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Geographic range of dialects that vary more strongly at the distant ends
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually
Dialect_continuum
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
(dialect continuum) Egyptian Arabic (dialect continuum) Judeo-Egyptian Arabic Saʽidi Arabic Cairene Arabic Sudanese-Chadian Arabic (dialect continuum)
Semitic_languages
Aboriginal language continuum
syllabics. Cree (/kriː/ KREE; also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 people across
Cree_language
Romance language spoken in Spain and Portugal
language is largely uncommon among its native speakers, as it forms a dialect continuum of mutually intelligible varieties and therefore it is primarily referred
Asturleonese_language
between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple: in many areas there is a dialect continuum, with transitional dialects and languages. Further
List of Indo-European languages
List_of_Indo-European_languages
Linguistic region of India
National Capital Territory of Delhi. Hindi is part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum that lies within the cultural Hindi Belt in the northern plains of
Hindi_Belt
Subgroup of South Slavic languages
which encompasses the southeastern part of the dialect continuum of South Slavic. Eastern South Slavic dialects share a number of characteristics that set
Eastern_South_Slavic
Dialects of German language
the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift, and the dialect continuum that connects High German to the neighboring varieties of Low Franconian
German_dialects
West Germanic language
Scottish Standard English. Many Scottish people's speech exists on a dialect continuum ranging between Broad Scots and Standard English. Given that there
Scots_language
South Slavic language spoken in North Macedonia
States. Macedonian developed out of the western dialects of the Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum, whose earliest recorded form is Old Church Slavonic
Macedonian_language
West Germanic language
several other dialect groups, both are part of a dialect continuum that continues across the national border. The Dutch Low Saxon dialect area comprises
Dutch_language
Variant of a language
has often been criticized, especially in the case of a dialect continuum (or dialect chain), which contains a sequence of varieties, where each mutually
Dialect
Northern Kurdish dialect
affricate /t͡ʃ/ with /t͡ʃʰ/. Kurmanji forms a dialect continuum of great variability. Loosely, six dialect areas can be distinguished: Northwestern Kurmanji
Kurmanji
Southwestern Iranian languages of the Zagros Mountains
Iranian language, existing as a dialect continuum, spoken by the Lur people in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian
Luri_language
Language family
Adyghe dialects but it has only three phonemic vowels. Its consonants and consonant clusters are less complex than the Abkhaz–Abaza dialects. Kabardian
Northwest_Caucasian_languages
Branch of the Indo-European language family
languages descended. One particularly innovative dialect separated from the Balto-Slavic dialect continuum and became ancestral to the Proto-Slavic language
Balto-Slavic_languages
West Germanic language
through the Great Vowel Shift, into Modern English, which exists on a dialect continuum with Scots; it is next most closely related to Low Saxon and Frisian
English_language
Romance language
historical nationality of Galicia (Spain). The two were part of a common dialect continuum during the Middle Ages, known today as Galician–Portuguese, but they
Portuguese_language
Gallo-Romance language native to Liguria, northern Italy
southwestern Sardinia. It is part of the Gallo-Italic and Western Romance dialect continuum. Although part of Gallo-Italic, it exhibits several features of the
Ligurian_language
Relationships among standard and other languages
framework addresses situations in which multiple varieties from a dialect continuum have been standardized, so that they are commonly considered distinct
Abstand_and_ausbau_languages
Afro-Asiatic dialect continuum
being considered for merging. › The Northern Berber languages are a dialect continuum spoken across the Maghreb, constituting a subgroup of the Berber branch
Northern_Berber_languages
Language family of Eurasia
farther west during the first millennium. They are characterized as a dialect continuum. Turkic languages are spoken by some 200 million people. The Turkic
Turkic_languages
Prestige dialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
South Slavic dialect continuum. Its name comes from the form for the interrogative pronoun for "what": što. This is in contrast to dialects that are exclusive
Shtokavian
Set of varieties of a creole language
A post-creole continuum (or simply creole continuum) is a dialect continuum of varieties of a creole language between those most and least similar to
Post-creole_continuum
West Germanic language family
Franconian (including Dutch) within the continental West Germanic dialect continuum. "Low" and "high" refer to the lowland and highland geographies typically
High_German_languages
Set of theories or models
of dialects spoken over a geographical area that differ slightly between neighboring areas is known as a dialect continuum. A language continuum is a
Continuum_(measurement)
Kxʼa dialect continuum spoken in southern Africa
› ǃKung /ˈkʊŋ/ KUUNG (ǃXun), also known as Ju (/ˈdʒuː/ JOO), is a dialect continuum (language complex) spoken in Namibia, Botswana, and Angola by the
ǃKung_languages
Closeness of linguistic varieties
understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch. In a dialect continuum, neighbouring varieties are mutually intelligible, but differences
Mutual_intelligibility
Eastern South Slavic language
Macedo-Bulgarian), it is a member of the Balkan sprachbund and South Slavic dialect continuum of the Indo-European language family. The two languages have several
Bulgarian_language
Branch of the Romance language group
long-standing debate due to its transitional nature in the Western Romance dialect continuum. The Gardiol language has been classified by Glottolog as an independent
Occitano-Romance_languages
Subfamily of Indo-European languages
(often seen as a dialect of Ukrainian) Ukrainian Podlachian (often seen as a dialect of Ukrainian) West Polesian (often seen as a dialect of Ukrainian) South
Slavic_languages
Subgroup of West Slavic languages
Slovak are mutually intelligible, forming a dialect continuum (spanning the intermediate Moravian dialects) rather than being two clearly distinct languages;
Czech–Slovak_languages
Northwestern Iranian dialect continuum
certain areas of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Kurdish varieties constitute a dialect continuum except of Zaza, with some mutually unintelligible varieties, and collectively
Kurdish_language
Dialects of South Slavic language
are part of the dialect continuum of South Slavic languages that joins through the transitional Torlakian dialects the Macedonian dialects to the south,
Dialects_of_Serbo-Croatian
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
Most of the Romance-speaking part of Europe has traditionally been a dialect continuum, where the speech variety of a location differs only slightly from
Romance_languages
Family of languages and dialects Indigenous to North Africa
similar to the Romance languages, and with few exceptions form a dialect continuum. Regardless, they are frequently referred to as a single collective
Berber_languages
Dialect continuum of Mande languages of West Africa
languages (sometimes spelt Manden, and archaically Mandingo) are a dialect continuum within the Mandé family (itself possibly within the larger Niger-Congo
Manding_languages
Gallo-Romance language of Wallonia, Belgium
northeastern Wisconsin, United States. It belongs to the langues d'oïl dialect continuum, the most prominent member of which is French. The historical background
Walloon_language
Group of languages
comparisons of consonant development in the respective dialect/language (online examples though) continuum, showing the gradually growing partake in the High
West_Germanic_languages
Dialect group
with West Low German dialects, it forms a dialect continuum of the Low German language. Before 1945, the dialect was spoken along the entire then-German-settled
East_Low_German
coherent set of linguistic criteria for distinguishing languages in a dialect continuum. There is no single criterion for how much knowledge is sufficient
List of languages by total number of speakers
List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers
Arabic varieties spoken in Syria
Christian Aleppine Rural dialects similar to Muslim Aleppine Mountain dialects Rural dialects Bēbi (əlBāb) Mixed dialects These dialects are transitional between
Syrian_Arabic
Languages of the Nordic countries
languages appears in studies of the modern standard languages and the dialect continuum of Scandinavia. Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are close enough to
North_Germanic_languages
West Germanic language
Yiddish, Afrikaans, and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf-Benrath
German_language
Family of Arabic dialects spoken in the Maghreb
vernacular Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb. It includes the Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Libyan, Hassaniya and Saharan Arabic dialects. Maghrebi
Maghrebi_Arabic
Group of Indo-Aryan languages
form a dialect continuum that descends from the Middle Prakrits. Located in the Hindi Belt, the Central Zone includes the Dehlavi (Delhi) dialect (one of
Central_Indo-Aryan_languages
Eastern variety of Persian
for the Persian spoken there. In Afghanistan, Dari refers to a modern dialect form of Persian that is the standard language used in administration, government
Dari
Romance language spoken in Romagna (Italy) and San Marino
The variants of Romagnol form a dialect continuum with their neighbouring varieties, while the more distant dialects might be less mutually intelligible
Romagnol
Dialect continuum of the Persian language
Sistani (Persian: سیستانی, also known as Sistuni (سیستونی) is a dialect continuum of the Persian language spoken by Sistani people in Iranian Sistan.
Sistani_dialect
Neo-Aramaic varieties
with Tyari than with Upper Barwari dialect Dooreh Hayes Neo-Aramaic has a rather slightly defined dialect continuum, starting from the Assyrians in northern
Suret_language
coherent set of linguistic criteria for distinguishing languages in a dialect continuum. For example, a language is often defined as a set of mutually intelligible
List of languages by number of native speakers
List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers
Variety of Levantine Arabic spoken in the Kingdom of Jordan
[lang=apc] { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma; } . Jordanian Arabic is a dialect continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of Arabic spoken in Jordan. Jordanian
Jordanian_Arabic
Map showing geographic distribution of the speakers of a language
geographic distribution of the speakers of a language, or isoglosses of a dialect continuum of the same language, or language family. A collection of such maps
Linguistic_map
Topics referred to by the same term
up dialect in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A dialect is a variety of spoken or written language. Dialect(s) may also refer to: Dialect continuum, a
Dialect_(disambiguation)
Contact language from mutually intelligible dialects of the same language
based on multiple northern Mandarin dialects, later evolving into Modern Standard Mandarin. Dialect continuum Dialect levelling Language shift Lingua franca
Koiné_language
Language family
‹ The template Infobox language family is being considered for merging. › ‹ The template Infobox language family is being considered for merging. › The
Northeast_Caucasian_languages
Oïl language spoken in eastern Brittany, France
limit of Gallo is less clearly defined, owing to the existence of a dialect continuum with neighboring Oïl languages such as Mayennais [fr], Norman, and
Gallo_language
Cree language of eastern Canada
Canada. It is a member of the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum and is spoken in various dialects, depending on the community. Since the 1980s, Innu-aimun
Innu_language
Dialects of the Punjabi language
merging. › The Punjabi language has a variety of dialects (bōlīyāṁ) which form a dialect continuum and are primarily subdivided into two groups: Eastern
Punjabi_dialects
Ubangian dialect continuum of Central Africa
The Ngbandi language is a dialect continuum of the Ubangian family spoken by a half-million or so people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ngbandi
Ngbandi_language
commonly called dialetti ("dialects"). Most of the Romance varieties of Italy often labelled as "regional" form part of a continuum, with varying degrees of
Languages_of_Italy
Indigenous ethnic group of Namibia
San people of Namibia. They speak the Haiǁom–ǂAakhoe dialect of the Khoekhoe dialect continuum. The letter ⟨ǁ⟩ in the name represents a lateral click
Haiǁom_people
Celtic subfamily of Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man
the Brittonic languages. Goidelic languages historically formed a dialect continuum stretching from Ireland through the Isle of Man to Scotland. There
Goidelic_languages
Language family
a dialect continuum. South Slavic Eastern South Slavic Bulgarian dialects Eastern Bulgarian dialects Western Bulgarian dialects Macedonian dialects Northern
South_Slavic_languages
Group of West Germanic languages
Instead, they believe that the Ingvaeonic languages comprised a dialect continuum which stretched along the North Sea, finally diverging into distinct
Anglo-Frisian_languages
West Germanic language
since May 2000. Low German is a part of the continental West Germanic dialect continuum. To the West, it blends into the Low Franconian languages, including
Low_German
Northern English accent and dialect
from the wider Lancashire dialect, though distinctions between the Northern English accents exist along a dialect continuum and are also influenced by
Manchester_dialect
Facetious characterization of dialect
consent of a whole country and nation, it is called a language". Dialect continuum Language secessionism Abend, Gabriel (25 July 2023). Words and Distinctions
A language is a dialect with an army and navy
A_language_is_a_dialect_with_an_army_and_navy
Bantu dialect continuum
is a Bantu dialect continuum spoken by the Chaga people of northern Tanzania, south of Mount Kilimanjaro. They also speak nine dialects: Kivunjo, Kimarangu
Chaga_languages
Dialects including French and its close relatives
family is being considered for merging. › The langues d'oïl are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest relatives historically
Langues_d'oïl
ties to the Lusophony. The Galician language used to form a common dialect continuum with Portuguese during the Middle Ages, denominated as Galician–Portuguese
Portuguese-speaking_world
Language of the Tunumiit in East Greenland
Researchers vary on whether to treat Tunumiit as a dialect within a Greenlandic dialect continuum, or if its differences are sufficient to consider it
Tunumiisut
Austronesian language of Madagascar
pronunciation: [malaˈɡasʲ]; Sorabe: مَلَغَسِ) is an Austronesian language and dialect continuum spoken in Madagascar. The standard variety, called Official Malagasy
Malagasy_language
Vernacular Arabic spoken in Morocco
الداريجة), is the dialectal, vernacular form or forms of Arabic spoken in Morocco. It is part of the Maghrebi Arabic dialect continuum and as such is mutually
Moroccan_Arabic
Geolinguistic boundary between mutually intelligible speech communities
can continually exchange linguistic inventions; this is known as a dialect continuum. A "language island" is a language area that is completely surrounded
Language_border
Group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family
S. states. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar (Colonia Tovar dialect) Alemannic comprises a dialect continuum from the Highest Alemannic spoken in the mountainous
Alemannic_German
South Slavic supradialect or language
Kajkavian speeches, and all three dialects are part of a dialect continuum, while their diversification into dialects and languages is mostly political
Chakavian
Dialect continuum consisting of Chechen and Ingush
for merging. › The Vainakh (also spelled Veinakh) languages are a dialect continuum that consists of the Chechen and Ingush languages, spoken mainly in
Vainakh_languages
West Slavic language
and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period. In the later 18th to mid-19th
Czech_language
North Germanic language
Norwegian forms a dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties; some Norwegian and Swedish dialects, in particular
Norwegian_language
Ancient people who inhabited Canaan's southern coast
Indo-European language that gradually synthesized with the local Canaanite dialect continuum of the Northwest Semitic languages. There is evidence to suggest that
Philistines
Nuristani language
or Kamkata-vari, is a Nuristani language. It is a dialect continuum comprising three separate dialects spoken mostly in Afghanistan, with additional speakers
Katë_language
Dialect of Danish
dialect spoken on the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. It was originally part of the East Danish dialect continuum, which includes the dialects of
Bornholm_dialect
Language of the Saanich people of North America
the Pacific Northwest of North America. North Straits Salish is a dialect continuum, the varieties of which are closely related to the Klallam language
Saanich_dialect
Standardized literary variety of Arabic
MSA and with each other depending on their proximity in the Arabic dialect continuum. Many linguists consider MSA to be distinct from Classical Arabic
Modern_Standard_Arabic
Country within the United Kingdom
are the most widely spoken languages in the country, existing on a dialect continuum with each other. Scottish Gaelic speakers can be found all over Scotland
Scotland
across the Dutch-German border and belong to a common Dutch-German dialect continuum. The Netherlands also has its separate Dutch Sign Language, called
Languages_of_the_Netherlands
North Germanic language
perspective more accurately described as a dialect continuum of Scandinavian (North Germanic), and some of the dialects, such as those on the border between
Swedish_language
South Slavic supradialect or language
Central Croatia and Gorski Kotar. It is part of the South Slavic dialect continuum, being transitional to the supradialects of Čakavian, Štokavian and
Kajkavian
Model of language change
notion of a linkage, a family of languages descended from a former dialect continuum; linkages cannot be represented by trees and must be analysed by the
Wave_model
Nguni language of southern South Africa
Ndebele, called the Zunda languages. Zunda languages effectively form a dialect continuum of variously mutually intelligible varieties. Xhosa is, to a large
Xhosa_language
Northeast Caucasian language
discusses the literary dialect of the dialect continuum constituting the Dargin languages. It is based on the Aqusha and Urakhi dialects of Northern Dargin
Dargwa_language
West Hmongic dialect continuum
CHV: Hmôngz, Nyiakeng Puachue: 𞄀𞄩𞄰, Pahawh: 𖬌𖬣𖬵, [m̥ɔ̃́]) is a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmongic languages spoken by the
Hmong_language
Extinct Celtic languages of Iberia
Celtic. Western Hispano-Celtic is a term that has been proposed for a dialect continuum on the western side of the Iberian Peninsula, including Gallaecian
Hispano-Celtic_languages
Various Tai languages used by the Zhuang people of southern China
another dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties such as Nung, Tay and Caolan in Vietnam. Standard Zhuang is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming
Zhuang_languages
Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe and Mozambique
systematic study of varieties and sub-varieties of the Central Shona dialect continuum was that done by Clement Doke in 1930, so many sub-varieties are no
Shona_language
Dialect of southern Swedish
part of the old Scandinavian dialect continuum, and is by most historical linguists considered to be an East Danish dialect group. Due to the modern-era
Scanian_dialect
Group of dialects of Czech
Moravian dialects are considerably more varied than the dialects of Bohemia, and span a dialect continuum linking Bohemian and West Slovak dialects. A popular
Moravian_dialects
Salishan language or dialect continuum of North America
dialect continuum composed of two main dialects, Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed, which are further separated into smaller sub-dialects
Lushootseed
Series of sound changes affecting some West Germanic languages
change) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum. The shift is used to distinguish High German from other continental
High_German_consonant_shift
DIALECT CONTINUUM
DIALECT CONTINUUM
Boy/Male
Hindu
Direct evidence
Girl/Female
Tamil
Direct, Lead
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name from Old Norse sker ‘rock’, later dialect scar ‘rocky cliff’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name from the dialect term wormstall ‘summer cattle shelter against gadflies’ (from an unattested Old English wyrm-stall).
Boy/Male
Tamil
Pratyaksh | பà¯à®°à®¤à¯à®¯à®•à¯à®·
Direct evidence
Pratyaksh | பà¯à®°à®¤à¯à®¯à®•à¯à®·
Male
Scottish
Dialectal variant of Scottish Gaelic Eideard, EUDARD means "guardian of prosperity."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Gray 1.German : dialect variant of Grau.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Bengali Dialect for Mother Goddess Durga
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : from a Norman French dialect form of the common French place name Beaulieu.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from a dialect form of the personal name Lawrence.
Boy/Male
Scottish
This may have given rise to the Scottish dialect word 'cuddy', meaning donkey.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Stinchcombe in Gloucestershire, recorded in the 12th century as Stintescombe, from the dialect term stint ‘sandpiper’ + cumb ‘narrow valley’.
Boy/Male
Scottish
This may have given rise to the Scottish dialect word 'cuddy', meaning donkey.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a stonemason, Anglo-Norman French machun, a Norman dialect variant of Old French masson (see Mason).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Stroud.German (Ströde) : topographic name from a dialect word meaning ‘thicket’.
Surname or Lastname
English (North Midlands)
English (North Midlands) : unexplained; possibly a dialect variant of Cubit, but see also Cuppett.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : southwestern dialect variant of Bridge, from a metathesized form of Old English brycg. Compare Burge.
Male
English
A dialectal variant spelling of English Dean, DANE means "dean; ecclesiastical supervisor."
Surname or Lastname
Americanized form of German Hütt (see Huett).German
Americanized form of German Hütt (see Huett).German : occupational name in Westphalia for a goat dealer, from dialect hitte ‘goat’.English (Devon) : unexplained.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Direct; Lead
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Biblical
perfect; admirable; honorable
Female
Arthurian
, Orkney, i.e. whale island.
Boy/Male
Assamese, Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Thai
Joy; Happiness
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Cantrell.
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Goddess Laxmi
Girl/Female
Tamil
Shreeprada | à®·à¯à®°à¯€à®ªà¯à®°à®¤à®¾
Goddess Radha
Girl/Female
Arabic, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Icy; Awesome; Cool; Cute; Snowflakes; Eyes
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English
City in Belgium
Girl/Female
Indian
A narrator of Hadith
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Eaton.
DIALECT CONTINUUM
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v. t.
To put a direction or address upon; to mark with the name and residence of the person to whom anything is sent; to superscribe; as, to direct a letter.
n.
Language; speech; dialect.
a.
Straight; not crooked, oblique, or circuitous; leading by the short or shortest way to a point or end; as, a direct line; direct means.
a.
Pertaining to a dialect or to dialects.
n.
An idiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect.
n.
Dialect; a variant form of a language.
a.
Relating to a dialect; dialectical; as, a dialectical variant.
n.
A subordinate dialect.
n.
The Ionic dialect; as, the Homeric Ionic.
n.
The form of speech of a limited region or people, as distinguished from ether forms nearly related to it; a variety or subdivision of a language; speech characterized by local peculiarities or specific circumstances; as, the Ionic and Attic were dialects of Greece; the Yorkshire dialect; the dialect of the learned.
v. t.
To determine the direction or course of; to cause to go on in a particular manner; to order in the way to a certain end; to regulate; to govern; as, to direct the affairs of a nation or the movements of an army.
n.
The Doric dialect.
n.
The dialect or dialects of English spoken by the people of Scotland.
v. t.
To arrange in a direct or straight line, as against a mark, or towards a goal; to point; to aim; as, to direct an arrow or a piece of ordnance.
v. t.
To point out or show to (any one), as the direct or right course or way; to guide, as by pointing out the way; as, he directed me to the left-hand road.
n.
The dialect, or the people, of Cornwall.
a.
In the line of descent; not collateral; as, a descendant in the direct line.
n.
The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; Chaldee.
adv.
According to the Hellenistic manner or dialect.
n.
Means or mode of expressing thoughts; language; tongue; form of speech.