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Type of statistical data
In statistics, cross-sectional data is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at a single
Cross-sectional_data
Type of study based on universal sampling
cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of research design that analyzes data from
Cross-sectional_study
could be conducted with either cross-sectional or time series data. A cross-sectional regression would have as each data point an observation on a particular
Cross-sectional_regression
Longitudinal statistical study
same subjects each time. Time series and cross-sectional data can be thought of as special cases of panel data that are in one dimension only (one panel
Panel_data
Geometrical concept
principle states that solids with corresponding cross sections of equal areas have equal volumes. The cross-sectional area ( A ′ {\displaystyle A'} ) of an object
Cross_section_(geometry)
Data analysis process
cross-sectional) data set. A data set consisting of the number of wins for several football teams over several years is a two-dimensional data set. In
Multidimensional_analysis
Asymptotic variances under heteroskedasticity
further improved procedures have been produced since for cross-sectional data, time-series data and GARCH estimation. Heteroskedasticity-consistent standard
Heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors
Heteroskedasticity-consistent_standard_errors
Topics referred to by the same term
investigation utilizing cross-sectional data Cross-sectional regression, a particular statistical technique for carrying out a cross-sectional study This disambiguation
Cross_section
How one process influences another
when supported by cross-correlations, ARIMA models, or cross-spectral analysis using vector time series data than by cross-sectional data. Nobel laureate
Causality
Cognitive process
prepotent responses, and working memory capacity; furthermore, cross-sectional fitness data suggest that working memory updating could potentially benefit
Inhibitory_control
heteroskedasticity adjustments and partial effects calculations. Extensions to this cross-sectional model have been provided that allow for taking into account important
Fractional_model
Statistical measure
_{t=1}^{T}(y_{t}-{\hat {y}}_{t})^{2}}{T}}}.} (For regressions on cross-sectional data, the subscript t is replaced by i and T is replaced by n.) In some
Root_mean_square_deviation
Estimations of customer demand
regular interval. Cross-sectional data refers to data collected on a single entity at different periods of time. Cross-sectional data used in demand forecasting
Demand_forecasting
Statement about a future event
requires time series methods, while prediction is often performed on cross-sectional data. Statistical techniques used for prediction include regression and
Prediction
Numeric stand-ins in regression analysis
otherwise equals zero. In the panel data fixed effects estimator dummies are created for each of the units in cross-sectional data (e.g. firms or countries) or
Dummy_variable_(statistics)
Field dedicated to the scientific study of interpersonal relationship processes
variety of methods for both data collection and analysis. This includes but is not limited to: cross-sectional data, longitudinal data, self-report study, observational
Relationship_science
last five years) or in cross-sectional data in one time period (say for consumption and income levels for sample households). Data may also be collected
Economic_data
Value in economics and accounting
minus the expected inflation rate. Not only time-series data, as above, but also cross-sectional data which depends on prices which may vary geographically
Real_and_nominal_value
Personality trait
study found that neuroticism, while strongly correlated with SWB in cross-sectional data, showed no within-person temporal relationship with well-being. The
Extraversion_and_introversion
20th-century rise in intelligence test scores
family and will only manifest in data and analyses that account for between-family variance (such as cross-sectional data)." (p. 130) Trahan, LH; Stuebing
Flynn_effect
Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
findings. Many studies of longitudinal data, which correlate people's test scores over time, and cross-sectional data, which compare personality levels across
Big_Five_personality_traits
Wealth gained over a given time period
Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-Sectional Data." Journal of Econometrics Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital: A
Income
Sequence of data points over time
then it is panel data candidate. If the differentiation lies on the non-time identifier, then the data set is a cross-sectional data set candidate. There
Time_series
Making predictions with available data
specific formal statistical methods employing time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data, or alternatively to less formal judgmental methods or the
Forecasting
Finding in happiness economics
happiness trend occurs after some minimum level of income. While cross-sectional data supports a curvilinear relationship between income and happiness
Easterlin_paradox
Medical diagnostic tool
technique applied to create three-dimensional, photorealistic images of cross-sectional data, such as computed-tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/
Cinematic_rendering
Statistical model comparing multiple variables over time
possible relations among them – two synchronous or cross‐sectional relations (see cross‐sectional design) (between X1 and Y1 and between X2 and Y2), two
Cross-lagged_panel_model
Concept in mass media
usually done by arranging discrete cross-sectional data in chronological order. A long tail representation takes data from a point in time (e.g., a month
Audience_fragmentation
1998 F4 tornado in South Dakota
local governments and voluntary organizations, such as the American Red Cross, to provide relief assistance to the victims. After the tornado, the population
1998_Spencer_tornado
time series data. It is contrasted with traditional techniques used in second language acquisition research such as Cross-sectional data research design
Complex dynamic systems theory
Complex_dynamic_systems_theory
Economist
Return to Higher Education: Evidence From Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-Sectional Data", Journal of Econometrics 121(1–2), 2004 "The Effect of Education
Enrico_Moretti
North American standard for electrical-wire diameters
wire. Dimensions of the wires are given in ASTM standard B 258. The cross-sectional area of each gauge is an important factor for determining its current-carrying
American_wire_gauge
Econometric software package
econometric model selection and for the statistical analysis of cross-sectional data and panel data. The main modules apart from PcGive for dynamic econometric
OxMetrics
Unit of information
Dark data Data (computer science) Data acquisition Data analysis Data bank Data cable Data curation Data domain Data element Data farming Data governance
Data
Statistical model validation technique
to an independent data set. Cross-validation includes resampling and sample splitting methods that use different portions of the data to test and train
Cross-validation_(statistics)
Urban environment with unhealthy food options
influences on food swamp characterization. A 2017 study based on cross-sectional data from the 2009 United States Department of Agriculture suggested that
Food_swamp
file 1. Cross-validation schema. doi:10.7554/elife.40224.014 Hsiao, Cheng (2014), "Cross-Sectionally Dependent Panel Data", Analysis of Panel Data, Cambridge:
Data_analysis
Study of economic methodologies
observational studies. Data sets to which econometric analyses are applied can be classified as time-series data, cross-sectional data, panel data, and multidimensional
Methodology_of_econometrics
Healthcare for intersex people throughout their lives
differentiation in Bangladesh: an analysis of regional representative cross-sectional data". BMC Public Health. 20 (1) 1261. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09284-2
Intersex_healthcare
lead to suicide ideation. According to one study, the analysis of cross-sectional data from 146,621 students aged 12–17 years for the years 2012 and 2013
Suicidal ideation in South Korean LGBTQ youth
Suicidal_ideation_in_South_Korean_LGBTQ_youth
Impact of parenthood on women's labor market outcomes
countries. Where panel data are unavailable, Kleven (2025) developed a pseudo-event study method using only cross-sectional data. By 2024, child‑penalty
Child_penalties
American educator
Adserias, R. P. (2014). Approximating Glass Ceiling Effects Using Cross-Sectional Data. In J. F. L. Jackson, E. M. O’Callaghan, & R. A. Leon (Eds.), (2014)
Jerlando_F._L._Jackson
α Cross-correlation Cross-covariance Cross-entropy method Cross-sectional data Cross-sectional regression Cross-sectional study Cross-spectrum Cross tabulation
List_of_statistics_articles
Unit for cross sectional area used in high-energy physics
per femtobarn of cross-section within these data. Consider a particle accelerator where two streams of particles, with cross-sectional areas measured in
Barn_(unit)
Study of happiness and quality of life
analysis paralysis and raised expectations of satisfaction. National cross-sectional data suggest an inverse relationship between religious diversity and happiness
Happiness_economics
Longitudinal data: Following the same travelers over extended periods to capture their cumulative experience of variability Cross-sectional data: Observing
Travel_time_reliability
Concept of psychology
has been done and most evidence is correlational (i.e., based on cross-sectional data). Research suggests that formative experiences including family environment
Interpersonal_accuracy
measurement and is a continuous tracking panel study that provides cross sectional data on Internet usage segmented by gender, SEC and location. This panel-based
Web_audience_measurement
epidemic/SIR models or RSiena, because ALAAMs are used for the analysis of cross-sectional data, observed at only a single point in time. An alternative to this
Autologistic actor attribute models
Autologistic_actor_attribute_models
Census survey
subgroups. Although the SIPP design allows for both longitudinal and cross-sectional data analysis, SIPP is intended to primarily to support longitudinal studies
Survey of Income and Program Participation
Survey_of_Income_and_Program_Participation
Data combined from several measurements
data are applied in statistics, data warehouses, and in economics. There is a distinction between aggregate data and individual data. Aggregate data refers
Aggregate_data
function., and central nervous system function (Schlosser). In a cross-sectional data study of more than 100,000 adolescents in 32 countries (including
Criticism_of_fast_food
Type of statistical model
Reciprocal Relations by Nonrecursive Structuralequation Models Using Cross-Sectional Data". Organizational Research Methods. 2 (1): 69–87. doi:10.1177/109442819921005
Simultaneous_equations_model
for population health planning of obesity and overweight, using cross-sectional data from general practices from a regional catchment in Australia". BMJ
Obesity_in_Australia
changing dietary and lifestyle preferences caused due to urbanisation. Cross-sectional data across the period of 2011-2012 supported this trend that revealed
Food_inflation_in_India
Circumstance of violence
behavior both within and outside of the school setting. Hirschi's cross-sectional data from northern California largely support this view. Findings from
School_violence
Concept in labour economics
technique They use a cross sectional data for 1994 (European Community Household panel) combined with regional price and population data from the National
Compensating_differential
Study conducted to improve advertising
Brand awareness Brand management Brand Consumer behaviour Communicus Cross-sectional data DAGMAR Frequency (marketing) Global Marketing Guerrilla marketing
Advertising_research
American econometrician
known for his theoretical contributions to the analysis of cross-sectional and panel data. Wooldridge was born in 1960 to parents Nancy A. Williams and
Jeffrey_Wooldridge
Vaccine, 26( 18), (2006) HPV testing in routine cervical screening: cross sectional data from the ARTISTIC trial. British Journal of Cancer, 95( 1), 56–61
Henry_Kitchener
Probability of a given process occurring in a particle collision
is not uncommon for the actual cross-sectional area of a scattering object to be much larger or smaller than the cross section relative to some physical
Cross_section_(physics)
Neurological disorder
Dirk; Rostasy, Kevin (2024-12-16). "Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN): cross-sectional data on phenotypes, genotypes, and proteomic signature from a German cohort"
Giant_axonal_neuropathy
Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney
Fig.6) Cross-sectional histologic preparation showing (b)small connecting tubules with simple columnar epithelium and (a) large connecting tubules with
Nephron
Class of chemical compounds
January 2012). "Decreased prevalence of diabetes in marijuana users: cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
N-Acylethanolamine
conditions including stable isotope labeling, mathematical modeling, cross-sectional data from vaccinated individuals, and telomere length analysis revealed
T_memory_stem_cell
healthcare-seeking among women with low educational attainment: analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2011 Nepal demographic and health survey". International
Health care access among Dalits in India
Health_care_access_among_Dalits_in_India
"Comorbidity in severe asthma requiring systemic corticosteroid therapy: cross-sectional data from the Optimum Patient Care Research Database and the British Thoracic
Optimum Patient Care Research Database
Optimum_Patient_Care_Research_Database
Covariance and correlation
In signal processing, cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the displacement of one relative to the other. This
Cross-correlation
Assessment model for global systems
possible to animate the map to see how the cross-sectional relationship changes across the 40+ years of data in the database. Longitudinally, users can
International_Futures
Study with repeated observations over time
polling to study consumer trends. The reason for this is that, unlike cross-sectional studies, in which different individuals with the same characteristics
Longitudinal_study
Project that uses empirical data
enabled by multi-year data collection per SBU, which can provide stronger evidence for causal relationships than cross-sectional data alone, though this
Profit Impact of Market Strategy
Profit_Impact_of_Market_Strategy
Algorithmically generated data that have a similar distribution as sampled data
Synthetic data are artificially generated data not produced by real-world events. Typically created using algorithms, synthetic data can be deployed to
Synthetic_data
Numeric postal code used in the US and its territories
77=Vanderburgh County, 22=University of Evansville area). When a sectional center facility's area crosses state lines, it is assigned separate three-digit prefixes
ZIP_Code
accessibility in Niger in 2022: results from linked facility-female cross-sectional data". BMC Health Services Research. 23 (1) 1171. doi:10.1186/s12913-023-10107-4
Abortion_in_Niger
Interpretation of probability
is then updated to a posterior probability in the light of new, relevant data (evidence). The Bayesian interpretation provides a standard set of procedures
Bayesian_probability
Graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system
processes. For a clear overview of the entire DFD hierarchy, a vertical (cross-sectional) diagram can be created. The warehouse is displayed at the highest
Data-flow_diagram
Cohort study with 200,000 participants in Germany
bird diversity and human mental health: an analysis of repeated cross-sectional data". The Lancet Planetary Health. 8 (5): e285–e296. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00023-8
NAKO_Health_Study
Financial market is predictability seems to be inconsistent with theories of asset prices
profits in the future. Finally, return predictability may be due to cross-sectional or time-variation in risk, and thus does not necessarily provide a
Market_anomaly
American sociologist
longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional data, and he and his associates also pioneered techniques for harmonizing cross-national mobility data across multiple
Thomas_A._DiPrete
Overview of and topical guide to regression analysis
and residuals in statistics Hat matrix Trend-stationary process Cross-sectional data Time series Mixed model Random effects model Hierarchical linear
Outline of regression analysis
Outline_of_regression_analysis
Compressible flow velocity limiting effect
requires the fluid velocity to increase as it flows through the smaller cross-sectional area of the constriction. At the same time, the Venturi effect causes
Choked_flow
Strength of an object's radar echo
abstraction: the radar cross-sectional area of an object does not necessarily bear a direct relationship with the physical cross-sectional area of that object
Radar_cross_section
terms of the time dimension. Cross-sectional data is acquired across all cohorts at a certain time. Panel (generation) data also include the individual's
Pension_model
Data visualization
98% are sometimes used for whisker cross-hatches and whisker ends to depict the seven-number summary. If the data are normally distributed, the locations
Box_plot
Study of survey methods
The three general types are cross-sectional, successive independent samples, and longitudinal studies. In cross-sectional studies, a sample (or samples)
Survey_methodology
Gathering information for analysis
Data collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables
Data_collection
Analysis of sets of categorical sequences
positions in the sequences. To describe such data, we may look at the columns and consider the cross-sectional state distributions at the successive positions
Sequence analysis in social sciences
Sequence_analysis_in_social_sciences
Statistical method
clinical psychology data". Journal of Experimental Psychopathology. 2 (2): 252–270. doi:10.5127/jep.013611. Gong G (1986). "Cross-validation, the jackknife
Bootstrapping_(statistics)
Statistical concept
statistics, missing data, or missing values, occur when no data value is stored for the variable in an observation. Missing data are a common occurrence
Missing_data
Type of statistical measure over subsets of a dataset
mean) is a calculation to analyze data points by creating a series of averages of different selections of the full data set. Variations include: simple
Moving_average
Ratio of stiffness to mass for a material
tension and total mass for a given length are directly proportional to cross-sectional area. Thus performance of a beam in tension will depend on Young's
Specific_modulus
Variable capable of taking on a limited number of possible values
specifically, categorical data may derive from observations made of qualitative data that are summarised as counts or cross tabulations, or from observations
Categorical_variable
Protein-coding gene in humans
factors with the risk of dyslipidemia and dysglycemia in Japanese - a cross-sectional data from the J-MICC Study". Endocrine Journal. 59 (7): 589–599. doi:10
APOA5
Ghanaian economist
Ghana. The paper uses cross-sectional data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) from waves 5, as well as pseudo-panel data from GLSS waves 3-5
Elizabeth_Asiedu
Grouping a set of objects by similarity
Cluster analysis, or clustering, is a data analysis technique aimed at partitioning a set of objects into groups such that objects within the same group
Cluster_analysis
Types of data center network connections
architecture include, scalability, fault tolerance, energy efficiency, and cross-sectional bandwidth. The three-tier architecture uses enterprise-level network
Data center network architectures
Data_center_network_architectures
Graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data
histogram is a visual representation of the distribution of quantitative data. To construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" (or "bucket") the range
Histogram
Indian-American Businessperson and writer
January 1987). "A network approach to cohort personnel planning using cross-sectional data". Computers & Operations Research. 14 (3): 183–196. doi:10
Shantha_Mohan
Service by Google
University of Denver. These can be displayed as line graphs, bar graphs, cross-sectional plots or on maps. The product was launched on March 8, 2010 as an experimental
Google_Public_Data_Explorer
Organized raw data that has not been otherwise processed or transformed
Grouped data are data formed by aggregating individual observations of a variable into groups, so that a frequency distribution of these groups serves
Grouped_data
CROSS SECTIONAL-DATA
CROSS SECTIONAL-DATA
Boy/Male
German American Scottish Shakespearean Teutonic
Red. Surname.
Surname or Lastname
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname for a big man, from Middle High German grÅz ‘large’, ‘thick’, ‘corpulent’, German gross. The Jewish name has been Hebraicized as Gadol, from Hebrew gadol ‘large’.English : nickname for a big man, from Middle English, Old French gros (Late Latin grossus, of Germanic origin, thus etymologically the same word as in 1 above). The English vocabulary word did not develop the sense ‘excessively fat’ until the 16th century.
Boy/Male
Vietnamese
Section.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Close 1.German : variant of Kloss.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Old French, Middle English cras ‘big’, ‘fat’ (Latin crassus).Possibly an altered spelling of German Krass.
Boy/Male
English Norse Teutonic
By the cross.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived near a stone cross set up by the roadside or in a marketplace, from Old Norse kross (via Gaelic from Latin crux, genitive crucis), which in Middle English quickly and comprehensively displaced the Old English form crūc (see Crouch). In a few cases the surname may have been given originally to someone who lived by a crossroads, but this sense of the word seems to have been a comparatively late development. In other cases, the surname (and its European cognates) may have denoted someone who carried the cross in processions of the Christian Church, but in English at least the usual word for this sense was Crozier.Irish : reduced form of McCrossen.In North America this name has absorbed examples of cognate names from other languages, such as French Lacroix.
Male
Italian
Short form of Italian Crocifisso, or Croccifixio, CROSS means "cross; crucifix" or "way of the cross."
Male
English
Scottish surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Gaelic word ros, ROSS means "headland, promontory."
Boy/Male
English
Literally 'cross land'.
Boy/Male
African, Hindu, Indian
To Cross
Boy/Male
English
Literally 'cross land'.
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant spelling of Cross.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Chinese, Latin, Spanish
Cross
Surname or Lastname
Scottish and English (of Norman origin)
Scottish and English (of Norman origin) : habitational name for someone from Rots near Caen in Normandy, probably named with the Germanic element rod ‘clearing’. Compare Rhodes. This was the original home of a family de Ros, who were established in Kent in 1130.Scottish and English : habitational name from any of various places called Ross or Roos(e), deriving the name from Welsh rhós ‘upland’ or moorland, or from a British ancestor of this word, which also had the sense ‘promontory’. This is the sense of the cognate Gaelic word ros. Known sources of the surname include Roos in Humberside (formerly in East Yorkshire) and the region of northern Scotland known as Ross. Other possible sources are Ross-on-Wye in Herefordshire, Ross in Northumbria (which is on a promontory), and Roose in LancashireEnglish and German : from the Germanic personal name Rozzo, a short form of the various compound names with the first element hrÅd ‘renown’, introduced into England by the Normans in the form Roce.German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a breeder or keeper of horses, from Middle High German ros, German Ross ‘horse’; perhaps also a nickname for someone thought to resemble a horse or a habitational name for someone who lived at a house distinguished by the sign of a horse.Jewish : Americanized form of Rose 3.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Holy cross.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, French, Gaelic, German, Irish, Latin, Scandinavian, Scottish, Teutonic
Red Haired; Headland; Red; Surname; Wood; Rose; Having a Big Heart
Boy/Male
Armenian
Small cross.
Boy/Male
Basque
Holy cross.
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Wood
CROSS SECTIONAL-DATA
CROSS SECTIONAL-DATA
Girl/Female
Arabic
Rewarding; Generous
Boy/Male
Scottish
Man of the sea.
Boy/Male
Indian
The first Lord, Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Krishna
Biblical
the last letter of the Greek alphabet; long O
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Emerald; Sapphire
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Goddess Lakshmi; Music
Girl/Female
Tamil
Praachika | பà¯à®°à®¾à®šà®¿à®•à®¾
Driving, Falcon, Long-legged, Spider
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nirijhar | நிரிஜாரÂ
Waterfall
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Love for Adoration
CROSS SECTIONAL-DATA
CROSS SECTIONAL-DATA
CROSS SECTIONAL-DATA
CROSS SECTIONAL-DATA
CROSS SECTIONAL-DATA
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Cross-examine
n.
A piece of money stamped with the figure of a cross, also, that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general.
n.
One who cross-examines or conducts a crosse-examination.
n.
See Cross, n.
prep.
Athwart; across.
adv.
In a sectional manner.
imp. & p. p.
of Cross-examine
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Cross-question
n.
See Cross, n.
imp. & p. p.
of Cross-question
n.
A line drawn across or through another line.
a.
Of or pertaining to a sections or distinct part of larger body or territory; local.
a.
Consisting of sections, or capable of being divided into sections; as, a sectional steam boiler.
n.
A monument in the form of a cross, or surmounted by a cross, set up in a public place; as, a market cross; a boundary cross; Charing Cross in London.
v. t.
To put across or athwart; to cause to intersect; as, to cross the arms.
v. t.
To cancel by marking crosses on or over, or drawing a line across; to erase; -- usually with out, off, or over; as, to cross out a name.
n.
Same as Cross-spale.
v. t.
To lay or draw something, as a line, across; as, to cross the letter t.
superl.
Great; palpable; serious; vagrant; shameful; as, a gross mistake; gross injustice; gross negligence.
n.
Alt. of Cross-spall