bear
pelts to control menstruation as described in the Qin dynasty encyclopedia Erya. The creature named mo (貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted
Giant_panda
Chinese dictionary compiled by Lu Dian
Dian (陸佃/陆佃, 1042–1102). He wrote this Erya supplement along with his Erya Xinyi (爾雅新義 "New Exegesis of the Erya") commentary. Although the Piya preface
Piya
Birds in Chinese mythology
attach to each other and fly in pairs. According to the ancient dictionary Erya, its proper name is jianjian (Chinese: 鶼鶼). From the ancient text Classic
Biyiniao
2nd-century Chinese character dictionary
While prefigured by earlier reference works for Chinese characters like the Erya (c. 3rd century BCE), the Shuowen Jiezi contains the first comprehensive
Shuowen_Jiezi
Ancient Chinese territory
ancient China referenced in early Chinese texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya, and Rites of Zhou. Jingzhou became an administrative division during the
Jingzhou_(ancient_China)
Species of flowering plant in the mustard family
was compared to a happy marriage. Its sweet taste is also recorded in the Erya lexicon, compiled c. 500 – 100 BCE). In England and Scotland, the species
Capsella_bursa-pastoris
Historical province of China
It is referenced in Chinese historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya and Rites of Zhou. It consisted of lands north of the Yellow River, including
Jizhou_(ancient_China)
American dramatist
Alice Erya Gerstenberg (August 2, 1885 – July 28, 1972) was an American playwright, actress, and activist best known for her experimental, feminist drama
Alice_Gerstenberg
Globular vessel flute from China
sizes. The entry for the Xun in the oldest surviving Chinese encyclopedia, Erya (Refined Definitions, c. 3rd century BC), describes it as being of two types:
Xun_(instrument)
Group of early Chinese classic works
Annals The Analects (論語 Lúnyǔ) Classic of Filial Piety (孝經 Xiàojīng) Erya (爾雅 Ěryǎ) The classics, with more than 650,000 characters engraved double-sided
Kaicheng_Stone_Classics
Song dynasty scholar
analyses of classical texts. His commentary Erya yi 尔雅翼 ("Wings of the Erya"), a commentary on the Erya (尔雅, China's earliest surviving dictionary),
Luo_Yuan_(scholar)
Thirteen Chinese books
Zhuàn) The Analects (論語 Lúnyǔ) Classic of Filial Piety (孝經 Xiàojīng) Erya (爾雅 Ěryǎ), a dictionary and encyclopedia Mencius (孟子 Mèngzǐ) The tradition of
Thirteen_Classics
Logographic writing system
methods based on their meaning, visual structure, or pronunciation. The Erya (c. 3rd century BCE) organized the Chinese lexicon into 19 sections according
Chinese_characters
Collection of Chinese books
glosses to ancient texts, and it starts with the Erya, the oldest. The Five Ya include: Erya (尔雅) Xiao Erya (小尔雅), compiled by Kong Fu 孔鲋 at the time of end
Wuya_quanshu
dynasty dictionary Xiao Erya ("Little Erya") reduces these 19 to 13 chapters. The early 3rd century CE Guangya ("Expanded Erya"), from the Northern Wei
Chinese_dictionary
Buddhist temple in Sichuan, China
Bodhisattva Guanyin and the Wisdom King Mahamayuri. The name of Erya Terrace derives from Erya, the oldest surviving Chinese dictionary or Chinese encyclopedia
Wuyou_Temple
was defined as the father of a man's wife (e.g. a man's father-in-law) in Erya, but now it generally means "marriage" in Modern Standard Chinese. Yīn (姻)
Confucian_view_of_marriage
Order of insects including praying mantises
One of the earliest mantis references is in the ancient Chinese dictionary Erya, which gives its attributes in poetry, where it represents courage and fearlessness
Mantis
Species of mammal
of cats. The first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the Erya, the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, from a mention in an 1100 BC version
House_mouse
Ancient style of Chinese characters
Qin period. The first known character dictionary was the 3rd-century BC Erya, collated and referenced by Liu Xiang and his son Liu Xin; it is no longer
Seal_script
of Sui. Zhang Yi wrote the Guangya as a supplement to the centuries older Erya dictionary. He used the same 19 chapter divisions into lexical categories
Guangya
Edible kelp
Bencao says "綸布 (gūanbù), alias 昆布 (kūnbù)." Then, what is mentioned in the Erya as "(what is pronounced) 綸 resembles 綸. This is in the East China Sea" kūnbù
Kombu
Confucian social code for women
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Three Obediences and Four Virtues
Three_Obediences_and_Four_Virtues
Mythological creature
can drift in the mist, yet it is endangered by the [蝍蛆] centipede." The Erya dictionary defines jili 蒺蔾 "thorns; puncture vine; bramble" as jieju 蝍蛆 "centipede;
Tianlong
Ancient battle in China
to Xu Ke (徐珂), the 貔 pi is male while the 貅 xiu is female. According to Erya and Shuowen Jiezi, the 貙 chū looks like a 貍 lí; meanwhile, Guo Pu indicates
Battle_of_Banquan
Alleged Chinese creature
supposed early descriptions of hairy wildmen include: The Yi Zhou Shu and Erya compiled in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE mention a fast-moving, long-haired
Yeren
Traditional marriage customs
was defined as the father of a man's wife (e.g. a man's father-in-law) in Erya, the earliest known Chinese dictionary; but now it generally means "marriage"
Traditional_Chinese_marriage
Creature from Chinese mythology
used in reference to the turtle shells used in traditional divination. The Erya provides entries on the terms "divine turtle" (神龜) and "spirit turtle" (靈龜)
Spirit_turtle
Chinese philosopher (c. 551 – c. 479 BCE)
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Confucius
Chinese ethical and philosophical system
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Confucianism
Era of Japanese history (2019–present)
of mood) etc.), stressing that in the traditional dictionaries (such as Erya or the Kangxi Dictionary), the word 令 is explained with the word 善. Nakanishi
Reiwa_era
Metaphor for humanity's natural state
sword" Pú "a surname", namely Park (Korean surname) Piáo "a surname" The Erya, which is the oldest Chinese dictionary, defined pu 樸 and supu 樕樸 as "oak"
Pu_(Taoism)
Classical Chinese phonetic indicators
Sun Yan (孫炎), of the Wei kingdom (220–280 AD), in his Erya Yinyi (爾雅音義, "Sounds and Meanings of Erya"). However, earlier examples have been found in the
Fanqie
Collection of words and their meanings
bilingual Sumerian wordlists. A Chinese dictionary, the c. 3rd century BCE Erya, is the earliest surviving monolingual dictionary; some sources cite the
Dictionary
Deciduous tree in the quassia family
similar status in the west. Within the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, the Erya, written in the 3rd century BCE, the tree of heaven is mentioned second among
Ailanthus_altissima
Chinese mythological beast
ancient texts, though none of them refer to a creature called nian. The Erya records that the character nian (年) was first used to mean "year" during
Nian
Sānzúbiē) are mythical turtles from China. According to the ancient dictionary Erya, the former (pertaining to hardshell turtles including tortoises) is properly
Three-legged_turtle
Ancient Chinese name of an unknown mineral
a type of coral. Several early texts (including the Shujing, Guanzi, and Erya below) recorded langgan in context with the obscure gemstone(s) 璆琳; qiúlín
Langgan
Polyglot, Avadhani and an author
doctorate (D. Litt) from Tumkur University in 2010. "Chit-prabhananda" award Erya Award for 2012. Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2021. Padma Bhushan, 2026
Shatavadhani_Ganesh
Classic texts of Chinese literature
Commentary of Gongyang The Commentary of Guliang Analects Classic of Filial Piety Erya Mencius It is often difficult or impossible to precisely date pre-Qin works
Chinese_classics
Ancient Chinese divination text
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
I_Ching
Role of simians in the historical and current culture of China
sources. The oldest extant Chinese dictionary, the (c. 3rd century BCE) Erya (Chapter 18, 釋獸 "Explaining Wild Animals") glosses seven names for monkeys
Simians_in_Chinese_culture
Civil service examination system in Imperial China
rhapsodies. In 742, Laozi was replaced in the examination by the glossary Erya. In 1071, Emperor Shenzong of Song (r. 1067–1085) abolished the classicist
Imperial_examination
Xia Dynasty king and founder
Liangzhou, instead there were Youzhou and Bingzhou, but according to the Erya there was no Qingzhou or Liangzhou, instead there was Youzhou (幽州) and Yingzhou
Yu_the_Great
Territorial division during the Xia and Shang dynasties
Yu (豫), Liang (梁) and Yong (雍). The geography section (釋地) of the ancient Erya encyclopedia also cites nine provinces, but with You and Ying (營) listed
Nine_Provinces
Year Date Event 300 BC Erya was published. The Guodian Chu Slips were produced. 293 BC Battle of Yique: Qin dealt a bloody defeat to a Wei-Han alliance
Timeline_of_Chinese_history
Tetsuji Morohashi's Chinese-Japanese character dictionary, 50,305 entries Erya 250 BC (Warring States) Oldest extant Chinese dictionary, semantic field
List_of_Chinese_dictionaries
Marriage between those with common grandparents or other recent ancestors
would leave cross-cousin marriage acceptable. In the ancient system of the Erya dating from around the third century BC, the words for the two types of cross
Cousin_marriage
Genus of flowering plants
recognized the Cannabis plant as dioecious", and the (c. 3rd century BCE) Erya dictionary defined xi 枲 "male Cannabis" and fu 莩 (or ju 苴) "female Cannabis"
Cannabis
Singaporean Chinese cultural organization
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Nanyang_Confucian_Association
School of thought in Confucianism
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Old_Text_School
Mouse that has been selectively bred for exhibition
hairless. The first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the Erya, the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, from a mention in an 1100 B.C. version
Fancy_mouse
Chinese writer
live in London and Marche, Italy. Far Goes the Girl (1994) 《女子有行》 Taiwan: Erya Press 1996; Mainland China: Jiangsu Literary Press 1997 Summer of Betrayal
Hong_Ying
Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters
lexicographical collation system was developed in Chinese dictionaries like the Erya, Xiao Erya, and Shiming. The Wamyōshō categorizes kanji vocabulary, primarily
Wamyō_Ruijushō
Archaeological discovery in China in 279 AD
Zilin dictionary by extending the Shuowen Jiezi; Guo Pu, who annotated the Erya, Sancang, Fangyan, the Classic of Mountains and Seas, and the Tale of King
Jizhong_discovery
Core texts of Confucianism
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Four_Books_and_Five_Classics
Ancient Chinese political and philosophical text
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Guanzi_(text)
Ancient Chinese commandery that situated in Hetao, modern-day Inner Mongolia
referred to the north; this definition was recorded in dictionaries such as the Erya. The northward bend of the Yellow River is an area of considerable strategic
Shuofang_Commandery
Species of edible flowering plant native to Eurasia
and assist in childbirth, according to ancient Chinese books including the Erya and Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Its usage in reducing heat, boosting energy,
Alkekengi
variant of 兕) is defined as being "like a wild ox and dark-colored". In the Erya glossary, probably compiled during the 3rd century BC, the xī is said to
Rhinoceroses_in_ancient_China
Virtue and practice in Chinese classics and society at large
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Filial_piety
Temple to venerate Confucius and Confucian sages and philosophers
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Temple_of_Confucius
Mythological birds in Sinosphere traditions
attacking snakes with its talons and its wings spread. According to the Erya's chapter 17 Shiniao, fenghuang is made up of the beak of a rooster, the face
Fenghuang
Confucianism as a religion
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Religious_Confucianism
Venom-based poison associated with cultures of south China, particularly Nanyue
of gu as "grain which (molders and) flies away". The (c. 3rd century BCE) Erya dictionary (6/21) defines 蠱; gu as pests in 糠; kang; "chaff", written with
Gu_(poison)
Gong or Tribute of Yu section of the Book of Documents. By the time of the Erya, it had been replaced among the list of the nine major provinces of China
Liang_(realm)
Species of spider
ricketti fits the description of a type of arachnid that was mentioned in the Erya as well as the Bencao Shiyi (traditional Chinese: 本草拾遺; simplified Chinese:
Cyclocosmia_ricketti
Type of god in Chinese culture
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Jade_Emperor
declare war on Palouf. They kidnap Cloud's mother Erya to force the king to help. After Touya rescues Erya, he then foils their plot, leading Cloud to become
List of In Another World with My Smartphone characters
List_of_In_Another_World_with_My_Smartphone_characters
Central doctrine of Confucianism
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Doctrine_of_the_Mean
Confucian philosopher (c. 371 – c. 289 BC)
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Mencius
Gongyang, The Commentary of Guliang, The Analects, Classic of Filial Piety, Erya, Mencius) Daozang, meaning "Taoist Canon", consists of around 1,400 texts
List_of_religious_texts
Several substances believed to confer immortality in Taoism
into the semantics of zhi. The c. 4th or 3rd century BCE book of glossary Erya, in the chapter Shicao (釋草; "Explaining Plant[ name]s"), defines zhíguàn
Zhi_(excrescences)
Confucian philosophical text
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Analects
Early Chinese religious history
of yearly ritual cycles are found in a fourth-century commentary to the Erya, written by the Jin dynasty scholar Guo Pu. The account claims that the Shang
Religion_of_the_Shang_dynasty
Philosophical revival of Confucianism (13th–19th centuries)
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Neo-Confucianism
Method using Chinese character homophones
Standard Chinese. A similar explanation of the word can be found in the earlier Erya (c. 3rd century BC). Shengxun can be highly fanciful, and often results in
Shengxun
older glossaries such as the Babylonian Urra=hubullu and the ancient Chinese Erya are also sometimes described as "encyclopedias". Marcus Terentius Varro (116
History_of_encyclopedias
Traditional system of measurement used by Han Chinese
the legendary Yellow Emperor created the first measurement units. The Xiao Erya and the Kongzi Jiayu state that length units were derived from the human
Chinese_units_of_measurement
Early Chinese dictionary (c. 200 CE)
followed the Erya's organization into semantically arranged chapters and all their titles begin with the word shì 'explain'. Xiao Erya Guangya Piya Miller
Shiming
Bird from Chinese mythology
Shuowen Jiezi; Kun (鯤) originally meant "fish roe; fry; spawn" (ca. 200 BCE Erya). Synonyms of Peng include Dapeng (大鵬; "Big Peng", "Great Peng") and Dapengniao
Peng_(mythology)
of characters in monolingual Chinese dictionaries Year Dict. Char. 300 BC Erya 4300 100 AD Shuowen Jiezi 9516 230 Shenglei 11520 350 Zilin 12824 543 Yupian
Chinese_character_sets
Ancient Chinese musical instrument
ritual pose. Important information on qing nomenclature is contained in the Erya dictionary: the large sounding stone was called xiāo 毊, and a solo performance
Sounding_stone
editor) Lunyu zhushu 論語注疏 Erya 爾雅 Erya zhu 爾雅注 (Jin) Guo Pu (276–324) Erya shu 爾雅疏 (Northern Song) Xing Bing (lead editor) Erya zhushu 爾雅注疏 Mengzi 孟子 Mengzi
Shisan_Jing_Zhushu
Bantu language of Uganda
same. The same is true with the singular and plural of Class III: Embwa erya 'The dog is eating' vs Embwa zirya 'The dogs are eating' (compare English
Luganda
Period in Chinese history (c. 770 – c. 481 BCE)
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Spring_and_Autumn_period
Indexing component of Chinese characters
measure words in Chinese. In the earliest Chinese dictionaries, such as the Erya (3rd century BC), characters were grouped together in broad semantic categories
Chinese_character_radicals
Chinese phonologist, philologist and revolutionary
on Erya (Erya Lue Shuo, 尔雅略说), which defined and explained the importance of Erya and incorporated his comprehensive summary of past analyses of Erya, including
Huang_Kan
Protein family
and B (EryA and EryB; TC# 1.C.97.1.2), was isolated from an edible mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii. Hemolytic activity was exhibited only by the EryA and EryB
Pleurotolysin
Traditional Chinese literary genre
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Family_instructions
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
List of Confucian states and dynasties
List_of_Confucian_states_and_dynasties
Way in which Chinese characters are sorted into a sequence
structure of semantic categories. The first surviving Chinese dictionary Erya (date from the 3rd century BC) is arranged by semantic classification. The
Chinese_character_orders
trespass into Nazarick, Ainz spares the elves and gives them to Aura and Mare. Erya Uzruth (エルヤー・ウズルス, Eruyā Uzurusu) Voiced by: Ryōhei Kimura (Japanese); Kyle
List_of_Overlord_characters
Creature from Chinese mythology
early Chinese dictionaries treat shèn as a general term for "mollusca", the Erya defines it as a large yáo (珧) "shellfish", "clam", "scallop", or "nacre"
Shen_(clam-monster)
Traditional Buddhist and Taoist festival
Three Commentaries Rites of Zhou Ceremonial Rites Classic of Filial Piety Erya Organization Religious Confucianism Confucian ritual religion Confucian royal
Ghost_Festival
Confucian scholar and commentator
Analects (Lunyu 论语), the Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing 孝经), and the Erya (尔雅). His works were among those later referenced in the compilation of the
Xing_Bing
ERYA
ERYA
ERYA
ERYA
Boy/Male
Muslim
Excellent, Eminent in learning
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Brother of Prahlad
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Lord of Serpents
Boy/Male
Teutonic
Victorious peace.
Girl/Female
Hindu
White, One who is as pure as the white colour
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess Lakshmi
Girl/Female
Tamil
New leaves
Girl/Female
Australian, Japanese
Child
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Lord Brahma
Boy/Male
African, Australian, Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Intelligent
ERYA
ERYA
ERYA
ERYA
ERYA