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File format for sequence alignments
Compressed Reference-oriented Alignment Map (CRAM) is a compressed columnar file format for storing biological sequences aligned to a reference sequence
CRAM_(file_format)
Topics referred to by the same term
a weapons system MS-CRAM, also known as Microsoft Video 1, a codec CRAM diet, a cereal, rice, and milk diet CRAM (file format), a compressed genome
Cram
is a list of computer file formats, categorized by domain. Some formats are listed under multiple categories. Most of the file endings are traditionally
List_of_file_formats
Raw data of genome sequencing
here. FASTQ format SAM format SAMtools CRAM format List of file formats for molecular biology Compression of Genomic Sequencing Data SAM format specification
BAM_(file_format)
File format for DNA or protein sequences
on phylogeny.fr. The FASTQ format, used to represent DNA sequencer reads along with quality scores. The SAM and CRAM formats, used to represent genome
FASTA_format
File format for sequences and quality scores
Sanger, Solexa and Illumina 1.3+) The FASTA format, used to represent genome sequences. The SAM and CRAM formats, used to represent genome sequencer reads
FASTQ_format
Network protocol
random string, but the standard that currently defines CRAM-MD5 says that it is in the format of a Message-ID email header value (including angle brackets)
CRAM-MD5
alphabetical list of filename extensions contains extensions of notable file formats used by multiple notable applications or services. Contents 0-9 A B C
List of filename extensions (A–E)
List_of_filename_extensions_(A–E)
Tools for interacting with short DNA sequence read alignments
(Sequence Alignment/Map), BAM (Binary Alignment/Map) and CRAM formats, written by Heng Li. These files are generated as output by short read aligners like
SAMtools
Methods of compressing data tailored specifically for genomic data
doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btab102. PMC 8388020. PMID 33585897. CRAM benchmarking CRAM format specification (version 3.0) "ISO/IEC 23092-2:2019 Information
Compression of genomic sequencing data
Compression_of_genomic_sequencing_data
Free URL data transfer client software
and authentication mechanisms including Basic, Digest, NTLM, Negotiate, CRAM-MD5, SCRAM-SHA, Kerberos, Bearer tokens, AWS Sigv4, SASL, and reading credentials
CURL
Online database from the EBI on Nucleotides
Database uses a flat file plaintext format to represent and store data which is typically referred to as EMBL-Bank format. EMBL-Bank format uses a different
European_Nucleotide_Archive
Christian radio station in East Syracuse, New York
radio format. Licensed to East Syracuse, New York, United States, the station serves the Syracuse metropolitan area. The station is owned by Cram Communications
WVOA_(AM)
Video codec by Microsoft
Compression, a texture compression format based on a similar design It was known internally to Microsoft as MS-CRAM. "Troubleshooting Video Codecs in Windows
Microsoft_Video_1
Free software IMAP and POP3 server
schemas for IMAP, POP and message submission agent (MSA) access, including CRAM-MD5 and the more secure DIGEST-MD5. Version 2.2 brought new features including
Dovecot_(software)
ISO/IEC standard for genomic information representation
exchanged through a variety of data formats, such as FASTA/FASTQ for unaligned sequencing reads and SAM/BAM/CRAM for aligned reads. The ISO/IEC 23092
MPEG-G
Japanese standardized test
home) and checked their answers using rubrics published by cram schools. A number of cram schools and other companies have services to which candidates
National Center Test for University Admissions
National_Center_Test_for_University_Admissions
can copy some or all of the files within a disc image file to somewhere else. Specifies the types of disc image formats that the application can open
Comparison of disc image software
Comparison_of_disc_image_software
Path on a recording medium
NCR CRAM, RCA Model 3488 Random Access Computer Equipment, and RCA 70/568-11 Mass Storage Unit used magnetic cards in a magazine (deck for CRAM). The
Track_(moving_medium)
Storage of digital data readable by computers
storage is often formatted according to a file system format, which provides the abstraction necessary to organize data into files and directories, while
Computer_data_storage
Video-playing suite introduced in Windows 3.1
Windows had three key aspects: Audio Video Interleave (AVI), a container file format designed to store digital video; an application programming interface
Video_for_Windows
Products," IEEE Micro, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 91, April–June, 1982 "What file and disk formats are there?". LPS Multilingual. Archived from the original on 2005-12-31
History_of_the_floppy_disk
BBC Radio 4 comedy show
several sketches the writers seemed to see how many strange ideas they could cram into a sketch. For example, one later episode contains a sketch about an
The_Burkiss_Way
Method of negotiating credentials between web server and browser
authentication schemes, for example "significantly stronger than (e.g.) CRAM-MD5 ..." (RFC 2617). Some of the security strengths of HTTP digest authentication
Digest_access_authentication
1990 cyberpunk original video animation series
much of the problems to the " over-simplification of the plot" due to "cramming too much into 27-minute episodes"; it also criticizes the "cringe-inducing
AD_Police_Files
List of computer file compression formats
formats and related codecs. Linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM, generally only described as PCM) is the format for uncompressed audio in media files and
List_of_codecs
Entropy coding methods
compressor (used e.g. in Pixar Universal Scene Description format) and PIK image compressor, CRAM DNA compressor from SAMtools utilities, NVIDIA nvCOMP high
Asymmetric_numeral_systems
File hosting service
blowfish) Windows Encrypting File System (EFS) Verification of files previously catalogued, permitting a Tripwire-like capability CRAM-MD5 password authentication
Remote_backup_service
multiple formats fre:ac – open source audio converter and CD ripper ixi software – free improvisation and sketching tools Jaikoz – music file mass tagger
List_of_Mac_software
Internet protocol used for relaying e-mails
Office Protocol (POP) which typically uses the traditional mbox mail file format or a proprietary system such as Microsoft Exchange/Outlook or Lotus Notes/Domino
Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol
Monthly scientific journal established 1994
(RECOMB) File formats CRAM format FASTA format FASTQ format NeXML format Nexus format Pileup format SAM format Stockholm format VCF format GFF format GTF format
Journal of Computational Biology
Journal_of_Computational_Biology
1998 Microsoft operating system version
Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) and support for a single INF file format across all Windows versions. Windows 98 Dial-Up Networking supports PPTP
Windows_98
Stored data in computer systems
June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019. The File System Event Store is a hidden log that OSX keeps on each HFS+ formatted disk/partition of changes made to the
Backup
on academic achievement. Popular subjects in cram schools include English, mathematics, and physics. Cram schools are mostly popular amongst junior and
Education_in_Taiwan
2000 studio album by Godspeed You! Black Emperor
guitar Efrim Menuck – guitar Other personnel Daryl Smith – recording Brian Cram – horn (tracks 1a and 3c) Alfons – horn (tracks 1a and 3c) Also written Levez
Lift Your Skinny Fists like Antennas to Heaven
Lift_Your_Skinny_Fists_like_Antennas_to_Heaven
Japanese multinational corporation
computer files such as documents, videos and photos. In 1993, Sony challenged the industry standard Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound format with a newer
Sony
Country in East Asia
school, or other higher education institution. Many Taiwanese students attend cram schools, or buxiban, to improve skills and knowledge on problem solving against
Taiwan
Book published in digital form
Project. 2005 Amazon buys Mobipocket, the creator of the mobi e-book file format and e-reader software. Google is sued for copyright infringement by the
Ebook
Radio station in Fulton, New York, United States
the consummation was completed in August 2017. Effective August 21, 2017, Cram Communications sold WOSW to Pathway Community Radio, Inc. for $20,000. The
WOSW
1993 single by Crash Test Dummies
singing is unendurable, a wracked procession of half-familiar vowels, crammed into words like wrong jigsaw pieces. [...] But in the course of a single
Mmm_Mmm_Mmm_Mmm
2018 video game
bandit gang leader Runt (Luke Allen-Gale), the noble Jobst of Moravia (Marc Cram), the German knight Markvart von Aulitz (Richard Zeman), and chief engineer
Kingdom_Come:_Deliverance
any size in the interpreted BASICs of the time. Programmers normally would cram as many lines together as possible to avoid line number memory overhead—not
BASIC09
Cameron, ed. (1986). The Second Australian almanac : an 800-page databank crammed with essential information for every Australian. North Ryde, NSW: Angus
Australian_Crawl_discography
Swedish YouTuber (born 1989)
Jillian (9 December 2014). "2014's Most Viral Videos And Pop Culture Moments Crammed into One Video". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 20 March
PewDiePie
in the secondary storage marketplace, for example tape strips, e.g., NCR CRAM, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM 3850, and drums, e.g., Burroughs B430, UNIVAC
History_of_hard_disk_drives
American singing duo
ISBN 978-0595093045. Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 55 – Crammer: A lively cram course on the history of rock and some other things" (audio). Pop Chronicles
The_Righteous_Brothers
1973 studio album by ZZ Top
Top's 1973 breakthrough was a masterful melding of complementary styles, cramming Southern rock and blues boogie through the band's own idiosyncratic filter
Tres_Hombres
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
While Incorporating Market Impact: Agent-Based Strategies in Neural Network Format, Ecosystem Dynamics & Detection". Algorithmic Finance. Pre–press (1): 1–25
Tit_for_tat
1989 single by Billy Joel
"Promising return which finds Joel in rockier mood with a very wordy song cramming in references to virtually every major figure and event in the twentieth
We_Didn't_Start_the_Fire
Exam to become a lawyer
Education Reform: Cram Schooled", 24 Wis. Int'l L.J. 377, 392 (2006). This article contrasts American bar review courses against the 18-month cram schools used
Bar examination in the United States
Bar_examination_in_the_United_States
1975 song by Eric Carmen
along with "Because You Loved Me", "are the strongest cuts on an album crammed with formulaic romantic bombast". A reviewer for People wrote that Dion
All_by_Myself
Format Specification version 1.3 May 1996 DEFLATE v 1.3 RFC 1952 GZIP file format specification version 4.3 May 1996 Gzip v 4.3 RFC 1964 The Kerberos Version
List_of_RFCs
Novel computer memory type
known as PCM, PCME, PRAM, PCRAM, OUM (ovonic unified memory) and C-RAM or CRAM (chalcogenide RAM)) is a type of non-volatile random-access memory. PRAMs
Phase-change_memory
2007 film by Ridley Scott
outside American Gangster." She continued: "It's a seductive package, crammed with all the on-screen and off-screen talent that big-studio money can
American_Gangster_(film)
1992 single by Manic Street Preachers
Behave Yourself Baby which was the bridge. The lyric took a long time. We crammed so many words in there, and it is bizarre, so busy. It was the first time
Motorcycle_Emptiness
stamps exerted by adjacent albums on a shelf. Careful collectors do not cram albums tightly together, so as allow for a bit of air movement through the
Stamp_album
EU regulation on information privacy
Retrieved 26 May 2018. Tiku, Nitasha (24 May 2018). "Why Your Inbox Is Crammed Full of Privacy Policies". Wired. Archived from the original on 24 May
General Data Protection Regulation
General_Data_Protection_Regulation
Swedish pop rock duo
low-rent district. She's clearly superior to Roxette's uncomplicated, hook-crammed material..." "I believed this ("Spending My Time") was going to be our
Roxette
2024 film by Francis Ford Coppola
2024). "Megalopolis Review: Francis Ford Coppola's Bold, Ungainly Epic Crams in Half a Dozen Stars and Decades' Worth of Ideas". Variety. Archived from
Megalopolis_(film)
2007 film directed by Kevin Lima
13 minutes of animation are at the beginning of the film. Lima tried to "cram every single piece of Disney iconic imagery" that he could into the first
Enchanted_(film)
American journalist (born 1957)
Announces Breast Cancer Diagnosis". Variety. Retrieved September 28, 2022. Cram P, Fendrick AM, Inadomi J, Cowen ME, Carpenter D, Vijan S (July 2003). "The
Katie_Couric
1994 studio album by Green Day
Pitchfork's Marc Hogan summarized the album's material as "buzzing, hook-crammed tracks that acted like they didn't give a shit", but resounded so well
Dookie
Computer network operating system
proprietary low-level format program for MFM hard drives called COMPSURF. The file system used by NetWare 2.x is NetWare File System 286, or NWFS 286
NetWare
American sitcom (1962–1968)
Better)". But then, Desilu Productions thought that maybe too much had been crammed into one half-hour and since Ball and Vance (who both were great friends
The_Lucy_Show
Radio station in DeRuyter, New York, United States
again to WVOA. Cram Communications, headed by Syracuse broadcast entrepreneur Craig Fox, operated the station under a religious format from 1994 to 2001
WCIS-FM
2007 studio album by Radiohead
The download was packaged as a ZIP file containing the album's ten tracks encoded in a 160 kbit/s DRM-free MP3 format. The staggered online release began
In_Rainbows
Assassin of James A. Garfield (1841–1882)
the entrance examinations because of inadequate academic preparation. He crammed in French and algebra at Ann Arbor High School in Ann Arbor, Michigan,
Charles_J._Guiteau
Film by Ridley Scott
"[t]he script feels flat ... the dialogue is lazy, while the plot, though crammed with striking concepts, simply fails to coalesce. After an enjoyable setup
Prometheus_(2012_film)
Film by Zack Snyder
hermetic reverence. He doesn't move the camera or let the scenes breathe. He crams the film with bits and pieces, trapping his actors like bugs wriggling in
Watchmen_(2009_film)
Board and dice game for two players
as well as the familiar one. Fiske (1905), p. 159. Forgeng, Johnson and Cram (2003), p. 269. "Backgammon Rules". www.bkgm.com. Retrieved 2025-11-04. “Backgammon
Backgammon
levels more than twice the FDA daily allowances" ("Why slam it when you can cram it?"). NuvaBling — Vanessa Bayer, Kate McKinnon and Cecily Strong appear
List of Saturday Night Live commercial parodies
List_of_Saturday_Night_Live_commercial_parodies
Former school examination in Hong Kong
were often able to obtain these "restricted documents" by taking classes at cram schools. Hence, the policy of the HKEAA indirectly denied less privileged
Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination
Hong_Kong_Certificate_of_Education_Examination
Computer peripheral that prints text or graphics
Retrieved 29 December 2008.(subscription required) David W. Beskeen; Carol Cram; Jennifer Duffy; Lisa Friedrichsen; Elizabeth Eisner Reding (2008). Microsoft
Printer_(computing)
Indian Hindustani writer (1880–1936)
who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange for selling exam cram books at the school. Premchand was an enthusiastic reader of classics in
Premchand
American pay television channel
current/recent Game Show Network originals like America Says and older shows such as Cram, Friend or Foe?, Minute To Win It, and Baggage. By 2023, a limited selection
Game_Show_Network
American rapper and dancer (born 1962)
a small apartment in East Oakland. He recalled that six children were crammed into a three-bedroom housing project apartment. The Burrells would frequent
MC_Hammer
Private university in Houston, Texas, US
anchored by a statue of founder William Marsh Rice, includes Ralph Adams Cram's masterpiece, the asymmetrical Lovett Hall, the original administrative building;
Rice_University
2009 Indian film by Rajkumar Hirani
best, a powerful indictment of India's education system in which students cram for exams while stifling their dreams." Chaerim Oh of KAIST Herald wrote
3_Idiots
1999 album by Nine Inch Nails
alienation and misery into paranoid studio hallucinations, each track crammed with overdubs until there's no breathing room". "About 10 years ago or
The_Fragile
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent outlining a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress
John_von_Neumann
English children's writer (1897–1968)
Brandon Robshaw of The Independent refers to the Blyton universe as "crammed with colour and character", "self-contained and internally consistent"
Enid_Blyton
English singer-songwriter (born 1958)
definitive example of a musician allowing work to flow through her life, not cram life into the spaces between her work. — Mark Beaumont writing for NME on
Kate_Bush
RISC instruction set architecture
October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022. "Blueprints revealed: Oracle crams Sparc M7 and InfiniBand into cheaper 'Sonoma' chips". theregister.co.uk
SPARC
American computer company (1986–2008)
computers' hard drives, saving customers the hassle of formatting the hard drive with a functional file system, while providing novices basic software to get
Packard_Bell
1990 psychological horror drama miniseries
Here was a book that sprawled over 1,000 pages, and they were going to cram it into four hours, with commercials." "We're taking some chances with It
It_(miniseries)
2019 film by Quentin Tarantino
Dalton had starred, having become fascinated with the amount of story crammed into half-hour episodes of 1950s western shows. Tarantino kept the only
Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood
1997 book by Wendy M. Grossman
Internet. Net.wars was published in book format by NYU Press in 1997, in addition to an edition in a computer file format. NYU Press made the text of the book
Net.wars
Video games by Pokémon fans
2021). "Fontemon is a playable Minnesota-themed Pokémon parody somehow crammed into a font". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024
Pokémon_fan_games
1989 studio album by the Beastie Boys
of obsessive listening can't exhaust all the musical and lyrical jokes crammed into Paul's Boutique". In a 2009 review, Mark Kemp of Rolling Stone called
Paul's_Boutique
1998 single by the Cardigans
Afterwards she wrote verses to "give the chorus meaning", which enabled her to "cram in a lot of lyrics into the verses" in contrast to other Cardigans songs
My_Favourite_Game
Television station in Ontario, California
"Channel 46 format change targets advertisers, viewers". San Bernardino County Sun. p. B6. Retrieved March 14, 2020. "Southern California File". Los Angeles
KFTR-DT
1975 studio album by Bruce Springsteen
myths he drew upon". Lester Bangs remarked in Creem that he is "no longer cramming as many syllables as possible into every line". The performances of the
Born_to_Run
2012 studio album by Fun
a single instrument to provide the biggest sounds, desiring not to "over-cram [the] songs with ideas", declaring that everything that makes the song must
Some_Nights_(album)
auctions"), click fraud, domain slamming, various spoofing attacks, web-cramming, and online versions of employment scams, romance scams, and fake rewards
List_of_scams
2021 animated film
RenderMan was used for the film, and the Universal Scene Description file format was adopted a third of the way during production. Production was impacted
Ron's_Gone_Wrong
Borough in New York City and county in New York State
especially the Lower East Side, densely packed with recent arrivals, crammed into unhealthy and unsanitary housing. Tenements were usually five stories
Manhattan
South Korean popular music genre
[sic] typical middle or high school kids, who go to after-school programs to cram for college entrance exams." Kim has also argued that there is a need to
K-pop
1966 single by the Beach Boys
liberties it took with conventional notions of how to structure a pop song. Crammed into its three and a half minutes are previously untried mixes of instruments
Good_Vibrations
2015 single by Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar
The Quietus's Amy Pettifier said that it was one of the album tracks "crammed with merit" and called it "all sass and bile", Entertainment Weekly's Adam
Bad_Blood_(Taylor_Swift_song)
New Zealand rugby union competition
Island classic". The Press. 25 October 2025. Retrieved 25 October 2025. "Crammed schedule for provinces before RWC". Stuff. 24 May 2010. Retrieved 30 November
National Provincial Championship (2006–present)
National_Provincial_Championship_(2006–present)
CRAM FILE-FORMAT
CRAM FILE-FORMAT
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Ram named rock
Boy/Male
English Teutonic Biblical Sanskrit
Ram.
Male
Scottish
Scottish surname transferred to forename use, FIFE means "from Fife," a place said to have gotten its name from the legendary Pictish hero Fib.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a clever or elegant man, from Old French fin ‘fine’, ‘delicate’, ‘skilled’, ‘cunning’ (originally a noun from Latin finis ‘end’, ‘extremity’, ‘boundary’, later used also as an adjective in the sense ‘ultimate’, ‘excellent’).Jewish (American) : Americanized spelling of Fein.
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Mil, possibly MILE means "soldier." Compare with another form of Mile.
Female
French
French form of Latin Cæcilia, CÉCILE means "blind."Â
Female
Vietnamese
 Vietnamese name CAM means "orange." Compare with another form of Cam.
Male
Hebrew
(×ַרָ×) Hebrew name ARAM means "exalted." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including a grandson of Noah. It is also an ancient name for Syria. Compare with other forms of Aram.
Female
Spanish
Feminine form of Spanish Teófilo, TEÓFILA means "God's friend."
Girl/Female
Hindu
From the Nile
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a maker or user of files, from an agent derivative of Middle English file ‘file’.English : occupational name for a spinner, from an agent derivative of Middle English, Old French fil ‘thread’ (Latin filum).English : Americanized spelling of German Feiler, cognate of 1.
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Lord Ram
Male
English
Middle English name of uncertain origin, but commonly associated with Latin Milo, MILE means "soldier."Â Compare with another form of Mile.
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : variant spelling of Pyle.French : of uncertain origin: perhaps from Old French pile ‘trough’, a topographic name for someone who lived in a hollow, or alternatively a habitational name from any of the minor places named with this word.
Male
Hebrew
(×—Ö¸×) Hebrew name CHAM means "blackness" or "heat." In the bible, this is the name of Noah's second son. The Anglicized form is Ham.
Male
Greek
(ἈÏάμ) Greek form of Hebrew Ram, ARAM means "high." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of an ancestor of Jesus. Compare with other forms of Aram.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name from Anglo-Norman French del isle ‘of the island’, or a habitational name from the common French place names Lisle or Lille, all derived from Old French isle (Latin insula) ‘island’.French : habitational name from the city of Lille, Nord (see 1).
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Latin Theophilus, TEÓFILO means "friend of God."
Male
French
French form of Latin Æmilius, ÉMILE means "rival."
Male
Irish
Irish name derived from the word bile, BILE means "sacred tree."Â In mythology, this is the name of a god of healing and light.
CRAM FILE-FORMAT
CRAM FILE-FORMAT
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Beauty; Splendour; Brilliance; Fashion; Form; Figure
Girl/Female
Tamil
Svitra | ஸவிதà¯à®°à®¾
White
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Old Norse Ãvarr, IIVARI means "bow warrior."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Bestows Treasures
Male
Scottish
Modern form of Scottish Eallair, ELLAR means "superior of a church cell."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Collingwood.
Male
Danish
, divine bear.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Refined tastes
Boy/Male
English Latin French
Right-hand son. Also a.
CRAM FILE-FORMAT
CRAM FILE-FORMAT
CRAM FILE-FORMAT
CRAM FILE-FORMAT
CRAM FILE-FORMAT
v. t.
To fill with food to satiety; to stuff.
v. i.
To march in a file or line, as soldiers, not abreast, but one after another; -- generally with off.
v. t.
To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to crowd; to fill to superfluity; as, to cram anything into a basket; to cram a room with people.
v. i.
To form or become covered with cream; to become thick like cream; to assume the appearance of cream; hence, to grow stiff or formal; to mantle.
v. t.
To afflict with cramp.
n.
Information hastily memorized; as, a cram from an examination.
v. t.
To fill; to stuff; to cram.
a.
A crab apple; -- so named from its harsh taste.
v. t.
To furnish with, or as with, cream.
v. t.
To smooth or polish as with a file.
imp. & p. p.
of File
v. t.
To skim, or take off by skimming, as cream.
n.
One who works with a file.
v. t.
To set on fire; to kindle; as, to fire a house or chimney; to fire a pile.
v. t.
To fasten or hold with, or as with, a cramp.
v. t.
To butt or strike against; to drive a ram against or through; to thrust or drive with violence; to force in; to drive together; to cram; as, to ram an enemy's vessel; to ram piles, cartridges, etc.
v. t.
To rub, smooth, or cut away, with a file; to sharpen with a file; as, to file a saw or a tooth.
v. t.
To form on a cramp; as, to cramp boot legs.
n.
A delicacy of several kinds prepared for the table from cream, etc., or so as to resemble cream.