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Formal fallacy in statistical interpretation
The four common statistical ecological fallacies are: confusion between ecological correlations and individual correlations, confusion between group average
Ecological_fallacy
Correlation between two variables that are group means
an ecological correlation (also spatial correlation) is a correlation between two variables that are group means, in contrast to a correlation between
Ecological_correlation
Statistical relationship
Cross-correlation Ecological correlation Fraction of variance unexplained Genetic correlation Goodman and Kruskal's lambda Iconography of correlations Illusory
Correlation
Statistical technique
Voting Rights Act of 1965 to see how blacks and whites voted. Ecological correlation Ecological fallacy Gelman, Andrew; Park, David K.; Ansolabehere, Stephen;
Ecological_regression
Refutation of a logical fallacy
The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" refers to the inability to legitimately deduce a cause-and-effect relationship between two events or
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Outdated grouping of human beings
distributions, plus examination of their cultures, shows a striking ecological correlation with Negroids always in the rainforests and Australoids clinging
Australo-Melanesian
Earth mover's distance Eaton's inequality Ecological correlation Ecological fallacy Ecological regression Ecological study Econometrics Econometric model Econometric
List_of_statistics_articles
Heuristic in folk statistics
proved the modified Anna Karenina principle. By studying the dynamics of correlation and variance in many systems facing external, or environmental, factors
Anna_Karenina_principle
Techniques to study geometric data
ISBN 978-1-4822-1826-8. OCLC 973767077. Robinson, Ws (April 2009). "Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals*". International Journal of Epidemiology
Spatial_analysis
Fallacy
The four common statistical ecological fallacies are: confusion between ecological correlations and individual correlations, confusion between group average
Fallacy_of_division
Cohen, BL. "The Puskin observation on smoking as a confounder in ecological correlations of cancer mortality rates with average county radon levels", Health
Bernard_Cohen_(physicist)
Using drugs to bring about an abortion
2021). "Medical abortion ratios and gender equality in Europe: an ecological correlation study". Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters. 29 (1): 214–231
Medical_abortion
Metaphysical school of thought
philosophical enquiry to a correlation between thought and being (correlationism), such that the reality of anything outside of this correlation is unknowable. Object-oriented
Object-oriented_ontology
construction of the built environment, infrastructure, and its ecological correlation with the urban ecosystem. Over 80% of the Australian population
Urban_planning_in_Australia
Apparent, but false, correlation between causally-independent variables
In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated
Spurious_relationship
Agent Orange on the Vietnamese range from a variety of health effects, ecological effects, and sociopolitical effects. The most illustrative effects of
Impact of Agent Orange in Vietnam
Impact_of_Agent_Orange_in_Vietnam
Atmospheric measurement technique
The eddy covariance (also known as eddy correlation and eddy flux) is a key atmospheric measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent
Eddy_covariance
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
Post hoc ergo propter hoc is a particularly tempting error because correlation sometimes appears to suggest causality. The fallacy lies in a conclusion
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Ecological communities abruptly losing biodiversity, often irreversibly
An ecosystem, short for ecological system, is defined as a collection of interacting organisms within a biophysical environment. Ecosystems are never static
Ecosystem_collapse
Source of statistical bias
a methodology to estimate the uncertainty of correlation and regression coefficients due to ecological bias. An example of data simulation and re-aggregation
Modifiable_areal_unit_problem
Child development theory
The Gibsonian ecological theory of development is a theory of development that was created by American psychologist Eleanor J. Gibson during the 1960s
Gibsonian ecological theory of development
Gibsonian_ecological_theory_of_development
Species of bird
Yong; Azhar, Badrul; Phua, Mui How; Lim, Kim Chye (30 May 2015). "Ecological correlations of nocturnal bird assemblages in Malaysian Borneo" (PDF). Forktail
Malaysian_eared_nightjar
Area of linguistic research
only the social context in which language is embedded but also the wider ecological context, including other species and the physical environment. Michael
Ecolinguistics
Questionnaire that assesses sleep quality
discriminant validity) Good Measure shows strong correlation with related sleep constructs and poor correlation with unrelated constructs. Discriminative validity
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Pittsburgh_Sleep_Quality_Index
Source of error in statistics
where correlation is not taken into account when computing the confidence interval for the sample mean. For the effect of serial or temporal correlation also
Pseudoreplication
Term used to describe a cue's informativeness in perception
concept of ecological validity is tied to his concept of representative design. In a representative design, the variances and correlations of some dependent
Ecological validity (perception)
Ecological_validity_(perception)
Ecological assessment (EA) implies the monitoring of ecological resources, to discover the current and changing conditions. EAs are required components
Ecological_assessment
Informal logical fallacy
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
No_true_Scotsman
diversity of species and genes in ecological communities affects the functioning of these communities. These ecological effects of biodiversity in turn
Ecological effects of biodiversity
Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity
Form of speciation from isolation
Ecological speciation is a form of speciation arising from reproductive isolation that occurs due to an ecological factor that reduces or eliminates gene
Ecological_speciation
Anguish in response to ecological loss
felt like a funeral. — William Shatner in his Boldly Go autobiography Ecological grief (or eco-grief), or in particular climate grief, refers to the sense
Ecological_grief
Ecological and geographical area
Ecoregions (ecological regions) are ecological and geographical areas that exist on multiple different levels, defined by type, quality, and quantity of
Ecoregion
therefore because of this'; correlation implies causation; faulty cause/effect, coincidental correlation, correlation without causation) – a faulty
List_of_fallacies
Attributes of ecosystems which signify their health
mega-index for the Americas and its underlying sustainable development correlations. Ecological Indicators, 89, 466-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018
Ecological_indicator
Plymouth Routines In Multivariate Ecological Research (PRIMER) is a statistical package that is a collection of specialist univariate, multivariate, and
Primer-E_Primer
1897 book by Émile Durkheim
would choose suicide. However, Durkheim established that there is more correlation between an individual's religion and suicide rate than an individual's
Suicide_(Durkheim_book)
Statistical model to calculate the value of multiple quantities as they change over time
(e_{t}e_{t-k}')=0\,} for any non-zero k. There is no correlation across time. In particular, there is no serial correlation in individual error terms. The process of
Vector_autoregression
Differentiation of similar species in the same region
stable environment two competing species must differ in their respective ecological niche; without differentiation, one species will eliminate or exclude
Character_displacement
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Tu_quoque
Mechanism of evolution by differential reproduction
benefits despite rarity and overall weakness of trait-preference genetic correlation". Evolution. 68 (12): 3524–3536. Bibcode:2014Evolu..68.3524G. doi:10
Natural_selection
Post-partum infertility due to breast feeding
amenorrhea. Now, however, it seems that this relationship is one of correlation not causation as prolactin levels in the blood plasma are simply an indicator
Lactational_amenorrhea
Species of alga
transfers this energy along to the chlorophyll to process. An interesting correlation researchers have looked into is the relationship between D. viridis and
Desmarestia_viridis
Theory and technique of psychological measurement
relating to measurement theory (e.g., item response theory, intraclass correlation) or specialize as learning and development professionals. The word psychometry
Psychometrics
Question containing an unjustified assumption
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Loaded_question
Relation between ecologicals role of individual and morphologic adaptations
Ecomorphology or ecological morphology is the study of the relationship between the ecological role of an individual and its morphological adaptations
Ecomorphology
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Circular_reasoning
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
McNamara_fallacy
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Equivocation
Genus of liverworts
pp. 403–448. ISBN 0-521-66097-1. Nehira, Kunito (1987). "Some ecological correlations of spore germination patterns in liverworts". The Bryologist. 90
Cavicularia
Theory of the state
correlation between the two is heavily dependent on the income brackets of the voting groups. At the lowest income bracket sampled, the correlation coefficient
Elite_theory
Species of rodent
There is also an apparent correlation between the canopy height and logs and the presence of black rats. This correlation may be a result of the distribution
Black_rat
Estimate of an ecosystem's production of certain biological materials
agricultural land, forest resources and rangeland. Biocapacity used in correlation to ecological footprint can therefore suggest whether a specific population
Biocapacity
Large animals
succinct definition. However, recent scholarship has been in support of ecological definitions. A 2020 study in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological
Megafauna
Disaster exclusion zone in Ukraine
the spread of radiological contamination, and conduct radiological and ecological monitoring activities. Today, the Chernobyl exclusion zone is one of the
Chernobyl_exclusion_zone
Psychological defense mechanism
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Rationalization_(psychology)
Biological interaction
reluctant to attack prey that is far from that size. There is a positive correlation between the size of a predator and its prey. A predator may assess a
Predation
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively plant material
parasitic plants. There is, however, no single exclusive and definitive ecological classification of consumption patterns; each textbook has its own variations
Herbivore
Formal fallacy
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Association_fallacy
Field of study
Ecological forecasting uses knowledge of physics, ecology and physiology, to predict how ecological populations, communities, or ecosystems will change
Ecological_forecasting
Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability
distribution Grouped data Dependence Partial correlation Pearson product-moment correlation Rank correlation Kendall's τ Spearman's ρ Scatter plot Graphics
Reliability_engineering
Type of informal fallacy
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Poisoning_the_well
Study of genetic-environment interactions influencing behaviour
estimated at 0 because the correlation ( r M Z {\displaystyle r_{MZ}} ) between monozygotic twins is at least twice the correlation ( r D Z {\displaystyle
Behavioural_genetics
Type of informal fallacy
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Error in statistical reasoning with groups
correlations, in which two variables appear to have (say) a positive correlation towards one another, when in fact they have a negative correlation,
Simpson's_paradox
high altitudes. A negative correlation is found with areas of high latitudes, plains, and drier climates. Positive correlations can also be found between
Biocultural_diversity
Informal fallacy
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Argument_from_ignorance
Scientific discipline
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical
Theoretical_ecology
Typically mathematical representation of an ecological system
mathematical, representation of an ecological system (ranging in scale from an individual population, to an ecological community, or even an entire biome)
Ecosystem_model
Type of study based on universal sampling
calculate a county average). For example, it might be true that there is no correlation between infant mortality and family income at the city level, while still
Cross-sectional_study
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Faulty_generalization
Concept in evolutionary biology
extinction rates in almost all major taxa. This correlation has been attributed to a number of ecological factors, but it may result also from a Red Queen
Red_Queen_hypothesis
Longitudinal research methodology
experience sampling method (ESM), also referred to as a daily diary method, or ecological momentary assessment (EMA), is an intensive longitudinal research methodology
Experience_sampling_method
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Straw_man
Population phenomenon in biology
The Allee effect is a phenomenon in biology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness (often measured
Allee_effect
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
False_equivalence
Term referring to spread of McDonald's restaurants
imperative, and an ecological imperative. The four imperatives are transnational, transideological, transcultural and ecological. The contrasting idea
McWorld
Evidence relying on personal testimony
Informal fallacy Confirmation bias – Bias confirming existing attitudes Correlation does not imply causation – Refutation of a logical fallacy Empirical
Anecdotal_evidence
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Reification_(fallacy)
Ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water
from Ancient Greek βένθος (bénthos) 'the depths of the ocean', is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water, such as a stream, river
Benthic_zone
Attacking the person rather than their argument
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Ad_hominem
Species of bivalve
S2CID 22266054. Jost, Jennifer; Helmuth, Brian (October 2007). "Morphological and Ecological Determinants of Body Temperature ofGeukensia demissa, the Atlantic Ribbed
Geukensia_demissa
toxicity values for fish, crustaceans and algae have found a positive correlation. However, others have pointed out that the effect of luminosity on the
Microtox_bioassay
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Formal_fallacy
Accounting system used by a nation
distribution Grouped data Dependence Partial correlation Pearson product-moment correlation Rank correlation Kendall's τ Spearman's ρ Scatter plot Graphics
National_accounts
Algorithmic technique in ecology
(or ecological) niche modelling (ENM), habitat suitability modelling, predictive habitat distribution modelling, and range mapping uses ecological models
Species distribution modelling
Species_distribution_modelling
Informal logical fallacy
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Argument_from_incredulity
Management attitude for innovation or development
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Not_invented_here
American sociologist
Development Report 2000/2001, page 51. Robinson, William S. (1950). "Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals." American Sociological Review
Glenn_Firebaugh
Number of shrubs or trees in the genus Ligustrum
field observations and a transplant experiment, a significant negative correlation was found between percent Chinese privet cover and herbaceous cover,
Privet_as_an_invasive_plant
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Red_herring
Logical fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of tradition
practice) is a claim in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of correlation with past or present tradition. The appeal takes the form of "this is
Appeal_to_tradition
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Affirming_the_consequent
Internet rage incitement technique
multiple domains. Mental health studies have found moderate to strong correlations between problematic social media use and depression, anxiety, and stress
Rage-baiting
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Argument_to_moderation
Chemical compound
unknown, as there does not appear to be a statistically significant correlation between the concentration of toxic material and the types of herbivory
Cycasin
Rhetorical device or literal parade with grotesque costumes
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Parade_of_horribles
Discipline within engineering design
distribution Grouped data Dependence Partial correlation Pearson product-moment correlation Rank correlation Kendall's τ Spearman's ρ Scatter plot Graphics
Probabilistic_design
Biogeographical unit with a particular biological community
A 1978 study on North American grasslands found a positive logistic correlation between evapotranspiration in mm/yr and above-ground net primary production
Biome
Species of amphibian
reproductive process to determine the amount used in spring peepers and their correlation to body size. Nonpolar lipid and glycogen content in male spring peepers
Spring_peeper
Purposefully unclear communication
Sorites paradox Syntactic ambiguity Questionable cause Animistic Furtive Correlation implies causation Cum hoc Post hoc Gambler's Inverse Regression Single
Obfuscation
ECOLOGICAL CORRELATION
ECOLOGICAL CORRELATION
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Biological
Boy/Male
Muslim
One who is economical, Thrifty
Boy/Male
Indian
One who is economical, Thrifty
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Frugal; Thrifty; Economical; One who is Economical; The Provident
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
One who is economical thrifty
ECOLOGICAL CORRELATION
ECOLOGICAL CORRELATION
Girl/Female
Tamil
Blessing, Living An enjoyable life, Belonging to one
Biblical
my contempt
Girl/Female
Tamil
Little gem
Boy/Male
Hindu
Messenger, Partner, Cloud
Girl/Female
English
Modern feminine of John and Jon.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Brilliant and Light
Boy/Male
Biblical
The soul; he that rests; refreshes himself; or respires.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Curiosity
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Schofield.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Pure; Clean
ECOLOGICAL CORRELATION
ECOLOGICAL CORRELATION
ECOLOGICAL CORRELATION
ECOLOGICAL CORRELATION
ECOLOGICAL CORRELATION
a.
Pertaining to aerography; aerological.
a.
Alt. of Geological
a.
Alt. of Neological
a.
Alt. of Necrological
a.
See Economical.
a.
Like a huswife; capable; economical; prudent.
adv.
In a neological manner.
a.
Managed with frugality; not marked with waste or extravagance; frugal; -- said of acts; saving; as, an economical use of money or of time.
a.
Alt. of Epilogical
a.
Of or pertaining to neology; neological.
a
Alt. of Ethological
adv.
In a geological manner.
a.
Alt. of Eulogical
a.
Alt. of Mycological
a.
Relating to the means of living, or the resources and wealth of a country; relating to political economy; as, economic purposes; economical truths.
a.
Neologic; neological.
a.
Alt. of Myological
a.
Alt. of Economical
a.
Alt. of Biological
a.
Alt. of Aerological