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Change in direction of air by rotor blade
In aeronautics, downwash is the change in direction of air deflected by the aerodynamic action of an airfoil, wing, or helicopter rotor blade in motion
Downwash
River in East Sussex, England
Downwash Ditch is a 1.4-kilometre (0.87 mi) long river (brook) and drainage ditch of the Pevensey Levels in the civil parish of Hailsham, Wealden District
Downwash_Ditch
Increased aircraft lift generated when close to fixed surface
an aircraft enters ground effect, the surface pushes back against the downwash, which reduces its drag. During takeoff, ground effect can cause an aircraft
Ground_effect_(aerodynamics)
Military transport tiltrotor
meters away from his intended dismount point by the force of the downwash. The downwash is strong enough to destroy unstrengthened helipads and can create
Bell–Boeing_V-22_Osprey
Aerodynamic effect
movement of the centre of pressure of the wing, and a decrease in wing downwash velocity at the tailplane, both of which cause a nose down pitching moment
Mach_tuck
Atmospheric dust
Fugitive dust clouds (brownouts) stirred up by downwash from military helicopters.
Fugitive_dust
Type of aerodynamic resistance against the motion of a wing or other airfoil
Induced drag is related to the angle of the induced downwash in the vicinity of the wing. The grey vertical line labeled "L" is the force required to counteract
Lift-induced_drag
Atmospheric dispersion modeling system
Model Enhancements) which is an algorithm for modeling the effects of downwash created by the pollution plume flowing over nearby buildings. AERMOD was
AERMOD
Turbulence caused by difference in air pressure on either side of wing
planform. Wingtip vortices are associated with induced drag, the imparting of downwash, and are a fundamental consequence of three-dimensional lift generation
Wingtip_vortices
Topics referred to by the same term
flight visibility due to airborne particles, especially from helicopter downwash Brownout (band), a band from Austin, Texas Greyout, a transient loss of
Brownout
2011 U.S. military operation in Abbottabad, Pakistan
higher-than-expected air temperature and the high compound walls, which stopped the rotor downwash from diffusing. The helicopter's tail grazed one of the compound's walls
Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden
Tendency of a fluid jet to stay attached to a surface of any form
Tail boom with Coandă Slots. 4 Vertical stabilizers. 5 Direct jet thruster. 6 Downwash. 7 Circulation control tailboom cross-section. 8 Anti-torque lift.
Coandă_effect
Formation with units arranged in a chevron or "V" shape or two sides of a triangle
flapping pattern when flying directly behind another, in order to avoid the downwash. The "V", or "Vic" formation is a basic flight formation for military aircraft
V_formation
American twin-engine heavy-lift helicopter
One danger that its crews had to maintain awareness of was the strong downwash generated by the rotors; nearby tents were particularly at risk of being
Sikorsky_CH-54_Tarhe
In-flight visual impairment by pilots
terrain. Intense, blinding dust clouds stirred up by the helicopter rotor downwash during near-ground flight causes significant flight safety risks from aircraft
Brownout_(aeronautics)
Experimental helicopter built in France
by steerable vanes at either end of the machine intended to direct the downwash of the rotors. The Cornu helicopter is reported to have made a number of
Cornu_helicopter
1950s American experimental VTOL aircraft by Igor Bensen
rotors was surrounded by a system of four pivotable vanes to direct its downwash, and linked to a control stick for the pilot, this provided control of
Bensen_B-10
Helicopter aerodynamic effect
the rotor disc is being pulled down from above (known as induced flow or downwash), and is equally distributed around the rotor disc. The air is descending
Transverse_flow_effect
Aerodynamic condition related to helicopter flight
new topological state of the surrounding flow field, induced by its own downwash, and suddenly loses lift. Since vortex rings are a surprisingly stable
Vortex_ring_state
Helicopter tail system with no external tail rotor
pressure air through two slots on the right side of the tailboom, causing the downwash from the main rotor to hug the tail boom, producing lift, and thus a measure
NOTAR
Family of transport helicopters
increased yaw authority from the upwards advancing tail rotor blades into the downwash. The increase of the airspeed flowing over the rotor blades increases overall
Mil_Mi-8
2023 Formula One racing car by Ferrari
Prix, a major upgrade was introduce changing to sidepods to incorporate a downwash ramp design similar to Red Bull.[citation needed] As the year progressed
Ferrari_SF-23
3-dimensional effects of airflow not experienced by infinite airfoils: downwash and induced drag. "Aerospaceweb.org | Ask Us - Finite and Infinite Wing"
Finite_wing
American experimental helicopter
would be tilted to 85 degrees to minimize interference with the rotor downwash. The BV-347 made its first flight in Phase I configuration on May 27, 1970
Boeing_Vertol_BV-347
Model in aerodynamics
trailing vortices which eventually dissipate far behind the aircraft. The downwash is associated with induced drag and is a component of the system of trailing
Horseshoe_vortex
Helicopter with intermeshing rotors in use by the US military from the 1950s to the 1970s
HH-43B on a firefighting exercise in the 1960s. The helicopter had an especially strong downwash that could blow the smoke away from the firefighters
Kaman_HH-43_Huskie
Family of assault and attack helicopters
now rotated up on the side towards the front of the aircraft, into the downwash of the rotor, which increased its efficiency. A number of other design
Mil_Mi-24
Modeling system for simulatating atmospheric pollution dispersion
sources. The model also includes algorithms for handling the effect of downwash by nearby buildings in the path of the pollution plumes. The CALPUFF model
CALPUFF
1983 fatal accident
Despite the windy condition encountered above the harbour and the strong downwash of the rescue helicopter's main rotors, he managed to pilot the second
Singapore_cable_car_crash
River in East Sussex, England
tributary to Glynleigh Sewer. Additional streams also flow into Holm Sewer, Downwash Ditch and Winters Cut. Two pumping stations are located along the course
Saltmarsh_Sewer
Movement of an aircraft on the ground, under its own power
speeds are typically 16 to 19 kn (30 to 35 km/h; 18 to 22 mph). Rotor downwash limits helicopter hover-taxiing near parked light aircraft. The use of
Taxiing
Experimental American helicopter
helicopter collective control. Yaw was controlled with a "spin vane" that used downwash from the rotor to pivot the aircraft with foot pedals. Testing on the Bleecker
Curtiss-Bleecker SX-5-1 Helicopter
Curtiss-Bleecker_SX-5-1_Helicopter
Aerial locomotion in avian dinosaurs
birds flying in V patterns, so as to avoid the detrimental effects of the downwash due to the leading bird's flight. The most obvious adaptation to flight
Bird_flight
1989 flammable gas explosion accident in Pasadena, Texas, US
zone around the plant to prevent engine vibration and/or helicopter rotor downwash from dislodging any of the wreckage. The U.S. Coast Guard and Port of Houston
Phillips_disaster_of_1989
British aerospace engineer
community, which describes an asteroid impact at Köfels (Alps) causing a heat downwash far away in the region of Sodom and Gomorrah which burned the cities. "Hempsell
Mark_Hempsell
American motorglider
wing has a built-in mid-span twist to offset the effects of the canard's downwash, with the inboard 7.4 ft (2.3 m) having 2 degrees less twist than the outboard
Rutan_Solitaire
1964 transport helicopter family by Sikorsky
timeframe. In particular, there were concerns that the high levels of downwash produced by the XC-142A would render shipborne operations impractical.
Sikorsky_CH-53_Sea_Stallion
Special vehicle to fly in air just above sea or ground
an aircraft enters ground effect, the surface pushes back against the downwash, which reduces its drag. During takeoff, ground effect can cause an aircraft
Ground-effect_vehicle
Torus-shaped vortex in a fluid
more power (increasing collective pitch) serves to further accelerate the downwash through which the main-rotor is descending, exacerbating the condition
Vortex_ring
Gaussian plume model
area, line, and volume sources Settling and dry deposition of particles Downwash Separation of point sources Limited terrain adjustment ISC3 operates in
ISC3
American fighter proposal
moved from atop the vertical fin to the lower rear fuselage to avoid the downwash effects from the high-set wing at high angles of attack which could have
Lockheed_CL-1200_Lancer
Utility helicopter in the USSR
helicopters would damage or up-root the vine-stocks with their powerful downwash.[citation needed] Hungarian Kamov operators claim that coaxial rotors of
Kamov_Ka-26
Aircraft component fixed to the end of the wings to improve performance
distinctive tip shape; pilots have found that this rotor design alters the downwash field and reduces brownout which limits visibility in dusty areas and leads
Wingtip_device
Battalion sized formation of the Royal Marines
Ground crew with the Commando Helicopter Force huddle from the downwash of a Sea King helicopter on exercise in Norway.
45_Commando
1960 attack strike aircraft family by Grumman
Extending the air brakes, which were mounted on the rear fuselage, changed the downwash at the horizontal tailplane which overloaded its actuator so the tailplane
Grumman_A-6_Intruder
Stability of an aircraft in the pitching plane
located in the flow field of the main wing, and consequently experiences downwash, reducing its angle of attack. In a statically stable aircraft of conventional
Longitudinal_stability
terrain with no more than 10 degree slopes. Building effects: Building downwash algorithms are included. Meteorological data: The model includes a preprocessor
DISPERSION21
Aircraft configuration in which a small wing is placed in front of the main wing
This allows a smaller main wing. However, the foreplane also creates a downwash, which may affect the wing lift distribution favourably or unfavourably
Canard_(aeronautics)
Small lifting surface of a fixed-wing aircraft
effect when spun, while the McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk suffered excess downwash from the wing when the flaps were deployed, necessitating a small "SMURF"
Tailplane
generated and consequentially the performance of the rotor; amount of downwash around it, and noise levels the rotor generates. It is also used to compare
Rotor_solidity
1950s British military helicopter
passenger and cockpit door, which was prone to being slammed shut by the downwash from the rotors; this arrangement was replaced by a sliding door on the
Bristol_Belvedere
Small utility helicopter
efficiency, a relocated horizontal stabiliser outside the main rotor's downwash, an active rudder, and new water-based external paint; these changes were
Eurocopter_EC135
Device to reveal air flow
2016 – via Google Books. Wadcock, Alan J. (October 2008). "Rotorcraft Downwash Flow Field Study to Understand the Aerodynamics of Helicopter Brownout"
Tuft_(aeronautics)
Search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger
to landing sites across the country not being sized for the increased downwash. All organisations, either professional or voluntary, have access to the
Search_and_rescue
1989 aviation accident in New York
was on the water surface. Several complained that waves from boats and downwash from a rescue helicopter hampered staying afloat with their heads out of
USAir_Flight_5050
Interceptor aircraft, British, 1960s–1980s
tests showed that a vortex was generated by the wing which caused a large downwash on the tailplane; this issue was solved by lowering the tail below the
English_Electric_Lightning
Experimental military tilt-wing aircraft
decided to exit the program. They were concerned that the strong propeller downwash would make it difficult to operate. Their existing HR2S fleet had a ground
LTV_XC-142
modelling problems associated with industrial sources where plume rise and downwash effects from stationary line sources are important. CALINE3 – A steady-state
List of atmospheric dispersion models
List_of_atmospheric_dispersion_models
Attack helicopter series of the British Army
travel above 50 mph to ensure the safety of the extra passengers from rotor downwash. The Apaches landed under fire inside the compound, after which the rescuers
AgustaWestland_Apache
Dimensionless number describing relative pressures in a fluid flow field
{w}{a}}\right)^{\frac {2\gamma }{\gamma -1}}} where w {\displaystyle w} is the downwash speed and a {\displaystyle a} is the sound speed. C p = p − p ∞ γ 2 p ∞
Pressure_coefficient
French homebuilt aircraft
wing was close to the leading edge of the rear wing, the front wing's downwash would accelerate the air over the rear wing and cause it to gain lift more
Mignet_Pou-du-Ciel
Yacht speed computer program
is formed which creates downwash. This downwash alters the free stream velocity, by rotating it downward, towards the downwash. This new angle results
Velocity_prediction_program
German VTOL aircraft project
gearbox. The Fw-Rochen would have achieved forward flight by vectoring the downwash from the propellers rearward through a series of louvers below them. The
Focke_Rochen
Effects of scuba diving on the underwater environment
Diver trimmed head up produces downwash vortices while finning which lift bottom sediment.
Environmental impact of recreational diving
Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving
Force perpendicular to flow of surrounding fluid
time rate of change of momentum of the air. "...when one considers the downwash produced by a lifting airfoil, the upper surface contributes more flow
Lift_(force)
Twin-engine tiltrotor VTOL aircraft
66-degree downwards angle to reduce the wing area being encountered by downwash from the proprotors. A high-mounted rudderless vertical stabiliser is attached
Leonardo_AW609
Systems Principal Concepts Engineer, George Seyfang, avoids the strong downwash flow directly behind the wing and exploits the upwash from the wingtip
Outboard_tail
Type of social group in some animals
S., Wilson, A. M., & Usherwood, J. R. (2014). Upwash exploitation and downwash avoidance by flap phasing in ibis formation flight. Nature, 505(7483),
Herd
Abrupt reduction in lift due to flow separation
maximum lift capability first and to stall first. This is caused by the downwash pattern associated with swept/tapered wings. To delay tip stall the outboard
Stall_(fluid_dynamics)
Science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions
flowfield of the wing, changes in the wing incidence cause changes in the downwash, but there is a delay for the change in wing flowfield to affect the tail
Aircraft_flight_dynamics
1930s touring biplane
well above the thrust line on top of a trapezoidal fin and out of the downwash of the lower wing, thus avoiding tail stalls. It had a large balanced rudder
Day_A_Special
Aviation instruments
acceleration, aircraft configuration, and in the case of helicopters, rotor downwash. There are two categories of position errors, which are "fixed errors"
Pitot–static_system
1950s British compound gyroplane
performance. A smaller (1/15th-scale) model with a powered rotor was used for downwash investigations. While the prototype was being built, funding for the programme
Fairey_Rotodyne
Aircraft component
diameter that lets it accelerate a large volume of air. This permits a lower downwash velocity for a given amount of thrust. As it is more efficient at low speeds
Helicopter_rotor
Short takeoff and landing utility transport turboprop aircraft
Pegasus-engine swivelling nozzles to ensure it deflected with the flap downwash. The cold flow was directed into the flap venturi and entrained extra airflow
De Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo
De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-5_Buffalo
Aircraft component
movable tail, the entire assembly acts as a control surface. The upwash and downwash associated with the generation of lift is the source of aerodynamic interaction
Stabilizer_(aeronautics)
Coastal neighborhood in Rockport, Massachusetts
The structure also causes beach erosion through a phenomenon known as "downwash," resulting in the loss of approximately one foot of beach sand per year
Long_Beach_(Rockport)
surface area thus reducing lift. These techniques also equalise drag and downwash along the blade. The high twisting necessary for good hover performance
Unequal rotor lift distribution
Unequal_rotor_lift_distribution
Geologic formation
receiving outflows of detritus and, sometimes, sand from streams and downwash from adjacent land. The result is a gray to brown sandy shale with local
Kansas_City_Group
Atmospheric pollution dispersion model
additional features. The model includes algorithms which take into account: downwash effects of nearby buildings within the path of the dispersing pollution
ADMS_3
British WWII experimental aircraft
aircraft. The rear wing was mounted higher than the forward one to avoid downwash and give ground clearance for the propellers. The M39 design had inboard
Miles_M.39B_Libellula
Family of ultralight aircraft
The curved tube allows the tail to be located higher, out of the wing's downwash, especially when the flaps are extended. Landing gear for all models is
CGS_Hawk
Perpendicular-axis marine propulsion system
lower half inducing a net upward aerodynamic force and opposite fluid downwash. By varying the phase of this pitch the force can be shifted to any angle
Cyclorotor
design of the tailplane to produce the necessary downforce from the greater downwash of the more cambered wing. Kesselyák argued that this approach lowered
Kesselyák_KM_400
World's first commercial helicopter operator
some crop protection by flying over fields, proving the theory that the downwash would prevent damage from late frosts. Some rudimentary crop dusting was
Helicopter_Air_Transport
British wire-guided anti-tank missile
slow initial speed, which caused it to be blown downward by the rotor's downwash. A more serious concern was a lack of range, even with the improved "Somme"
Swingfire
edge. The shroud was intended to protect the propeller from the rotor downwash, to guard the propeller from objects on the ground and protect ground staff
Nord_1700_Norélic
River in East Sussex, England
A27 road. The first, 451 metres (1,480 ft) long, flows northerly into Downwash Ditch, also meeting the confluence of Saltmarsh Sewer. The second, 383-metre
Winters_Cut
Arizona plane crash
rotor, causing an aircraft to lose lift, in essence descending in its own downwash. After two months of investigation by the Marine Corps Judge Advocate General
2000_Marana_V-22_crash
State park in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, US
Harrisburg Railroad. Laurel Dam was breached by flooding in 1889 and 1919 (downwash from both breached the Mount Holly Springs dam downstream), and the lake
Pine_Grove_Furnace_State_Park
Rotor mounted on the tail of a helicopter
expelled out one side. This creates a boundary layer which causes the downwash from the main rotor to hug the tail boom according to the Coandă effect
Tail_rotor
Boat to create wakes for wakeboarding
boats operated in surf mode produce much greater wave energy and propeller downwash, affecting lake ecosystems and nearshore environments. Many jurisdictions
Wakeboard_boat
German physicist (1875–1953)
near the tip of the wings by washing out the wing tips until negative downwash was obtained, which gave the minimum induced drag for any given wing structural
Ludwig_Prandtl
Engine whose failure would most adversely affect aircraft performance or handling
outward from the top of the arc, to reduce downward air turbulence, known as downwash, on the central horizontal stabilizer, which makes it easier to fire guns
Critical_engine
French single-engine utility helicopter
the original direction having proved unfavourable when encountering the downwash of the main rotor during early testing of the Dauphin. Testing demonstrated
Aérospatiale_SA_360_Dauphin
Dunker – Distance measuring equipment (DME) – Distributed propulsion – Downwash – Drag – Drag-reducing aerospike – Dream Airplanes – Drop tank – Drogue
Index_of_aviation_articles
Mathematical model to quantify lift
vortex can be modeled as a vertical velocity distribution The upwash and downwash induced by the shed vortex can be computed at each neighbor segment. The
Lifting-line_theory
Formula relating lift on an airfoil to fluid speed, density, and circulation
theorem. This is due to the upstream effects of the trailing vortices' added downwash on the angle of attack of the wing. This reduces the wing's effective angle
Kutta–Joukowski_theorem
Operator of police and air ambulance helicopters in the UK
Ambulance Service partially lifted the roof of a nearby caravan with its downwash on departure from the Isle of Arran. Babcock Mission Critical Services
Babcock Mission Critical Services Onshore
Babcock_Mission_Critical_Services_Onshore
Corona or halo on the rotor blades of helicopters operating in sandy conditions
near the ground. This occurs because sand is blown into the air by the downwash and then carried to the top of the rotor disk by a vortex of air. This
Kopp–Etchells_effect
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