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Standard for bit-paired keyboard layout
ECMA-23 is a standard for a bit-paired keyboard layout adopted in 1969 and revised in 1975. As a bit-paired layout, shifted keys correspond to toggling
ECMA-23
Family of document file formats
presentations and word processing documents. Ecma International standardized the initial version as ECMA-376. ISO and IEC standardized later versions
Office_Open_XML
Specification for Javascript and other programming languages
standardized by Ecma International's TC39 technical committee in the document ECMA-262, with i18n ("Intl") APIs standardized in the document ECMA-402. ECMAScript
ECMAScript
Versions of a JavaScript standard
In June 2004, Ecma International published ECMA-357 standard, defining an extension to ECMAScript, known as ECMAScript for XML (E4X). Ecma also defined
ECMAScript_version_history
Data-interchange format
(ECMA-404 and ISO/IEC 21778:2017) specifies that "JSON" is "pronounced /ˈdʒeɪ.sən/, as in 'Jason and The Argonauts'". The first (2013) edition of ECMA-404
JSON
ECMA-231 ECMA-234 – Application Programming Interface for Windows ECMA-235 – The Ecma GSS-API Mechanism ECMA-246 – Specification of AIT-1 ECMA-258 ECMA-259
List_of_Ecma_standards
14-1971 standard and the European Computer Manufacturers' Association ECMA-23 standard, where it is referred to as logical bit pairing, and contrasted
Bit-paired_keyboard
Method used for display options on video text terminals
in the series was ECMA-48, adopted in 1976. It was a continuation of a series of character coding standards, the first one being ECMA-6 from 1965, a 7-bit
ANSI_escape_code
General-purpose programming language
distributed in July 2000 and was later approved as an international standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) in 2002 and ISO/IEC (ISO/IEC 23270 and 20619) in 2003. Microsoft
C Sharp (programming language)
C_Sharp_(programming_language)
Open specification for runtime environments
developed by Microsoft and standardized by ISO/IEC (ISO/IEC 23271) and Ecma International (ECMA 335) that describes executable code and a runtime environment that
Common Language Infrastructure
Common_Language_Infrastructure
XML-based document format
XML Paper Specification (XPS). In June 2009, Ecma International adopted it as international standard ECMA-388. It is an XML-based (more precisely XAML-based)
Open_XML_Paper_Specification
Canadian nonprofit organization
Association (ECMA) is a non-profit association purposed towards supporting the music industry in the Canadian east coast, i.e., Atlantic Canada. The ECMA hosts
East_Coast_Music_Association
Computer control characters
are the range 80HEX–9FHEX and the default C1 set was originally defined in ECMA-48 (harmonized later with ISO 6429). The ISO/IEC 2022 system of specifying
C0_and_C1_control_codes
between December 2006 and November 2008, first by the Ecma International consortium (where they became ECMA-376), and subsequently, after a contentious standardization
Standardization of Office Open XML
Standardization_of_Office_Open_XML
High-level programming language
alongside HTML and CSS. Created by Brendan Eich in 1995, it is maintained by Ecma International's TC39 technical committee, with related Web APIs maintained
JavaScript
Higher-level 7-bit and 8-bit character encoding system
standard in the field of character encoding. It is equivalent to the ECMA standard ECMA-35, the ANSI standard ANSI X3.41 and the Japanese Industrial Standard
ISO/IEC_2022
Canadian rock musician (1948–2023)
He received the National Achievement Award at the 2002 SOCAN Awards, an ECMA Lifetime Achievement Award, and was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters
Myles_Goodwyn
Family of file formats
between December 2006 and November 2008, first by the Ecma International consortium, where they became ECMA-376, and subsequently, after a contentious standardization
Office_Open_XML_file_formats
Programming language
ECMA International formed technical committee TC52 to standardize Dart. ECMA approved the first edition of the Dart language specification as ECMA-408
Dart_(programming_language)
Vendor-neutral file system, used in practice for DVDs and other optical discs
Disk Format is a profile of the specifications known as ISO/IEC 13346 and ECMA-167. Normally, authoring software will master a UDF file system in a batch
Universal_Disk_Format
International standard for 7-bit ASCII and national modifications
is equivalent to the ECMA standard ECMA-6 and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964. The first version of ECMA-6 had been published
ISO/IEC_646
Optical disc medium for PlayStation Portable
unable to restrict films on UMD as with games and other software for the PSP. ECMA-365: Data Interchange on 60 mm Read-Only ODC – Capacity: 1.8 GB (UMD) Dimensions:
Universal_Media_Disc
Linked hypertext system on the Internet
Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards published by Ecma International (formerly ECMA) The Unicode Standard and various Unicode Technical Reports
World_Wide_Web
Proposed software compatibility standard
APIs—and the European Computer Manufacturers' Association (ECMA). In September, now part of an ECMA delegation, they made an informational presentation about
Application Programming Interface for Windows
Application_Programming_Interface_for_Windows
American computer scientist
"Standard ECMA-335". Ecma-international.org. Retrieved 2009-09-30. ("TC39" seems like a typo, see next ref) https://www.ecma-international.org/about-ecma/areas-of-work/
Sam_Ruby
Computer encoding of characters
"spare control" according to ECMA-1, and as BS "backspace" according to ISO/R 646. LF then has the designation NL "new line". ECMA-1 permits either the question
Six-bit_character_code
File system for CD-R and CD-ROM optical discs
ISO 9660 (also known as ECMA-119) is a file system for optical disc media. The file system is an international standard available from the International
ISO_9660
Book series that contains the specifications of Compact Discs
officially adopted by established standards bodies, including the ISO, IEC, and ECMA. CD-DA (Digital Audio) – originally published by Philips and Sony on September
Rainbow_Books
Novel optical disc based on holography
original on March 13, 2012. "Ecma releases new Holographic Information Storage Standards". Ecma press release. July 4, 2007. "Ecma standardizes Holographic
Holographic_Versatile_Disc
"proper" functions as the physical link layer. QSIG was originally developed by Ecma International, adopted by ETSI and is defined by a set of ISO standard documents
QSIG
Diagram that represents a workflow or process
list (link) ISO 10628: Diagrams for the chemical and petrochemical industry ECMA 4: Flowcharts (withdrawn – list of withdrawn standards) Schultheiss, Louis
Flowchart
Programming language dialect; international standard
Standards Institute (ANSI) X3.60 group in partnership with the European ECMA. It describes an advanced version of BASIC with many features including structured
Full_BASIC
Glyph to denote an unspecified currency
specific currency) Square lozenge (⌑) ISO-9959-5 was adopted from ECMA-113, beginning with ECMA-113's 1988 edition, although a superseded draft of ISO-8859-5
Currency_sign_(generic)
Method of encoding characters in a URI
Updates RFC 1738. "ECMAScript 2017 Language Specification (ECMA-262, 8th edition, June 2017)". Ecma International. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018
Percent-encoding
Variant of C++ for .NET interoperability
Managed Extensions for C++. In December 2005, Ecma International published C++/CLI specifications as the ECMA-372 standard. The latest supported version
C++/CLI
Very low energy, short range radio precise positioning
obtained from [1] Standard ECMA-368 High Rate Ultra Wideband PHY and MAC Standard Standard ECMA-369 MAC-PHY Interface for ECMA-368 Standard ISO/IEC 26907:2009
Ultra-wideband
Canadian singer-songwriter (born 1975)
"Best Producer" ECMA Winner Songwriter of the Year – Joel Plaskett ECMA Nomination Album of the Year – Bill & Joel Plaskett, Solidarity ECMA Nomination Folk
Joel_Plaskett
Object-oriented programming language
and other languages. New language design ideas, particularly through the Ecma/ISO standardization process, continue to be incorporated into the Eiffel
Eiffel_(programming_language)
Web browser developed by Google
[update] Chrome has very good support for JavaScript/ECMAScript according to Ecma International's ECMAScript standards conformance Test 262 (version ES5.1
Google_Chrome
Set of device communication protocols
was approved as an ISO/IEC standard on December 8, 2003, and later as an ECMA standard. In 2004, Nokia, Philips and Sony established the NFC Forum. That
Near-field_communication
Word processor
format for Word documents. These formats were succeeded by Office Open XML (ECMA-376) in Microsoft Office 2007. Opening a Word Document file in a version
Microsoft_Word
Canadian singer-songwriter (1950–2015)
Dry 2004 ECMA won Album of the Year for the album Get Back Change won Country Recording of the Year for the album Get Back Change 1999 ECMA nominated
Ron_Hynes
Software platform developed by Microsoft
"covered specifications", including strictly the 4th editions each of ECMA-334 and ECMA-335. The new patent promise, however, places no ceiling on the specification
.NET_Framework
Magnetic tape data storage technology
2011. Standard, ECMA, 321, archived from the original on September 24, 2006, retrieved September 23, 2006 Specification of SLDC (PDF), ECMA, 321, archived
Linear_Tape-Open
26 letters in two cases broadly used in international communication
but with different code values) 1965-04-30: Ratified by ECMA as ECMA-6 based on work the ECMA's Technical Committee TC1 had carried out since December
ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet
General-purpose programming language
Part 1: FORTRAN. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. 1988. Other reference material ECMA Standard on FORTRAN (PDF). European Computer Manufacturers Association. April
Fortran
Suite of office software
this format in favor of Office Open XML, which was later standardized by Ecma International as an open format. Support for Portable Document Format (PDF)
Microsoft_Office
Canadian singer-songwriter
Solo Artist ECMA Award Nomination Album of the Year - "In My Dreams" ECMA Award Nomination Solo Recording of the Year - "In My Dreams" ECMA Award Winner
Mo_Kenney
8-bit character set for Central and Eastern European languages in Latin script
ucm at main · unicode-org/Icu-data". GitHub. ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999 Standard ECMA-94: 8-Bit Single Byte Coded Graphic Character Sets - Latin Alphabets No.
ISO/IEC_8859-2
Computer software project
underlying Common Language Infrastructure was published as an open standard, "ECMA-335", opening up the potential for independent implementations. Miguel de
Mono_(software)
Canadian songwriter, musician and politician (born 1981)
Entertainer of the Year ECMA Solo Recording of the Year Nominee ECMA Songwriter of the Year Nominee ECMA Entertainer of the Year Nominee 2017 ECMA Award Winner Video
David_Myles_(musician)
Presentation application, part of Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Office
format was published as an open standard, ECMA-376, through Ecma International Technical Committee 45 (TC45). The Ecma 376 standard was approved in December
Microsoft_PowerPoint
Digital container format
XML standards ISO/IEC 29500:2008 and ECMA-376. The ISO/IEC 29500-2:2008 specification and the second edition of ECMA-376 makes a normative reference to
Open_Packaging_Conventions
Nova Scotian musical group
Archive - Blou". ecma.com. East Coast Music Association. Retrieved 2021-09-08. "East Coast Music Awards Archive - Groupe Blou". ecma.com. East Coast Music
Blou_(band)
Pre-pressed compact disc containing computer data
CD-ROMs, standardized in 1988 as the ISO/IEC 10149 standard and in 1989 as the ECMA-130 standard. The CD-ROM standard builds on top of the original Red Book
CD-ROM
Area that observes a uniform standard time
such as divergent DST directions between northern and southern hemispheres. ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways
Time_zone
Canadian singer-songwriter (1944–2013)
Juno Awards, a SOCAN National Achievement Award, four CCMA awards, eleven ECMA awards, was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame and was
Rita_MacNeil
Canadian musician
Coast Music Award (ECMA) Instrumental Album of the Year - 1991 Maritime Fiddling Festival – Best Reel – 1995 East Coast Music Award(ECMA) Roots/Traditional
J._P._Cormier
File system used by MS-DOS and Windows 9x
its default file system. For floppy disks, FAT has been standardized as ECMA-107 and ISO/IEC 9293:1994 (superseding ISO 9293:1987). These standards cover
File_Allocation_Table
Computer text file character representing blank space
Representation of the Control Characters of the ECMA 7-Bit Coded Character Set for Information Interchange. ECMA-17. Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character
Whitespace_character
Former organization for adoption of ultra-wideband
"Standard ECMA-368: High Rate Ultra Wideband PHY and MAC Standard". Ecma International. December 2008. "Standard ECMA-369: MAC-PHY Interface for ECMA-368"
WiMedia_Alliance
Character encoding standard
(often starting with a "Control Sequence Introducer", "CSI", "ESC [") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors. Some escape sequences do not have introducers
ASCII
Purposely unassigned Unicode code points
block contains two codes intended for private use "control functions" by ECMA-48: 0x91 private use one (PU1) and 0x92 private use two (PU2). Unicode includes
Private_Use_Areas
Punctuation mark with two dots (:)
web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) ECMA TC39 (June 2022). ECMA-262 (PDF) (13th ed.). Ecma International. Archived (PDF) from the original
Colon_(punctuation)
Canadian musician and founding member of the Canadian folk rock band Great Big Sea
January 2018. "ECMA appoints new board members". ecma.com. East Coast Music Awards. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2018. "ECMA Appoints Bob Hallett
Bob_Hallett
Object-oriented programming language
Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java
Java_(programming_language)
Free and open source cross-platform software platform developed by Microsoft
software became available, Microsoft began a standardization effort through ECMA for what it dubbed the Common Language Infrastructure. The company continued
.NET
International standards development organization
Countries in the International Organization for Standardization – Members of ISO Ecma International – Standards organization for information and communication
International Organization for Standardization
International_Organization_for_Standardization
Family of programming languages
Minimal BASIC". ISO. Retrieved May 16, 2025. Ecma International (1978). "ECMA-55: Minimal BASIC". Ecma International. Retrieved May 16, 2025. Information
BASIC
Computer networking technology
It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as ECMA-82 and shortly after as IEEE 802.3. It is an example of an open standard
Ethernet
Digital audio cassette format developed by Sony
TECnology Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011. G. Mancini (March 2004). "The Decca Digital Audio Recording System"
Digital_Audio_Tape
Published specification for storing digital data
OASIS Open Document Format For Office Applications (OpenDocument) v. 1.1 Ecma-376 Office Open XML Formats (Open XML) Hypertext Document Format v. 4.01
Open_file_format
Typographic symbol (#)
2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024. "Introduction". ECMA-334 C# language specification (PDF) (7th ed.). Ecma International. December 2023. p. xxiii. Archived
Number_sign
Punctuation and accent mark (~, ◌̃)
Analysis, Design and Programming Language" (PDF) (2nd ed.). ECMA International. June 2006. ECMA-367. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2024
Tilde
Canadian musician
Association". www.ecma.com. Retrieved March 5, 2020. "Classified and The East Pointers lead 2023 East Coast Music Award Nominations". www.ecma.com. January
Adam_Baldwin_(singer)
Removal of unnecessary characters in code without changing its functionality
considerably. In 2024, source maps were standardized by Ecma International's TC39 technical committee as ECMA-426. JavaScript and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Minification_(programming)
Programming language and superset of JavaScript
is very similar to JScript .NET, another Microsoft implementation of the ECMA-262 language standard that added support for static typing and classical
TypeScript
Canadian rock band
"April Wine". The Canadian Encyclopedia. "CBCnews – Great Big Sea take five (ECMA) awards". CBC.ca. February 17, 2003. Archived from the original on December
April_Wine
Standard specifying graphical character sets
(PDF) (ECMA Standard) (3rd ed.). p. 23. ECMA (1991). "Unique coding of characters". ECMA-43: 8-Bit Coded Character Set Structure and Rules (PDF) (ECMA Standard)
ISO/IEC_10367
Character-recognition technology
2020-08-03. Retrieved 2019-07-16. "Unicode NameAliases-17.0.0.txt". 2025-04-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ISO/TC97/SC2 (1985-08-01). ISO-IR-98:
Magnetic ink character recognition
Magnetic_ink_character_recognition
Digital optical disc data storage format
European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs. Also, the DVD+RW Alliance
DVD
64-bit computer number format
Floating-Point Semantics". Retrieved 2021-09-12. ECMA-262 ECMAScript Language Specification (PDF) (5th ed.). Ecma International. p. 29, §8.5 The Number Type
Double-precision floating-point format
Double-precision_floating-point_format
Method used to identify optical discs
CPRM for DVD-R/RW Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Ecma International. Standard ECMA-267: 120 mm DVD - Read-Only Disk. DVD Forum. DVD Specification:
Burst_cutting_area
Canadian singer-songwriter
including his fourth UK tour. He won two 2009 East Coast Music Association (ECMA) Awards: Male Solo Artist of the year, Blues Recording of the year for "Something
Matt_Andersen
International certificate of vaccination
such as an app on a smartphone, had not been established. On 12 March 2021, Ecma International announced its intention to create international standards which
International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis
International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_or_Prophylaxis
"Codeproject.com: Functional Programming in C# 3.0 using Lambda Expression". ECMA-334; ISO/IEC 23270:2006 "Clarion - Home". www.softvelocity.com. "Crystal"
Comparison of programming languages
Comparison_of_programming_languages
Digital optical disc data storage format
Protected CDs". Archived from the original on 5 December 2001. Ecma International. Standard ECMA-130: Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks
Compact_disc
Computer file system architecture design
Structure of Disk Cartridges for Information Interchange". Standard ECMA-107 (2nd ed.). ECMA. June 1995. Archived from the original on 2018-10-07. Retrieved
Design_of_the_FAT_file_system
Handheld calculator character set
sometimes referred to simply as "ECMA-94" in documentation, although it is for the most part a superset of ISO/IEC 8859-1 / ECMA-94 in terms of printable characters
RPL_character_set
Optical disc designed for the storage of digital video
currently sells and supports UDO technologies sold under the Plasmon brand. ECMA-380: Data Interchange on 130 mm Rewritable and Write Once Read Many Ultra
Ultra_Density_Optical
Term for two different XML-based standards
Microsoft technology preview for scripting web browsers, or an XML version of ECMA JavaScript. Microsoft is expected to rename XML-Script to Atlas Script before
XML_Script
Datum of integral data type
June 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010. "Chapter 8.6.2 on page 12" (PDF). ecma-international.org. VB 6.0 help file "The Integer, Long, and Byte Data Types
Integer_(computer_science)
Compressed image file format
both lossy and lossless compression, and is the preferred image format for Ecma-388 Open XML Paper Specification documents. The format is natively supported
JPEG_XR
Lossy compression method for reducing the size of digital images
continuous-tone still images. ISO/IEC 10918 consists of the following parts: Ecma International TR/98 specifies the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF); the
JPEG
Canadian pop musician
of Fire". Portland, Oregon: Discogs. Retrieved 15 July 2013. Quill, Greg (23 September 2007). "Shaye no longer a trio, except on TV". Toronto Star. Toronto
Kim_Stockwood
Binary operator in computer programming
operators". Microsoft Learn. 2023-07-27. "ECMA-334, 3rd edition, June 2005" (PDF). ecma-international.org. Ecma International. June 2005. p. 63. "Conditional
Null_coalescing_operator
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
September 2016. "ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification". Ecma International. June 2020. ECMA-262, Edition 3, 7.5.3 Future Reserved Words Yadav, Amitya
JavaScript_syntax
Canadian rock band
was produced by the band's guitarist John Angus MacDonald. There is also a 23-song DVD of the same name available which captures the second nights performance
The_Trews
2008-03-26, p. D1. http://www.ecma.com/news.asp?section=&id=37 Archived 2009-03-23 at the Wayback Machine Grand Theft Bus at the ECMA awards. "The National Top
Grand_Theft_Bus
(floppy-like, but incompatible medium using different technology) List_of_Ecma_standards (ECMA standards 54, 59, 66, 69, 70, 78, 99, 100, 125 and 147) Custom controller
List_of_floppy_disk_formats
ECMA 23
ECMA 23
Female
Hawaiian
 Hawaiian form of Norman French Emma, EMA means "entire, whole." Compare with other forms of Ema.
Girl/Female
Swedish American Teutonic English German
Universal.
Girl/Female
American, Arabic, Armenian, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Indian, Jamaican, Kannada, Marathi, Muslim, Polish, Swedish
Industrious; All-containing; Universal; Embracing Everything; Whole; Entire; All
Girl/Female
Greek American German English
Friendly.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Christian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Latin, Swedish, Teutonic
Universal; Whole; Form of Irma; God of War; Work; Complete; War Goddess; Earthly; Warrior; Entire
Female
English
Old Norman French name of Germanic origin, derived from the element ermen/irmen, EMMA means "entire, whole."Â
Girl/Female
Spanish Anglo Saxon
Emerald.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Apple
Girl/Female
Muslim
Whole, Complete
Boy/Male
British, English, French, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Indonesian
Wish; Desire
Girl/Female
British, English, French
Wealthy Defender
Female
Hungarian
 Hungarian form of Norman French Emma, EMA means "entire, whole." Compare with other forms of Ema.
Female
English
Variant spelling of German Irma, ERMA means "entire, whole."
Girl/Female
Indian
Whole, Complete
Girl/Female
German American Teutonic
Complete. War goddess.
Girl/Female
Anglo, Australian, Kurdish, Latin, Spanish
Kind Defender; Loved; Emerald
Girl/Female
Indian
Apple
Boy/Male
British, English
Dimond
Female
Italian
Feminine form of Italian Elmo, ELMA means "helmet, protection."
Female
Slovene
 Slovene form of English Emily, EMA means "rival." Compare with other forms of Ema.
ECMA 23
ECMA 23
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Mighty and Brave as a Lion
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, Irish
Beauty Beyond Sight; Hill; Variant of Brina and Breanna
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Without Any Remainder; Whole; Entire; Infinity; Never Ends
Female
English
Pet form of English Matilda, MATTIE means "mighty in battle." Compare with masculine Mattie.
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, French, Greek, Hebrew
Defender
Girl/Female
Tamil
Hridyesa | ஹà¯à®°à¯€à®¤à¯à®¯à¯‡à®¸à®¾
Heart
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Remembrance; Souvenir
Girl/Female
Australian, German, Turkish
Moonlight; Bright Moon
Female
English
Feminine form of English Jett, JETTA means "jet (the mineral)."
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian
Fair of Shoulders
ECMA 23
ECMA 23
ECMA 23
ECMA 23
ECMA 23
n.
A gold coin of the United States containing 23.22 grains of gold and 2.58 grains of alloy, that is, having a total weight of 25.8 grains, nine-tenths fine. It is no longer coined.
n.
The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter, often called "the fall." Astronomically, it begins in the northern temperate zone at the autumnal equinox, about September 23, and ends at the winter solstice, about December 23; but in popular language, autumn, in America, comprises September, October, and November.
a.
A great circle of the celestial sphere, making an angle with the equinoctial of about 23¡ 28'. It is the apparent path of the sun, or the real path of the earth as seen from the sun.
n.
Any positive or negative number that differs from a given number by a multiple of a given modulus; thus, if 7 is the modulus, and 9 the given number, the numbers -5, 2, 16, 23, etc., are residues.
v. t.
To fetter; to shackle; to chain. H () the eighth letter of the English alphabet, is classed among the consonants, and is formed with the mouth organs in the same position as that of the succeeding vowel. It is used with certain consonants to form digraphs representing sounds which are not found in the alphabet, as sh, th, /, as in shall, thing, /ine (for zh see /274); also, to modify the sounds of some other letters, as when placed after c and p, with the former of which it represents a compound sound like that of tsh, as in charm (written also tch as in catch), with the latter, the sound of f, as in phase, phantom. In some words, mostly derived or introduced from foreign languages, h following c and g indicates that those consonants have the hard sound before e, i, and y, as in chemistry, chiromancy, chyle, Ghent, Ghibelline, etc.; in some others, ch has the sound of sh, as in chicane. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 153, 179, 181-3, 237-8.
n.
A metallic element found in certain rare minerals, as thorite, pyrochlore, monazite, etc., and isolated as an infusible gray metallic powder which burns in the air and forms thoria; -- formerly called also thorinum. Symbol Th. Atomic weight 232.0.
a.
A great circle drawn on a terrestrial globe, making an angle of 23¡ 28' with the equator; -- used for illustrating and solving astronomical problems.
n.
A chink or cleft; a narrow and deep ravine; as, Shanklin Chine in the Isle of Wight, a quarter of a mile long and 230 feet deep.
n.
The angle made by two lines or planes; as, the inclination of the plane of the earth's equator to the plane of the ecliptic is about 23¡ 28'; the inclination of two rays of light.
n.
See Fit a song. G () G is the seventh letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It has two sounds; one simple, as in gave, go, gull; the other compound (like that of j), as in gem, gin, dingy. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 231-6, 155, 176, 178, 179, 196, 211, 246.
n.
A common metallic element of the alkali group, in nature always occuring combined, as in common salt, in albite, etc. It is isolated as a soft, waxy, white, unstable metal, so readily oxidized that it combines violently with water, and to be preserved must be kept under petroleum or some similar liquid. Sodium is used combined in many salts, in the free state as a reducer, and as a means of obtaining other metals (as magnesium and aluminium) is an important commercial product. Symbol Na (Natrium). Atomic weight 23. Specific gravity 0.97.
n.
One of the two small circles of the celestial sphere, situated on each side of the equator, at a distance of 23¡ 28/, and parallel to it, which the sun just reaches at its greatest declination north or south, and from which it turns again toward the equator, the northern circle being called the Tropic of Cancer, and the southern the Tropic of Capricorn, from the names of the two signs at which they touch the ecliptic.
n.
A colorless, tasteless, odorless, gaseous element occurring in the free state in the atmosphere, of which it forms about 23 per cent by weight and about 21 per cent by volume, being slightly heavier than nitrogen. Symbol O. Atomic weight 15.96.
n.
The remotest known planet of our system, discovered -- as a result of the computations of Leverrier, of Paris -- by Galle, of Berlin, September 23, 1846. Its mean distance from the sun is about 2,775,000,000 miles, and its period of revolution is about 164,78 years.
n.
An element of the chromium group, found in certain rare minerals, as pitchblende, uranite, etc., and reduced as a heavy, hard, nickel-white metal which is quite permanent. Its yellow oxide is used to impart to glass a delicate greenish-yellow tint which is accompanied by a strong fluorescence, and its black oxide is used as a pigment in porcelain painting. Symbol U. Atomic weight 239.
n. pl.
A festival celebrated annually by the Romans on February 23 in honor of Terminus, the god of boundaries.
n.
A bean-shaped coin of Siam, worth about sixty cents; also, a weight equal to 236 grains troy.
n.
Same as Eisel. F () F is the sixth letter of the English alphabet, and a nonvocal consonant. Its form and sound are from the Latin. The Latin borrowed the form from the Greek digamma /, which probably had the value of English w consonant. The form and value of Greek letter came from the Phoenician, the ultimate source being probably Egyptian. Etymologically f is most closely related to p, k, v, and b; as in E. five, Gr. pe`nte; E. wolf, L. lupus, Gr. ly`kos; E. fox, vixen ; fragile, break; fruit, brook, v. t.; E. bear, L. ferre. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 178, 179, 188, 198, 230.
a.
Opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from the pole 23¡ 28/. Thus we say the antarctic pole, circle, ocean, region, current, etc.
n.
The unit of monetary account of the German Empire, equal to 23.8 cents of United States money; the equivalent of one hundred pfennigs. Also, a silver coin of this value.