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Economic phenomenon
are generally interpreted as being more consistent with crowding out. The crowding-in effect is generally associated with the economic theories of John
Crowding-in_effect
Reduction in private investment caused by increased government borrowing
mobility completely undermines a simple model of crowding out". One channel of crowding out is a reduction in private investment and accumulation of real resources
Crowding_out_(economics)
Effect of high concentrations of macromolecules in living cells
present in the lens at extremely high concentrations, over 500 mg/ml, and at these levels crowding effects are very strong. The large crowding effect adds
Macromolecular_crowding
Visual crowding is the inability to view a target stimulus distinctly when presented in a clutter. Crowding impairs the ability to discriminate object
Visual_crowding
Something that motivates individuals to perform
(February 2010). "A Price Is a Signal: on Intrinsic Motivation, Crowding-out, and Crowding-in". Kyklos. 63 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00458.x
Incentive
crowding (also current crowding effect, or CCE) is a nonuniform distribution of current density through a conductor or semiconductor, especially in the
Current_crowding
The stare-in-the-crowd effect is the notion that an eyes-forward, direct gaze is more easily detected than an averted gaze. First discovered by psychologist
Stare-in-the-crowd_effect
British television sitcom (2006–2013)
company's other employees generally have the opposite effect, landing her and her teammates in ludicrous situations. Chris O'Dowd as Roy Trenneman, a
The_IT_Crowd
Cognitive bias about one's own skill
The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias that describes the systematic tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive
Dunning–Kruger_effect
Theory in psychology and microeconomics
then there can be short-run crowding out of the rewarded behavior too. Examples of early crowding out studies include: In a pioneering study, Deci had
Motivation_crowding_theory
Psychological phenomenon
interest, a process often described as motivational "crowding out". The effect has been widely discussed in research by Edward Deci and Mark Lepper. Once rewards
Overjustification_effect
Collective perception of a group of people
responses, tempering the effect of the noise. Trial by jury can be understood as at least partly relying on wisdom of the crowd, compared to bench trial
Wisdom_of_the_crowd
Increase in traffic caused by links
Slashdot effect, also known as slashdotting or the hug of death, occurs when a popular website links to a smaller website, causing a massive increase in traffic
Slashdot_effect
Electromagnetic effect in physics
The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference, across an electrical conductor, that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor
Hall_effect
Country in West Asia
actors and a crowding out effect. Another key issue to the tourism sector is deepening the understanding of the ecosystem and biodiversity in Oman to guarantee
Oman
Misalignment between upper and lower teeth as the jaws close
The following criterion is used: 0-4mm = Mild crowding 4-8mm = Moderate crowding >8mm = Severe crowding Genetic (inheritance) factors, extra teeth, lost
Malocclusion
Type of disaster that occurs due to overcrowding
the effect on those in front and continue to press in. Examples of crushes are the Hillsborough disaster in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England in 1989
Crowd_collapses_and_crushes
Social psychological theory
The bystander effect (also called bystander apathy or the Genovese effect) is a social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely
Bystander_effect
Hypothesis in economics
the borrowing, it may cause a crowding out effect (in an economy at or near potential output, or full employment). In the US, the budget deficit is financed
Twin_deficits_hypothesis
Geometric aspects of ions and molecules affecting their shape and reactivity
to varying degrees. In some cases, steric effects are necessary to ensure a molecule's stability. In Günther Maier's corset effect, bulky substituents
Steric_effects
Total amount of debt owed to lenders by a government/state
countries from 1979 through 2006 was denominated in U.S. dollars. Credit default swap Crowding-in effect Crowding out Debt clock Debt Sustainability Analysis
Government_debt
Legacy of the 1999 Columbine massacre
Columbine effect is the legacy and impact of the Columbine High School massacre ("Columbine"), which occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine
Columbine_effect
market, either on the supply or demand side of the market. crowding-in effect An increase in private investment that results from government spending.
Glossary_of_economics
Societal phenomenon
The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon where people adopt certain behaviors, styles, or attitudes simply because others are doing so. More
Bandwagon_effect
2021 crowd disaster in Houston, Texas, US
2021, a fatal crowd crush occurred during the Astroworld Festival, a one time tour hosted by American rapper Travis Scott at NRG Park in Houston, Texas
Astroworld Festival crowd crush
Astroworld_Festival_crowd_crush
Study of an economy as a whole
crowding out. When the government undertakes spending projects, it limits the resources available to the private sector. Full crowding out occurs in the
Macroeconomics
The Mass Effect series, a military science fiction media franchise developed by Canadian video game developer BioWare and owned by American publisher Electronic
List of Mass Effect characters
List_of_Mass_Effect_characters
Cognitive bias
The IKEA effect is a cognitive bias in which consumers place a disproportionately high value on products they partially created. The name refers to Swedish
IKEA_effect
Branch of social psychology
behavior, both of which conditions increase in magnitude with size of the crowd. Notable theorists in crowd psychology include Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931)
Crowd_psychology
2004 book by James Surowiecki
experiments such as pedestrians optimizing the pavement flow or the extent of crowding in popular restaurants. He examines how common understanding within a culture
The_Wisdom_of_Crowds
Law enforcement technique
psychological effect in calming an aggressive crowd or in preventing a crowd advancing along a certain route. In addition to its use in warfare, the bayonet
Use of bayonets for crowd control
Use_of_bayonets_for_crowd_control
Illusions or tricks to change appearance
montaged combination print. In 1895, Alfred Clark created what is commonly accepted as the first-ever motion picture special effect. While filming a reenactment
Special_effect
Excess of people in a space
Overcrowding or crowding is the condition where more people are located within a given space than is considered tolerable from a safety and health perspective
Overcrowding
Psychological effect that people learn more by spreading studying out in time
estimation (for reviews see Crowder 1976; Greene, 1989). Researchers have offered several possible explanations of the spacing effect, and much research has
Spacing_effect
Government consumptions, investments, and transfer payments
funds" pool of currency in reality. Crowding out only refers to the shift of real resources from private to public use, not the crowding out of nominal private
Government_spending
2016 film directed by Lone Scherfig
Arterton, Their Finest smoothly combines comedy and wartime drama to crowd-pleasing effect." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 76 out of 100, based on
Their_Finest
'crowding out effect' to explain this economic situation. When governments borrow from the domestic sector, they force the private sector to 'crowd out'
Balance of payments of Australia
Balance_of_payments_of_Australia
Difference between revenues and spending
investment, and private investment gets crowded out. This crowding-out effect is induced by changes in the interest rate. When the government wishes to borrow
Government_budget_balance
sequence; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered. See also recency effect, primacy effect and suffix effect. von Restorff effect: That an
List_of_cognitive_biases
Pre-recorded audio simulating event spectator sounds
November 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020. Snyder, Mark. "Penn State crowd: Sound effect or just white noise?". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 28 September
Artificial_crowd_noise
Term in women's basketball
The Caitlin Clark effect is the increase in popularity of women's basketball attributed to American basketball player Caitlin Clark. During Clark's collegiate
Caitlin_Clark_effect
Sound effect imitating the murmur of a crowd in the background
In American radio, film, television, and video games, walla is a sound effect imitating the murmur of a crowd in the background. A group of actors brought
Walla
Large tooth at the back of the human mouth
Eleni; Tsolakis, Apostolos I. (May 2023). "The Effect of Third Molars on the Mandibular Anterior Crowding Relapse—A Systematic Review". Dentistry Journal
Wisdom_tooth
Species of lizard
juvenile In Taiwan, an investigation discovered that distribution of this foreign species was increasing, posing potential competitive crowding out effect towards
Brown_anole
Electric charge generated in certain solids due to mechanical stress
stress. The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and electrical states in crystalline materials
Piezoelectricity
Concept of public economics
Myopia:causes and treatment". VOX Ukraine. Kenton, Will. "What Is the Crowding Our Effect Economic Theory". Government Spending and Debt. • Stephen Breyer
Government_failure
American author and filmmaker (1942–2008)
legislative staffers in Washington, D.C., on September 14, 2006. In a speech in 2002, Crichton coined the term "Gell-Mann amnesia effect" to describe the
Michael_Crichton
Type of United States federal government funding to state and local projects
looked at how these grants might cause the income and crowding out effects. The crowding out effect is when the government's giving essentially lowers the
Categorical_grant
Program, fund, or scheme that provides retirement income
This crowding-out effect helps explain why pension fund assets as a percentage of GDP vary dramatically across OECD countries, from over 140% in countries
Pension_fund
Psychological effect on perceptions of attractiveness
The cheerleader effect, also known as the group attractiveness effect or the friend effect, is a proposed cognitive bias which causes people to perceive
Cheerleader_effect
Integrated infrastructure networks
medical services nearby, improving living conditions.[citation needed] Crowding out effect The construction of economic corridors requires large public or capital
Economic_corridor
1960 book by Elias Canetti
not dissociate from humanity. On asking questions: "On the questioner the effect is a feeling of enhanced power. He enjoys this and consequentially asks
Crowds_and_Power
Psychological effect which occurs in groups
Ringelmann effect is the tendency for individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as the size of their group increases. This effect, discovered
Ringelmann_effect
Magnetically induced effect in AC conductors
side of the wire facing away from the adjacent wires. This "current crowding" effect causes the current to occupy a smaller effective cross-sectional area
Proximity effect (electromagnetism)
Proximity_effect_(electromagnetism)
1985 single by Prince and the Revolution
In reality, the bits are from a sound effects library; the same riot crowd sound effect can be heard in the 1982 horror film Alone in the Dark in the
Pop_Life_(song)
Abnormal crowding has been observed in schizophrenia, with different groups reporting stronger or weaker[medical citation needed] crowding effects. During
Visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia
Visual_processing_abnormalities_in_schizophrenia
Situation described in Keynesian economics
minimize the effect of liquidity-trap conditions. Don Patinkin and Lloyd Metzler invoked the existence of the so-called "Pigou effect", in which the stock
Liquidity_trap
Canadian rapper and singer (born 1986)
hosted the first annual NBA Awards on June 26, and also appeared in The Carter Effect documentary. Drake released a mini EP titled Scary Hours on January
Drake_(musician)
United States social caste and ethnic group
own enslaved individuals by exerting a crowding-out effect, eliminating free labor in the region. This effect, compounded by the area's widespread lack
Poor_White
High frequency optimised electric wire
effect causes additional current crowding, resulting in an additional increase in the resistance of the wire with frequency. In two wires running parallel next
Litz_wire
Concept in human perception of sound
The microwave auditory effect, also known as the microwave hearing effect or the Frey effect, consists of the human perception of sounds induced by pulsed
Microwave_auditory_effect
Sourcing services or funds from a group
2015). "Distant Search, Narrow Attention: How Crowding Alters Organizations' Filtering of Suggestions in Crowdsourcing". Academy of Management Journal
Crowdsourcing
Production of static electricity by friction of a fluid
The Armstrong effect is the physical process by which static electricity is produced by the friction of a fluid. It was first discovered in 1840 when an
Armstrong_effect
Human tendency to care about social outcomes
of monetary incentives' crowding-out effect. The distributive and reciprocal preferences mentioned previously are integral in good government and the
Social_preferences
Austrian economist
love, or feelings of service or obligation" Easterlin paradox Motivation crowding theory Neoliberalism Richard Titmuss Müller, Reinhard (September 2000)
Fred_Hirsch_(economist)
Chart used to measure vision
a technique called photoscreening. Research has shown that optotype "crowding" reduces visual acuity at the fovea (as opposed to eccentric visual acuity)
Eye_chart
Theory that the price of an object is determined by consumer demand
cognitive bias in human behavior, some people are drawn to assets whose price they see increasing, however irrational it might be. This effect is often further
Greater_fool_theory
Accidental bomb detonation
ones lost in the stampede. Many of the dead were children, separated from their families in the confusion and subsequently crushed in the crowds that filled
2002_Lagos_armoury_explosion
collectively referred to as the Taylor Swift effect by publications. Debuting as a 16-year-old independent singer-songwriter in 2006, Swift steadily amassed fame
Cultural impact of Taylor Swift
Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift
Denomination of Protestant Christianity
as criminals. In Britain, the Methodist Church had a major effect in the early decades of the developing working class (1760–1820). In the United States
Methodism
Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022
her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time. Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional
Elizabeth_II
American singer-songwriter (born 1941)
Every night, whether he's in good or bad form, he says, in effect, 'Think again.'" Dylan's primary residence is reportedly in Point Dume, on the coast
Bob_Dylan
American comedian, writer and television host (born 1964)
Corddry took over "This Week in God" segments, although a recorded sample of Colbert's voice was still used as the sound effect for the God Machine. Later
Stephen_Colbert
Bias confirming existing attitudes
is shown to be false) the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) illusory correlation (when people
Confirmation_bias
popular in the East to the present day, arcade machines continue to be manufactured and sold worldwide. area area of effect (AoE) A term used in many role-playing
Glossary_of_video_game_terms
American comedian (born 1973)
and appeared in the feature film This Christmas Chance which released on December 10. In 2024, he released his special Domino Effect 3 on Moment.co
Ali_Siddiq
Italian-American economist and Nobel Laureate (1918–2003)
"accelerate," as can often be misread from the acronym NAIRU See "crowding out effect" Demand-driven fiscal policies, as opposed to supply-driven, are
Franco_Modigliani
Application of crowd psychology
of crowd psychology to engage, control, or influence the desires of a crowd in order to direct its behavior toward a specific action. History suggests
Crowd_manipulation
American singer and actress (born 1946)
Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)". At 52, she released the dance-pop album Believe (1998), which introduced the "Cher effect"—a stylized use of Auto-Tune
Cher
Multi-casualty crush incident in Israel at public religious event
the investigation at that time, it appeared that the main reason for the crowding and pressure at the Toldot Aharon bonfire compound, outside which the disaster
2021_Meron_crowd_crush
Dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945
an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large
Adolf_Hitler
American media personality and proprietor (born 1954)
"the Oprah Effect". The effect has been documented or alleged in domains as diverse as book sales, beef markets, and election voting. Late in 1996, Winfrey
Oprah_Winfrey
contracts on his own behalf; in effect, he remained a perpetual minor. A slave could not be sued or be the plaintiff in a lawsuit. The testimony of a
Slavery_in_ancient_Rome
Ratio of change in national income arising from a change in government spending
crowd out private investment or consumer spending that would have otherwise taken place. This crowding out can occur because the initial increase in spending
Fiscal_multiplier
American singer and actress (born 1969)
trends has prompted the usage of the phrase "the J.Lo effect" in popular culture, which has been used in various different contexts, including the trend of
Jennifer_Lopez
Economic theory
behavior. The existence of a warm glow helps explain the absence of complete crowding-out of private giving by public grants, as predicted by classical economic
Warm-glow_giving
Unintended effect of persuasion
In social psychology, the boomerang effect, also known as "reactance", refers to the unintended consequences of an attempt to persuade resulting in the
Boomerang_effect_(psychology)
Devaluation of money's purchasing power
inflationary pressures in both the short and long run by boosting aggregate demand, shaping inflation expectations, crowding out private investment,
Inflation
Belgian mathematician
{\displaystyle \alpha } is the density-dependent crowding effect (also known as intraspecific competition). In this equation, the population equilibrium (sometimes
Pierre_François_Verhulst
Swedish activist (born 2003)
political controversy. Thunberg has been credited with sparking the "Greta effect", influencing environmental awareness and youth engagement worldwide. Supporters
Greta_Thunberg
English cook and television presenter
cause sell-outs overnight. This phenomenon, dubbed the "Delia effect", was most recently seen in 2008, after her book How to Cheat at Cooking was published
Delia_Smith
Collection of finance from backers to fund an initiative
and specialist restaurants – in effect creating a "club" of people who are customers as well as investors. In the US in 2015, new rules from the SEC to
Crowdfunding
Extent of horizontal overlap of the top and bottom front teeth (incisors)
lower first adult molar. Class I dental crowding is with a normal molar relationship. Class II dental crowding is with a molar relationship where the relative
Overjet
Directed-energy non-lethal weapon
radius of coverage, be able to switch from crowd to individual coverage, cause a temporarily incapacitating effect, have a low probability of fatality or
MEDUSA_(weapon)
American actor
in The Chosen, a crowd-funded television series about the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. In 2023, he portrayed evangelist Lonnie Frisbee in the
Jonathan_Roumie
Association football club in England
additional year. In 1989, the Hillsborough disaster claimed the lives of 97 Liverpool supporters after grossly negligent policing led to a crowd crush; the
Liverpool_F.C.
President of the United States (2017–2021; since 2025)
Supreme Court allowed that version to go into effect in December 2017, and ultimately upheld the ban in 2019. From 2017 to 2018, the Trump administration
Donald_Trump
Horse who performed math tricks (1890s–1910s)
artifact in research methodology has since been referred to as the Clever Hans effect and has continued to be important to the observer-expectancy effect and
Clever_Hans
Capital of France
creating more green space and less crowding. Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare
Paris
President of the United States from 2009 to 2017
took effect in 2014, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014
Barack_Obama
CROWDING IN-EFFECT
CROWDING IN-EFFECT
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Dowden.
Male
Croatian
, goodness.
Surname or Lastname
English (Somerset)
English (Somerset) : unexplained.
Female
Irish
Irish form of French Madeline, MADAILÉIN means "of Magdala."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Growing
Surname or Lastname
Danish
Danish : probably a habitational name from Kolding. This was originally the name of a river, from kaldr ‘cold’ + a derivational suffix -ung, hence ‘the cold river’.English : perhaps a spelling variant of Golding.
Female
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic LÃadan, LÃADÃIN means "grey lady."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from either of two places called Crowden, in Derbyshire and Devon. The first is named from Old English crÄwe ‘crow’ + denu ‘valley’; the second from Old English crÄwe + dÅ«n ‘hill’.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Midlands)
English (East Midlands) : possibly a variant of Rawdon.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Colling.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the personal name Rollo or Rolf.
Boy/Male
Norse
Growing.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Growing
Girl/Female
Latin
Growing.
Girl/Female
Indian
Brooding hen
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English and Old English personal name Brūning, originally a patronymic from the byname Brūn (see Brown).This name was brought independently to North America from England by numerous different bearers from the 17th century onward. William Browning was one of the free planters who assented to the ‘Fundamental Agreement’ of the New Haven Colony on June 4, 1639.
Girl/Female
Indian
Growing
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Crowning
Boy/Male
French, German, Polish
Long
Boy/Male
Norse
Growing.
CROWDING IN-EFFECT
CROWDING IN-EFFECT
Female
Finnish
Finnish form of German Ada, AADA means "noble."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sun, Fire
Boy/Male
Australian, British, Christian, English, French, Irish
Spear-friend; Rough; Little Rough One
Girl/Female
Tamil
Beautiful girl, Loveliness
Girl/Female
Hindu
Devotee, Supreme master
Boy/Male
Hindu
Victorious superior, Lord Ganesh
Girl/Female
Tamil
Succession, Repetition
Boy/Male
Indian, Marathi
One of the Ved of Hindu Dharma
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Agreeable; Sweet; Pure; Excellent
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
King
CROWDING IN-EFFECT
CROWDING IN-EFFECT
CROWDING IN-EFFECT
CROWDING IN-EFFECT
CROWDING IN-EFFECT
a.
Accustomed to prowl, or engaged in roving stealthily, as for prey.
prep.
With reference to a limit of time; as, in an hour; it happened in the last century; in all my life.
prep.
With reference to physical surrounding, personal states, etc., abstractly denoted; as, I am in doubt; the room is in darkness; to live in fear.
prep.
With reference to a whole which includes or comprises the part spoken of; as, the first in his family; the first regiment in the army.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Crowd
prep.
The specific signification of in is situation or place with respect to surrounding, environment, encompassment, etc. It is used with verbs signifying being, resting, or moving within limits, or within circumstances or conditions of any kind conceived of as limiting, confining, or investing, either wholly or in part. In its different applications, it approaches some of the meanings of, and sometimes is interchangeable with, within, into, on, at, of, and among.
adv.
With privilege or possession; -- used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin; as, in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband.
n.
A diversity of colors in yarn, recurring at regular intervals.
a.
Relating to an open fields; drowing in a field; growing in a field, or open ground.
n.
An old game played with four dice. In signified a doublet, or two dice alike; in-and-in, either two doubles, or the four dice alike.
prep.
With reference to movement or tendency toward a certain limit or environment; -- sometimes equivalent to into; as, to put seed in the ground; to fall in love; to end in death; to put our trust in God.
adv.
Not out; within; inside. In, the preposition, becomes an adverb by omission of its object, leaving it as the representative of an adverbial phrase, the context indicating what the omitted object is; as, he takes in the situation (i. e., he comprehends it in his mind); the Republicans were in (i. e., in office); in at one ear and out at the other (i. e., in or into the head); his side was in (i. e., in the turn at the bat); he came in (i. e., into the house).
prep.
A prefix from Eng. prep. in, also from Lat. prep. in, meaning in, into, on, among; as, inbred, inborn, inroad; incline, inject, intrude. In words from the Latin, in- regularly becomes il- before l, ir- before r, and im- before a labial; as, illusion, irruption, imblue, immigrate, impart. In- is sometimes used with an simple intensive force.
prep.
With reference to space or place; as, he lives in Boston; he traveled in Italy; castles in the air.
prep.
With reference to character, reach, scope, or influence considered as establishing a limitation; as, to be in one's favor.
prep.
With reference to circumstances or conditions; as, he is in difficulties; she stood in a blaze of light.
n.
One who is in office; -- the opposite of out.
v. t.
The act by which anything is crossed; as, the crossing of the ocean.
v. t.
To inclose; to take in; to harvest.