Search references for DEFENDING CONSTANTINE. Phrases containing DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
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Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom is a 2010 book by Peter Leithart which examines Constantine the Great and
Defending_Constantine
Last Byzantine Emperor from 1449 to 1453
Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos or Dragaš Palaeologus (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος, romanized: Kōnstantīnos Dragásēs Palaiológos; 8 February
Constantine_XI_Palaiologos
Roman emperor from 306 to 337
Constantine I (27 February 272 – 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to
Constantine_the_Great
American theologian (born 1959)
which in turn may result in heretical thought. In his 2010 book, Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom, Leithart
Peter_Leithart
Emperor Constantine's relationship, views, and laws regarding Christianity
During the reign of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (306–337 AD), Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire
Constantine the Great and Christianity
Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity
Roman emperor from 308 to 324
308 to 324. For most of his reign, he was the colleague and rival of Constantine I, with whom he co-authored the Edict of Milan that granted official
Licinius
Algerian football club
Africain, TP Mazembe and Ismaily. where CS Constantine ranked second to face in the quarter-finals the defending champions Espérance de Tunis to defeat 3–6
CS_Constantine
4th-century triumphal arch in Rome, Italy
The Arch of Constantine (Italian: Arco di Costantino) is a triumphal arch in Rome dedicated to the emperor Constantine the Great. The arch was commissioned
Arch_of_Constantine
1520-24 painting by Raphael
claimed in contemporary versions of the legend Peter J. Leithart. Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. InterVarsity
The_Vision_of_the_Cross
1988–2024 comic book series
John Constantine, Hellblazer is an American contemporary horror comic-book series published by DC Comics since January 1988, and subsequently by its Vertigo
Hellblazer
View in Christian politics
C. (2013). "A Yoderian Rejoinder to Peter J. Leithart's Defending Constantine". Constantine Revisited: Leithart, Yoder, and the Constantinian Debate
Constantinianism
Roman religious policy under Constantine I
policies of Constantine the Great have been called "ambiguous and elusive." Born in 273 during the Crisis of the Third Century (AD 235–284), Constantine the Great
Religious policies of Constantine the Great
Religious_policies_of_Constantine_the_Great
Byzantine emperor from 741 to 775
Constantine V (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος, romanized: Kōnstantīnos; July 718 – 14 September 775) was Byzantine emperor from 741 to 775. His reign saw a consolidation
Constantine_V
1453 Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine capital
Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by Sultan Mehmed II (later nicknamed "the Conqueror"), while the Byzantine army was led by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos
Fall_of_Constantinople
September 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017. Leithart, Peter J. (2009). Defending Constantine. Madison, Wisconsin: InterVarsity Press. p. 260. Shean, John F.
Christianity_and_violence
Byzantine emperor from 668 to 685
Constantine IV (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος, romanized: Kōnstantīnos; Latin: Constantinus; c. 650 – 10 July 685), called the Younger (Greek: ὁ νέος, romanized: ho
Constantine_IV
Forged Roman imperial decree
The Donation of Constantine (Latin: Donatio Constantini) is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly
Donation_of_Constantine
Genoese captain, 1453 defender of Constantinople (1418–1453)
men from Chios and Genoa) sailed to defend the city, arriving in late January to prepare for the siege. Constantine XI strategically placed this contingent
Giovanni_Giustiniani
Development of Christian thought in the West
Kingdom, Yale University Press, 1984. Leithart, Peter J. (2010). Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. InterVarsity
History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance
Roman emperor from 407 to 411
Constantine III (Latin: Flavius Claudius Constantinus; died shortly before 18 September 411) was a common Roman soldier who was declared emperor in Roman
Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)
Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)
University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-300-03642-6 Leithart, Peter J. (2010). Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. InterVarsity
Christianity_and_paganism
Conversion of a previously non-Christian person to Christianity
University Press. ISBN 9780195320923. Leithart, Peter J. (2010). Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. InterVarsity
Conversion_to_Christianity
Conversion of society or culture to Christianity
Chaoshan. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-72266-5. Leithart, Peter J. (2010). Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. InterVarsity
Christianization
Political and theological changes
history, was the so-called Constantinian shift. Peter Leithart, Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom, p 287. Lactantius
Constantinian_shift
2013–2015 comic book series
expressing doubt that Constantine could replace Hellblazer, among others. As a result, DC co-publisher Dan Didio issued a statement defending this decision,
Constantine_(comic_book)
Religious conversion as sociological theory
York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-02031-3. Leithart, Peter J. (2010). Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. InterVarsity
Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation
Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire_as_diffusion_of_innovation
Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire began during the reign of Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) in the military colony of Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem)
Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire
Area of study on conversion to Christianity
Oxford: A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-5252-8. Leithart, Peter J. (2010). Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom. Westmont:
Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire
Historiography_of_the_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire
with anti-Academy City riots caused by the magical artifact Document of Constantine. Kamijo meets Itsuwa of the Amakusa-Style Remix of Church as she investigates
List of A Certain Magical Index light novels
List_of_A_Certain_Magical_Index_light_novels
Council of Christian bishops in Nicaea, 325
the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I, also known as the First Ecumenical Council. It met from May until
First_Council_of_Nicaea
1837 siege in Algeria
The siege of Constantine was a blockade and assault on Constantine in October 1837 by French forces during the French conquest of Algeria. The decisive
Siege_of_Constantine
underground agents are really Gestapo commanded by Captain Heinrich (Michael Constantine). The fourth is a French woman named Michelle (Claudine Longet). Heinrich
List of Hogan's Heroes episodes
List_of_Hogan's_Heroes_episodes
West Indian cricketer and politician
Learie Nicholas Constantine, Baron Constantine (21 September 1901 – 1 July 1971) was a Trinidadian cricketer, lawyer and politician who served as Trinidad
Learie_Constantine
1826 rebellion
the action in Saint Petersburg, where soldiers were lured into defending Constantine Pavlovich as the legitimate monarch, the Chernigov Regiment soldiers
Chernigov_Regiment_revolt
Possible Byzantine emperor (c.1204-5)
1205. He is sometimes called "Constantine XI", a numeral now usually reserved for Constantine Palaiologos. Constantine Laskaris was born of a noble but
Constantine_Laskaris
King of Dumnonia in sub-Roman Britain
Constantine (/ˈkɒnstəntiːn/, Welsh: Cystennin, fl. 520–523) was a 6th-century king of Dumnonia in sub-Roman Britain, who was remembered in later British
Constantine_(Briton)
Capital of the Eastern Roman and Ottoman empires
Constantinople was founded in 324, initially as New Rome, during the reign of Constantine the Great on the site of the existing settlement of Byzantium and in
Constantinople
2024 animated superhero film trilogy
magic to restore Constantine's memories, they discover that Constantine's Earth was ravaged by Darkseid. To restore his Earth, Constantine instructed his
Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths
Justice_League:_Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths
The cast sings "Goodbye!", telling the audience to leave the theater. Constantine John leaves his lighter on Chas Kramer's grave stating "You did good
List of films with post-credits scenes
List_of_films_with_post-credits_scenes
1836 battleof the French conquest of Algeria
of Constantine to conquer the Algerian city of Constantine involved an attack that was a French failure. It was a part of the siege of Constantine. Commanded
Battle_of_Constantine
established by former Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over King Constantine I's policy of neutrality during World War I. Autonomous Province of Korçë
List of short-lived states and dependencies
List_of_short-lived_states_and_dependencies
Albanian nobleman
Constantine Cominato Arianiti (Italian: Constantino Cominato Arianiti, Albanian: Kostandin Komneni Arianiti; 1456/1457 – 8 May 1530) also known as Constantine
Constantine_Arianiti
American football player (born 1961)
Daniel Constantine Marino Jr. (/məˈriːnoʊ/ mə-REE-noh; born September 15, 1961) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in
Dan_Marino
Despot of the Morea from 1428 to 1460
title until his death five years later. He was the younger brother of Constantine XI Palaiologos, the final Byzantine emperor. Thomas was appointed as
Thomas_Palaiologos
Type of barbed wire
"constantine" wire. Constantine probably came from a corruption/misunderstanding of concertina and led to confusion with the Roman Emperor Constantine
Concertina_wire
2, 1819 William Crutchfield Tenn. Mar. 3, 1873 Mar. 2, 1875 William Constantine Culbertson Pa. Mar. 3, 1889 Mar. 2, 1891 Thomas Culbreth Md. Nov. 30
List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves
List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves
Prince of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944)
his father was assassinated and Andrew's elder brother Constantine became king. Constantine's neutrality policy during World War I led to his abdication
Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Prince_Andrew_of_Greece_and_Denmark
Site of Jesus' crucifixion
believed to have been identified by the Roman empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, during her visit to the Holy Land in 325. Other locations
Calvary
Western half of the Roman Empire (395–476)
intermittently between the 3rd and 5th centuries. Some emperors, such as Constantine I and Theodosius I, governed, if briefly, as the sole Augustus across
Western_Roman_Empire
Football tournament season
and 2026–27 CAF Confederation Cup. USM Alger were the defending champions. They managed to defend their title to win their tenth title in the competition
2025–26_Algerian_Cup
Roman emperor from 306 to 312
preoccupied with civil war, allying with Maximinus against Licinius and Constantine. The latter defeated him at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312,
Maxentius
1961 film
Constantine and the Cross (Italian: Costantino il grande) is a 1961 historical drama film about the early career of the emperor Constantine, who first
Constantine_and_the_Cross
Greek Christian bishop and scholar (c. 260 – 339)
Chronicle and On the Martyrs. He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor, who was Augustus between
Eusebius
Romanian sculptor, photographer and painter (1876–1957)
Column commemorate the courage and sacrifice of Romanians who in 1916 defended Târgu Jiu from the forces of the Central Powers. The restoration of this
Constantin_Brâncuși
Roman emperor from 361 to 363, Neoplatonic philosopher
remembered as Julian the Apostate in the Christian tradition. A nephew of Constantine the Great, Julian was one of few in the imperial family to survive the
Julian_(emperor)
orders of Esad Toptani whose aim was to be the commander in charge of defending Shkodër from the invading Montenegrin forces. 2 Gjeto Çoku Prefect of
List of assassinations in Europe
List_of_assassinations_in_Europe
First among equals of leaders in the Eastern Orthodox Church
was originally a common bishopric. It gained importance when Emperor Constantine elevated Byzantium to a second capital alongside Rome and named it Constantinople
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople
CS Constantine 2025–26 football season
The 2025–26 season, is CS Constantine's 30th season and the club's 15th consecutive season in the top flight of Algerian football. In addition to the
2025–26_CS_Constantine_season
American actress (born 1949)
Yearbook 2012. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4494-2150-2. Santas, Constantine (2002). Responding to Film. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8304-1580-9
Meryl_Streep
Byzantine emperor from 976 to 1025
was the senior Byzantine emperor from 976 to 1025. He and his brother Constantine VIII were crowned before their father Romanos II died in 963, but they
Basil_II
9th-century Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries
Cyril (Greek: Κύριλλος, romanized: Kýrillos; born Constantine [Greek: Κωνσταντίνος, romanized: Konstantínos]; 826–869) and Methodius (Μεθόδιος, Methódios;
Cyril_and_Methodius
CS Constantine 2024–25 football season
The 2024–25 season, is CS Constantine's 29th season and the club's 14th consecutive season in the top flight of Algerian football. In addition to the
2024–25_CS_Constantine_season
Western Hockey League team in Everett, Washington
200. In 2003, the team hired former National Hockey League coach Kevin Constantine to be its first head coach. Beginning play in the 2003–04 season with
Everett_Silvertips
Queen of Greece (1913–1917; 1920–1922)
again from 19 December 1920 to 27 September 1922 as the wife of King Constantine I of Greece. A member of the House of Hohenzollern and child of Frederick
Sophia_of_Prussia
first Renaissance painters to depict night scenes, such as The Dream of Constantine, and he successfully combined Flemish luminism with Florentine spatial
Light_in_painting
15th-century Ottoman military officer
Helena, was killed during the Turkish raids. Mark, his father, and Constantine, his brother, escaped and survived the raids. Michael was raised as a
Ballaban_Badera
British royal recognitions
Ryley. Lately Head of News, Sky News. For services to Journalism. Clovis Constantine Salmon. Documentary Filmmaker. For services to Culture and to the Black
2024_New_Year_Honours
306–324 wars between Roman co-emperors
defeat of Severus, and ending with the defeat of Licinius at the hands of Constantine I in 324 AD. The Tetrarchy was the administrative division of the Roman
Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy
Roman emperor from 527 to 565
stands Justinian, offering a model of the Hagia Sophia. On her left, Constantine I presents a model of Constantinople. Emperor Justinian in Council (1886)
Justinian_I
King of Alba from 995 to 997
Constantine, son of Cuilén (Middle Gaelic: Causantín mac Cuiléin; Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Chailein), known in most modern regnal lists as Constantine
Constantine_III_of_Scotland
Roman emperor from 379 to 395
order by the Roman Empire." (Eusebius of Caesarea in The Life of Constantine) Constantine had tried to settle the issues at the Council of Nicaea, but as
Theodosius_I
with leap years and twelve months, with July and August having 31 days; Constantine the Great became a Christian in 312, so formed the seven-day week in
List_of_Equinox_episodes
Period of Byzantine history from 717 to 802
Syrian dynasty) from 717 to 802. The Isaurian emperors were successful in defending and consolidating the empire against the caliphates after the onslaught
Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty
Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany
handicapped. This section also makes it clear that other definitions are defended by scholars who deserve a respectful hearing." Equivalent to $400 million
The_Holocaust
Queen of Spain from 1975 to 2014
Frederica of Greece. She is also the last surviving grandchild of King Constantine I and Queen Sophia of Greece. Sofía married then Infante Juan Carlos
Queen_Sofía_of_Spain
King of Greece from 1863 to 1913
streamed north to join the forces under the command of Crown Prince Constantine. The war went badly for the ill-prepared Greeks; the only saving grace
George_I_of_Greece
Byzantine general (c. 998–1043)
positive influence on Constantine in most areas. Finding himself in a position of power, Sclerus used it to poison Constantine against Maniakes - ransacking
George_Maniakes
Brief history of Constantinople from 330 to 1453
Emperor Constantine I the Great appreciated the advantageous location of Byzantium on the seaside, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Constantine's decision
History_of_Constantinople
Roman emperor from 574 to 582
Tiberius II Constantine (Latin: Tiberius Cōnstantīnus; Ancient Greek: Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος, romanized: Tibérios Kōnstantĩnos; died 14 August 582) was
Tiberius_II_Constantine
Football league season
with JE Tizi-Ouzou as the defending champions. Teams promoted from Algerian Division 2 1985-1986 MP Alger CM Constantine MC Saïda Teams relegated to
1985–86 Algerian Championnat National
1985–86_Algerian_Championnat_National
supreme treasurer, and supreme medical examiner. Its ritual was based on Constantine's vision of the cross. Assessment rates based on the National Fraternal
List of North American fraternal orders
List_of_North_American_fraternal_orders
King of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1192
Antioch and later to Tripoli, gathering troops as they travelled. Tyre's defender, Conrad of Montferrat, the brother of Sibylla's first husband William,
Guy_of_Lusignan
Country in Eastern Europe and North Asia
married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI, and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually
Russia
Byzantine imperial family
treason. Though Constantine XI died in communion with Rome (and thus as a "heretic"), his death in battle against the Ottomans, defending Constantinople
Palaiologos
Roman emperor from 337 to 361
conflicts that would continue after his death. Constantius was a son of Constantine the Great, who elevated him to the imperial rank of Caesar on 8 November
Constantius_II
Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (303–313)
Edict of Serdica in 311) at different times. Traditionally, the reign of Constantine the Great (306–337 AD) and Licinius' Edict of Milan in 313 have marked
Diocletianic_Persecution
Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 800 to 1806
From the time of Constantine I (r. 306–337), the Roman Emperors had, with very few exceptions, taken on a role as promoters and defenders of Christianity
Holy_Roman_Emperor
Weapons of Mass Destruction Kuju Entertainment Oxygen Games 2005-06-17EU Constantine Bits Studios THQNA, SCiEU, Marvelous EntertainmentJP 2005-02-14NA Contra:
List of PlayStation 2 games (A–K)
List_of_PlayStation_2_games_(A–K)
British actress (born 1983)
Healer Cecilia 2017 Justice League Dark Zatanna (voice) Direct-to-video 2020 Justice League Dark: Apokolips War 2022 Constantine: The House of Mystery
Camilla_Luddington
Sunbow Entertainment Canadian-French co-production TV-Y7 Traditional Constantine: City of Demons 1 2 2018–2019 CW Seed Warner Bros. Animation DC Entertainment
List of American animated television series
List_of_American_animated_television_series
King of the United Kingdom since 2022
she met Queen Elizabeth II at the 60th birthday party of former King Constantine II of Greece, which was seen as an apparent seal of approval by the Queen
Charles_III
Danish theologian and philosopher (1813–1855)
to A in Either/Or Johannes de Silentio, author of Fear and Trembling Constantine Constantius, author of the first half of Repetition Young Man, author
Søren_Kierkegaard
Eighties. Teacher Created Resources. ISBN 978-1-57690-030-7. Santas, Constantine (2002). Responding to Film. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8304-1580-9
Meryl Streep on screen and stage
Meryl_Streep_on_screen_and_stage
Roman emperor from 286 to 305
against Constantine while the Emperor was on campaign against the Franks. Maximian had been sent south to Arles with part of Constantine's army to defend against
Maximian
Byzantine general and provincial governor
1564, fol. 18r). According to it, in 1173 Emperor Manuel sent Constantine to help defend Ancona in Italy, a Byzantine ally, against a combined attack from
Constantine_Doukas_(sebastos)
Death and funeral of the last King of Greece
Constantine II of Greece, the head of the Royal House of Greece and last king of the Hellenes, died on 10 January 2023 in Athens at the age of 82, having
Death and funeral of Constantine II of Greece
Death_and_funeral_of_Constantine_II_of_Greece
Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118
married the son of Constantine Iasites. Theodora Komnene (15 January 1096) who married (1) Constantine Kourtikes and (2) Constantine Angelos. By him she
Alexios_I_Komnenos
306–336 Roman campaigns on its northern border
Constantius Chlorus (Augustus of the west) in 306, Constantine initially concentrated his forces on defending this area of the frontier against the Franks and
German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine
German_and_Sarmatian_campaigns_of_Constantine
2023 armed incursions and massacres in Israel
President Mahmoud Abbas said that the Palestinian people had the right to defend themselves against the terror of settlers and occupation troops. According
October_7_attacks
However, they were later confirmed as relay alternates. On July 17, defending World Champion decathlete Pierce LePage withdrew from the team due to
Canada at the 2024 Summer Olympics
Canada_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics
DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
Boy/Male
German
Defending warrior.
Boy/Male
Australian, Finnish, German, Greek, Russian, Swedish
Defending Men; Defender of Mankind
Boy/Male
Hindu
Defending men
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ilvika | ஈலà¯à®µà®¿à®•ா
Defending the earth
Ilvika | ஈலà¯à®µà®¿à®•ா
Biblical
defending; forbidding; taking away
Boy/Male
Teutonic
Defending ruler.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Defending the earth
Boy/Male
Hindi
Descending.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Defending men
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ilvaka | ஈலà¯à®µà®¾à®•ா
Defending the earth
Ilvaka | ஈலà¯à®µà®¾à®•ா
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Finnish, Swedish
Defender of Man; Defending Men
Boy/Male
German American Teutonic
Defending warrior.
Boy/Male
British, English
Defending Men
Boy/Male
German
Defending Warrior; Armed Defender
Girl/Female
Hindi
Descending.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Defending, forbidding, taking away.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Defending the earth
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Descending.
Boy/Male
Finnish, Hindu, Indian
Defending Men
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Lebanese, Malaysian, Muslim
Defending Men
DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
Dearly; Loveable; Kind
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Soundest (Servant) of the Time
Male
Arthurian
, knight of the Round Table.
Boy/Male
German American Spanish Portuguese Italian
Powerful ruler.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Gentle
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
City in iraq
Boy/Male
British, English
Watchman
Boy/Male
Tamil
Of great beauty, Beautiful
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Thurston.
Boy/Male
Irish
Bald.
DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
DEFENDING CONSTANTINE
n.
A quashing; a defeating.
n.
The act of defending one's own person, property, or reputation.
a.
Depending; pendent loosely; hanging; swinging.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Depend
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Defer
n.
The act of supporting or defending.
n.
A joint defendant.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Defend
adv.
In a descending manner.
a.
Serving for, or depending on, texts.
a.
Suspended; hanging; depending.
a.
Declivous; descending; sloping.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Offend
a.
Distinguishing; distinctive; defining.
a.
Depending on one's self.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Demand
a.
Defending or preserving from disease; preventive.
n.
The act of surrounding or defending with a bank.
n.
A person required to make answer in an action or suit; -- opposed to plaintiff.
a.
Depending on itself; independent.