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Cognitive science approach
Connectionism is an approach to the study of human mental processes and cognition that utilizes mathematical models known as connectionist networks or
Connectionism
Mental process dealing with knowledge
according to formal rules, similar to how computers execute algorithms. Connectionism models the mind as a complex network of nodes where information flows
Cognition
Hypothesis of philosopher Jerry Fodor
propositional attitude, and it challenges eliminative materialism and connectionism. It implies a strongly rationalist model of cognition in which many
Language of thought hypothesis
Language_of_thought_hypothesis
Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes
computer program. The late 80s and 90s saw the rise of neural networks and connectionism as a research paradigm. From this point of view, often attributed to
Cognitive_science
approaches based in other disciplines, such as the psychological approach of connectionism. The 1990s were characterized by two major areas of research focus:
Theories of second-language acquisition
Theories_of_second-language_acquisition
American psychologist (1942–2011)
"past tense debate" during the 1980s revival of neural networks. The connectionism side debated the symbolic side, represented by Jerry Fodor, Gary Marcus
David_Rumelhart
Systematic endeavour to gain knowledge
Christian (2004). "Casebeer, William D. Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and Moral Cognition". The Review of Metaphysics. 58 (2). Ward, Zina
Science
Intelligence of machines
precise logic. But the most important development was the revival of "connectionism", including neural network research, by Geoffrey Hinton and others.
Artificial_intelligence
American psychologist (1874–1949)
comparative psychology and the learning process led to his "theory of connectionism" and helped lay the scientific foundation for educational psychology
Edward_Thorndike
rediscovered by researchers working in robotics and the new field of connectionism—approaches that were called "sub-symbolic" at the time because they
Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence
Hubert_Dreyfus's_views_on_artificial_intelligence
British philosopher (born 1957)
on the subject of mind extension. He has also written extensively on connectionism, robotics and the role and nature of mental representation. Clark has
Andy_Clark
Solving problems using biological models
solve computer science problems using models of biology. It relates to connectionism, social behavior, and emergence. Within computer science, bio-inspired
Bio-inspired_computing
American cognitive scientist (born 1970)
networks. He argued that understanding the mind would require integrating connectionism with classical ideas about symbol-manipulation. Marcus's book, Guitar
Gary_Marcus
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
implementation of such an approach makes use of a neural network or connectionism. Functionalist models of grammar study the form–function interaction
Syntax
modeling cognition rather than the commonly used ideas of symbolicism, connectionism, or traditional computer models. It is closely related to dynamical
Dynamicism
Study of the computational basis of learning and inference
with the semantic content of cognitive science is connectionism or neural network modeling. Connectionism relies on the idea that the brain consists of simple
Computational_cognition
Subset of artificial intelligence
AI and computer science around the same time. This subfield, termed "connectionism", was continued by researchers from other disciplines, including John
Machine_learning
Branch of neuroscience
not directly concerned with biologically unrealistic models used in connectionism, control theory, cybernetics, quantitative psychology, machine learning
Computational_neuroscience
Technique for setting initial values of trainable parameters in a neural network
Fogelman, F.; Steels, L. (eds.). Connectionism in Perspective: Proceedings of the International Conference Connectionism in Perspective, University of Zurich
Weight_initialization
Area of mathematics
the 1990s cognitive science, oriented towards a system theoretical connectionism, has increasingly adopted the methods from (nonlinear) “Dynamic Systems
Dynamical_systems_theory
American psychologist
extent responsible for the large increase in scientific interest in connectionism in the 1980s. McClelland was born on December 1, 1948, to Walter Moore
James McClelland (psychologist)
James_McClelland_(psychologist)
American scientist (born 1956)
Thesis The learning of representations for sequential performance (connectionism, parallel models, serial order) (1985) Doctoral advisor David Rumelhart
Michael_I._Jordan
Coordination of events to operate a system in unison
synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of modern connectionism that include coupled oscillators (e.g."Oscillatory Networks") are used
Synchronization
Researcher in computational neuroscience
PMID 7584891. S2CID 1890561. Dayan, Peter Samuel (1991). Reinforcing connectionism: learning the statistical way (PhD thesis). hdl:1842/14754. EThOS uk
Peter_Dayan
Interdisciplinary study of systems
that were studied included those of complexity, self-organization, connectionism and adaptive systems. In fields like cybernetics, researchers such as
Systems_theory
Computational model used in machine learning
from efforts to model information processing in biological systems via connectionism. Unlike the von Neumann model, connectionist computing does not separate
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
Biological process
are three general branches of computationalism, including classicism, connectionism, and computational neuroscience. All three branches agree that cognition
Neural_computation
satisfaction processes (PCSP) is a model of human behavior that integrates connectionism, neural networks, and parallel distributed processing models. This model
Parallel constraint satisfaction processes
Parallel_constraint_satisfaction_processes
Philosophical view that some states of mind, as commonly understood, do not exist
(1994). "The Allure of Connectionism Reexamined", Synthese 101: 365-400. Fodor, J. and Pylyshyn, Z. (1984). "Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture:
Eliminative_materialism
Methods in artificial intelligence research
architectures implement the capabilities for symbolic processing, Radical connectionism—where symbolic processing is rejected totally, and connectionist architectures
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Fundamental unit of cognition
philosophy, but some schools see it as the only such method. For example, connectionism interprets concepts as patterns of activation in neural networks. Bruner
Concept
Branch of cybernetics applying systems theory in medicine
working program for the application of systems- and communication theory, connectionism and decision theory on biomedical research and health related questions
Medical_cybernetics
The effect of the book was that virtually no research was funded in connectionism for 10 years. The competition for government funding ended with the
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
learning in DDM tasks can be explained by a connectionist theory or connectionism. The connections between units, whose strength or weighing depend upon
Dynamic_decision-making
Subdiscipline of psychology
description development interventions module neuropsychology poetics robotics Connectionism Discursive psychology Ecological psychology Evolutionary psychology
Cognitive_psychology
Scientific study of digital information
Synchronization Mechanisms in Cognitive Neuroarchitectures of the Modern Connectionism. Boca Raton/FL: CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781351043526. ISBN 978-1-351-04352-6
Information_theory
Structure in nervous systems
popular under the name connectionism. The text by Rumelhart and McClelland (1986) provided a full exposition on the use of connectionism in computers to simulate
Neural_network_(biology)
French mathematician and computer scientist
Fogelman, F.; Steels, L. (eds.). Connectionism in Perspective: Proceedings of the International Conference Connectionism in Perspective, University of Zurich
Léon_Bottou
Subfield of artificial intelligence
be argued that the field of neuro-symbolic AI started together with connectionism itself in 1943 with McCulloch and Pitts aptly titled their paper, which
Neuro-symbolic_AI
Finger counting method
ISBN 0-442-27568-4. Casebeer, William D. (2001). Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism and Moral Cognition. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved
Chisanbop
psychotherapy Career counseling Christian counseling Co-counseling Connectionism Consultant (medicine) Counseling psychology Couples therapy Credit counseling
Outline_of_counseling
Canadian-American psycholinguist (born 1954)
rules to manipulate symbols for grammar. He presented evidence against connectionism, where a child would have to learn all forms of all words and would
Steven_Pinker
System manipulating symbols as expressions
A physical symbol system (also called a formal system) takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating
Physical_symbol_system
American psychologist
Kruschke Alma mater University of California at Berkeley Known for connectionism Bayesian analysis Scientific career Fields Psychology Statistics Institutions
John_K._Kruschke
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
Thomistica. Cua Press. Casebeer, W. D., "Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and Moral Cognition", Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, (2003) Walter, Alex
Naturalistic_fallacy
Linguistics term
Bootstrapping is a term used in language acquisition in the field of linguistics. It refers to the idea that humans are born innately equipped with a mental
Bootstrapping_(linguistics)
Branch of psychology
Cultural selection theory Determinism/indeterminism Biological determinism Connectionism Cultural determinism Environmental determinism Nature versus nurture
Evolutionary_psychology
American philosopher and artificial intelligence expert
intended to be ecumenical, having a version that applies in the case of connectionism, as well as versions that apply to both the prototype theory and definitions
Susan_Schneider
Structure in biology and artificial intelligence
biological neural networks starting in the 1930s under the approach of connectionism. However, starting with the mathematical model of artificial neurons
Neural_network
Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems
Anthropic principle – Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe Connectionism – Cognitive science approach Dual-phase evolution – Process that drives
Emergence
Infinitely detailed mathematical structure
McClelland, James L. (2009). Toward a unified theory of development: connectionism and dynamic systems theory re-considered. Oxford/New York: Oxford University
Fractal
Significantly advanced reading ability in children
case, Hangul. This combination of the parts of linguistics is known as connectionism, in which non-words are distinguished from words by differences in interaction
Hyperlexia
Canadian cognitive scientist (1937–2022)
1037/h0034650. S2CID 145431092. Pylyshyn, Z. W.; Fodor, Jerry (1988). "Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis". Cognition. 28 (1–2):
Zenon_Pylyshyn
Linguistic model of well-formedness
Legendre, Géraldine; Miyata, Yoshiro; & Smolensky, Paul. (1990). "Can connectionism contribute to syntax?: Harmonic Grammar, with an application." In M
Harmonic_grammar
Computationalism – Conceptualism – Confirmation holism – Confucianism – Connectionism – Consequentialism – Conservatism – Constructivist epistemology – Continental
List_of_philosophies
Study of the brain related to specific psychological processes and behaviors
function of mind and brain by studying psychiatric or mental illness. Connectionism is the use of artificial neural networks to model specific cognitive
Neuropsychology
Systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals
(2002). "Expanding the explanatory base of behavior analysis via modern connectionism: Selectionism as a common explanatory core". The Behavior Analyst Today
Behaviorism
Mental phenomenon of holding contradictory beliefs
JSTOR 24936719. PMID 13892642. Read SJ, Vanman EJ, Miller LC (1997). "Connectionism, parallel constraint satisfaction processes, and gestalt principles:
Cognitive_dissonance
modeling and other categorization tasks. Analogical modeling is related to connectionism and nearest neighbor approaches, in that it is data-based rather than
Analogical_modeling
Set of therapeutic techniques established by Sigmund Freud
"Developments in Cognitive Neuroscience: I. Conflict, Compromise, and Connectionism". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 50 (1): 53–98
Psychoanalysis
Philosophical study of being
Retrieved 2024-06-26. Houng, Yu-Houng (2012). "Elminative Materialism and Connectionism". In Lin, Cheng-Hun; Fu, Daiwie (eds.). Philosophy and Conceptual History
Ontology
Convolutional neural network structure
Fogelman, F.; Steels, L. (eds.). Connectionism in Perspective: Proceedings of the International Conference Connectionism in Perspective, University of Zurich
LeNet
Process of learning a second language
linguistics, Noam Chomsky's universal grammar, skill acquisition theory and connectionism. There has been much debate about exactly how language is learned and
Second-language_acquisition
Artificial production of media by automated means
JSTOR 3679552. Todd, P.M., and Loy, D.G. (Eds.) (1991). Music and connectionism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Goodfellow, Ian; Pouget-Abadie, Jean; Mirza
Synthetic_media
Psychological principle; champions trial and error as root of learning
discussed early on by Lloyd Morgan, is usually associated with the connectionism of Edward Thorndike, who said that if an association is followed by
Law_of_effect
Philosophical concept
contraposition to the more classical views of either cognitivism or connectionism. They see enactivism as providing a middle ground between the two extremes
Enactivism
Brain processing function
whole objects and patterns. Visual system Neural network (biology) Connectionism Human multitasking Multiple object tracking Parallel thinking LaBerge
Parallel processing (psychology)
Parallel_processing_(psychology)
Theories on the development of personality
Cultural selection theory Determinism/indeterminism Biological determinism Connectionism Cultural determinism Environmental determinism Nature versus nurture
Personality_development
Symbolic AI and its influence on philosophy and psychology
but that is a mistake. AI also includes other approaches, such as connectionism (of which there are several varieties: see Chapter 5), evolutionary
GOFAI
Philosophy of neuroscience
like Sejnowski, Rosenberg, Rumelhart, and McClelland were labeled as connectionism, and the discipline has continued since then. The connectionist mindset
Neurophilosophy
Interdisciplinary theory
more specifically, the phenomenological tradition, psychology, and connectionism in the 20th century. Phenomenologists such as Edmund Husserl, Martin
Embodied_cognition
Copeland, B. J., & Proudfoot, D. (1996). On Alan Turing's anticipation of connectionism. Synthese, 108(3), 361–377. doi: 10.1007/BF00413694 Copeland, B. J.
Unorganized_machine
search, and a discussion of machine learning in which he anticipates the Connectionism AI approach. John von Neumann (quoted by Edwin Thompson Jaynes) in response
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence
Computer scientist
1007/BF00115009. Neural Networks for Control. Neural Network Modeling and Connectionism. MIT Press. March 2, 1995. ISBN 978-0-262-63161-7. Retrieved October
Richard_S._Sutton
system, operating on a model of computation, similar to a computer? Connectionism: Can the mind be explained by mathematical models known as artificial
List of unsolved problems in neuroscience
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience
Philosophical paradox concerning seemingly-absurd assertions
Rosenthal, David (1995). "Moore's Paradox and Consciousness". AI, Connectionism and Philosophical Psychology. Philosophical Perspectives. Vol. 9. Atascadero
Moore's_paradox
Concept in the philosophy of language
"Pushmi-pullyu Representations" Philosophical Perspectives Vol. 9: AI, Connectionism and Philosophical Psychology, Ridgeview Publishing Company, 1995, p
Direction_of_fit
Branch of philosophy
the non-linguistic vector/matrix model of neural network theory or connectionism will prove to be a much more accurate account of how the brain works
Philosophy_of_mind
Blueprint for intelligent agents
under the name of parallel distributed processing in mid-1980s and connectionism, a prime example being the neural network. A further design issue is
Cognitive_architecture
Family of views in the philosophy of mind
can adapt to the environment Associationism – Psychological concept Connectionism – Cognitive science approach Enactivism – Philosophical concept Memory-prediction
Computational_theory_of_mind
Mathematical function conceived as a crude model
true else: return false end if end function end class Binding neuron Connectionism Receptron Rami A. Alzahrani; Alice C. Parker. "Neuromorphic Circuits
Artificial_neuron
Book by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert
while symbolic AI research saw explosive growth. With the revival of connectionism in the late 80s, PDP researcher David Rumelhart and his colleagues returned
Perceptrons_(book)
Probability distribution
Handbook for Connectionist Simulations (Neural Network Modeling and Connectionism). A Bradford Book. p. 166. ISBN 978-0262661058.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint:
Beta_distribution
Effect of how information is presented on perception
mind. London: Sage Haselager, W.F.G.; Van Rappard, J.F.H. (1998). "Connectionism, Systematicity, and the Frame Problem" (PDF). Minds and Machines. 8
Framing_(social_sciences)
American neurophysiologist and cybernetician (1898–1969)
Moreno-Díaz, Arminda; Moreno-Díaz, Roberto (2018), "McCulloch's Relation to Connectionism and Artificial Intelligence", in Moreno-Díaz, Roberto; Pichler, Franz;
Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch
1943 paper proposing artificial neural networks
threshold over the entire brain. Artificial neural network Perceptron Connectionism Principia Mathematica History of artificial neural networks McCulloch
A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity
A_Logical_Calculus_of_the_Ideas_Immanent_in_Nervous_Activity
Field of artificial intelligence
ISBN 978-0-444-52211-5. Smolensky, Paul (March 1988). "On the proper treatment of connectionism". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 11 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00052432
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Open question in philosophy of how abstract minds interact with physical bodies
Chinese room Cognitive closure (philosophy) Cognitive neuroscience Connectionism Consciousness in animals Downward causation Descartes' Error Embodied
Mind–body_problem
artificial neurons Connecting symbolic and connectionist approaches Archived 2006-01-31 at the Wayback Machine Connectionism vs. Computationalism debate v t e
Hybrid_neural_network
School of thought on cognition and problem-solving
and computational cognition. Philosophical Perspectives, Vol. 9, AI, Connectionism and Philosophical Psychology (1995), pp. 49–88. Thorndike, E. L. (1946)
General_semantics
Acoustic phenomenon
ISBN 978-0-387-23472-4. Peter M. Todd and D. Gareth Loy (1991). Music and Connectionism. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-20081-3. Cariani, P.A.; Delgutte, B. (September
Missing_fundamental
fields. Casebeer is the author of Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and Moral Cognition (2003); co-author of Warlords Rising: Confronting
William_Casebeer
American philosopher (1935–2017)
theory of the mind and to refute alternative architectures such as connectionism. Systematicity in natural languages was explained by Chomsky in terms
Jerry_Fodor
Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways
1037/0033-2909.119.1.3. S2CID 13454019. Sun, R. (1994). "Integrating Rules and Connectionism for Robust Commonsense Reasoning." John Wiley and Sons, New York. Kahneman
Dual_process_theory
Discipline combining linguistics, psychology and cognitive science
and independent from the organism. It is also somewhat critical of connectionism, a paradigm that describes cognition as an emergent behavior of information
Cognitive_linguistics
Book by Pedro Domingos
outlines five approaches of machine learning: inductive reasoning, connectionism, evolutionary computation, Bayes' theorem and analogical modelling.
The_Master_Algorithm
Equal rights movement
them, depending on age and jurisdiction), and instead cite types of connectionism that allows for critical phenomena that encompasses the entire brain
Youth_rights
"stop, lateral, vowel". Steven Pinker, A. Prince (1989), "Language and connectionism", Connections and symbols, MIT Press, p. 89, ISBN 978-0-262-66064-8
Wickelphone
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
problems because the predictions become less accurate as time passes. connectionism An approach in the fields of cognitive science, that hopes to explain
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
Ordinary explanation and prediction regarding people's behavior and mental state
725–740. doi:10.1002/ejsp.280. Sun, Ron (1994). Integrating Rules and Connectionism for Robust Commonsense Reasoning. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-59324-9.[page needed]
Folk_psychology
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